Download or read book Ainu Syntax Tree Diagram written by Yuko Sakai and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-11-08 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ainu is an indigenous people of Japan, and their language is in danger of extinction.If the language is to express cognition, any sentence in any language should be restricted in the four-dimensional structure of cognition, which may be the universal deep structure of sentence. The universal sentence structure based on the Einstein's four-dimensional structure of cognition has verified in Spanish in Sakai (2006, 2017c), in Japanese in Sakai (2011, 2017d) and in English in Sakai (2016, 2017e). This book is the English version of Sakai (2017a) to analyze the surface structure of the Ainu language and verify the deep structure at the same time.
Download or read book Sentence Generation written by Yuko Sakai and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many define the language, in various phrases with various modifiers, as a tool of communication. However, not all the language is communicated and the language is generated before the communication. We have no words to communicate without thinking, whose concrete act is to choose the words. Therefore, cognition and language have the same origin. We the human beings have language to recognize and dominate the world, including our own mind. This is the reason why we have reason and language. Language is not merely a tool of communication, but it is indispensable to have reason and to be a Homo sapiens. The reason is based on the outside world composed of space-time. We perceive the outside world and recognize it by naming or classifying in our each vocabulary. Accordingly, a linguistic theory, which explains how and why the sentences are, should start with the cognition. The method is opposite to that of Aristotle's tradition, which begins in the form and the contents are interpreted from the form based on the view that language is a tool of communication regarding only the communicated words as language. The same view is also found in F. de Saussure, who regarded language as a given and socially approved system of signs. Language is not a system of signs, but, what we generate just in the next moment. If we shut up, language does not exist. The system or grammar may change with our usage of words moment by moment, thus, language continues to change as long as it is spoken. Consequently, this work finds the DEEP and UNIVERSAL STRUCTURE of sentence in the structure of the four-dimensional cognition. First, we deduce what structure is necessary to express the four-dimensional cognition. Secondly, we see how we generate the surface structures in five languages; English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese and Ainu. We define each word in syntactic tree diagrams just like chemical formulas to verify the deep structure in the surface structure.
Download or read book Lines of Inquiry written by Laura Frances Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Syntax in the Treetops written by Shigeru Miyagawa and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2022-05-03 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A proposal that syntax extends to the domain of discourse in making core syntax link to the conversational context. In Syntax in the Treetops, Shigeru Miyagawa proposes that syntax extends into the domain of discourse by making linkages between core syntax and the conversational participants. Miyagawa draws on evidence for this extended syntactic structure from a wide variety of languages, including Basque, Japanese, Italian, Magahi, Newari, Romanian, and Spanish, as well as the language of children with autism. His proposal for what happens at the highest level of the tree structure used by linguists to represent the hierarchical relationships within sentences—“in the treetops”—offers a unique contribution to the new area of study sometimes known as “syntacticization of discourse.” Miyagawa’s main point is that syntax provides the basic framework that makes possible the performance of a speech act and the conveyance of meaning; although the role that syntax plays for speech acts is modest, it is critical. He proposes that the speaker-addressee layer and the Commitment Phrase (the speaker’s commitment to the addressee of the truthfulness of the proposition) occur together in the syntactic treetops. In each succeeding chapter, Miyagawa examines the working of each layer of the tree and how they interact.
Download or read book Finding Program Differences Based on Syntactic Tree Structure written by Carol Sue Beckman-Davies and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 852 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Japanese Syntax Tree Diagram written by Yuko Sakai and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-06-12 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Japanese the verb should be at the end of the sentence and the adjective always precedes the noun, but the other word order is free and the omission except verb is acceptable. An interrogative does not have to initiate a wh-interrogative sentence. However, in exchange for the freedom of word order, each noun accompanies the marker or particle. The same can be seen also in Latin or many other languages with noun markers such as cases, prepositions, postpositions etc. Though the grammar differs from language to language, this work shows the universality in the depth of syntactic structures to explain that all our languages are essentially the same.
Download or read book English Syntax Tree Diagram written by Yuko Sakai and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-06-21 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this work we try to verify that English sentences are restricted and limited by the space-time structure of cognition, which may be the universal sentence structure, while a sentence expresses a thought or cognition. We see the reason why sentences vary in English explaining each sentence in a syntax tree diagram, which is not based on form, but, on contents logically in sentence generation.
Download or read book Understanding Morphology written by Martin Haspelmath and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-28 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of Understanding Morphology has been fully revised in line with the latest research. It now includes 'big picture' questions to highlight central themes in morphology, as well as research exercises for each chapter. Understanding Morphology presents an introduction to the study of word structure that starts at the very beginning. Assuming no knowledge of the field of morphology on the part of the reader, the book presents a broad range of morphological phenomena from a wide variety of languages. Starting with the core areas of inflection and derivation, the book presents the interfaces between morphology and syntax and between morphology and phonology. The synchronic study of word structure is covered, as are the phenomena of diachronic change, such as analogy and grammaticalization. Theories are presented clearly in accessible language with the main purpose of shedding light on the data, rather than as a goal in themselves. The authors consistently draw on the best research available, thus utilizing and discussing both functionalist and generative theoretical approaches. Each chapter includes a summary, suggestions for further reading, and exercises. As such this is the ideal book for both beginning students of linguistics, or anyone in a related discipline looking for a first introduction to morphology.
Download or read book The Language Instinct written by Steven Pinker and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2010-12-14 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A brilliant, witty, and altogether satisfying book." — New York Times Book Review The classic work on the development of human language by the world’s leading expert on language and the mind In The Language Instinct, the world's expert on language and mind lucidly explains everything you always wanted to know about language: how it works, how children learn it, how it changes, how the brain computes it, and how it evolved. With deft use of examples of humor and wordplay, Steven Pinker weaves our vast knowledge of language into a compelling story: language is a human instinct, wired into our brains by evolution. The Language Instinct received the William James Book Prize from the American Psychological Association and the Public Interest Award from the Linguistics Society of America. This edition includes an update on advances in the science of language since The Language Instinct was first published.
Download or read book Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Cambridge Dictionary of Linguistics written by Keith Brown and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-12-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Cambridge Dictionary of Linguistics provides concise and clear definitions of all the terms any undergraduate or graduate student is likely to encounter in the study of linguistics and English language or in other degrees involving linguistics, such as modern languages, media studies and translation. lt covers the key areas of syntax, morphology, phonology, phonetics, semantics and pragmatics but also contains terms from discourse analysis, stylistics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics and corpus linguistics. It provides entries for 246 languages, including 'major' languages and languages regularly mentioned in research papers and textbooks. Features include cross-referencing between entries and extended entries on some terms. Where appropriate, entries contain illustrative examples from English and other languages and many provide etymologies bringing out the metaphors lying behind the technical terms. Also available is an electronic version of the dictionary which includes 'clickable' cross-referencing.
Download or read book Language Conflict and Language Rights written by William D. Davies and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-09 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the colonial hegemony of empire fades around the world, the role of language in ethnic conflict has become increasingly topical, as have issues concerning the right of speakers to choose and use their preferred language(s). Such rights are often asserted and defended in response to their being violated. The importance of understanding these events and issues, and their relationship to individual, ethnic, and national identity, is central to research and debate in a range of fields outside of, as well as within, linguistics. This book provides a clearly written introduction for linguists and non-specialists alike, presenting basic facts about the role of language in the formation of identity and the preservation of culture. It articulates and explores categories of conflict and language rights abuses through detailed presentation of illustrative case studies, and distills from these key cross-linguistic and cross-cultural generalizations.
Download or read book Through the Language Glass written by Guy Deutscher and published by Metropolitan Books. This book was released on 2010-08-31 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A masterpiece of linguistics scholarship, at once erudite and entertaining, confronts the thorny question of how—and whether—culture shapes language and language, culture Linguistics has long shied away from claiming any link between a language and the culture of its speakers: too much simplistic (even bigoted) chatter about the romance of Italian and the goose-stepping orderliness of German has made serious thinkers wary of the entire subject. But now, acclaimed linguist Guy Deutscher has dared to reopen the issue. Can culture influence language—and vice versa? Can different languages lead their speakers to different thoughts? Could our experience of the world depend on whether our language has a word for "blue"? Challenging the consensus that the fundaments of language are hard-wired in our genes and thus universal, Deutscher argues that the answer to all these questions is—yes. In thrilling fashion, he takes us from Homer to Darwin, from Yale to the Amazon, from how to name the rainbow to why Russian water—a "she"—becomes a "he" once you dip a tea bag into her, demonstrating that language does in fact reflect culture in ways that are anything but trivial. Audacious, delightful, and field-changing, Through the Language Glass is a classic of intellectual discovery.
Download or read book Universals in Comparative Morphology written by Jonathan David Bobaljik and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2012-10-05 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An argument for, and account of linguistic universals in the morphology of comparison, combining empirical breadth and theoretical rigor. This groundbreaking study of the morphology of comparison yields a surprising result: that even in suppletion (the wholesale replacement of one stem by a phonologically unrelated stem, as in good-better-best) there emerge strikingly robust patterns, virtually exceptionless generalizations across languages. Jonathan David Bobaljik describes the systematicity in suppletion, and argues that at least five generalizations are solid contenders for the status of linguistic universals. The major topics discussed include suppletion, comparative and superlative formation, deadjectival verbs, and lexical decomposition. Bobaljik's primary focus is on morphological theory, but his argument also aims to integrate evidence from a variety of subfields into a coherent whole. In the course of his analysis, Bobaljik argues that the assumptions needed bear on choices among theoretical frameworks and that the framework of Distributed Morphology has the right architecture to support the account. In addition to the theoretical implications of the generalizations, Bobaljik suggests that the striking patterns of regularity in what otherwise appears to be the most irregular of linguistic domains provide compelling evidence for Universal Grammar. The book strikes a unique balance between empirical breadth and theoretical detail. The phenomenon that is the main focus of the argument, suppletion in adjectival gradation, is rare enough that Bobaljik is able to present an essentially comprehensive description of the facts; at the same time, it is common enough to offer sufficient variation to explore the question of universals over a significant dataset of more than three hundred languages.
Download or read book Handbook of Japanese Syntax written by Masayoshi Shibatani and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-10-23 with total page 972 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies of Japanese syntax have played a central role in the long history of Japanese linguistics spanning more than 250 years in Japan and abroad. More recently, Japanese has been among the languages most intensely studied within modern linguistic theories such as Generative Grammar and Cognitive/Functional Linguistics over the past fifty years. This volume presents a comprehensive survey of Japanese syntax from these three research strands, namely studies based on the traditional research methods developed in Japan, those from broader functional perspectives, and those couched in the generative linguistics framework. The twenty-four studies contained in this volume are characterized by a detailed analysis of a grammatical phenomenon with broader implications to general linguistics, making the volume attractive to both specialists of Japanese and those interested in learning about the impact of Japanese syntax to the general study of language. Each chapter is authored by a leading authority on the topic. Broad issues covered include sentence types (declarative, imperative, etc.) and their interactions with grammatical verbal categories (modality, polarity, politeness, etc.), grammatical relations (topic, subject, etc.), transitivity, nominalizations, grammaticalization, word order (subject, scrambling, numeral quantifier, configurationality), case marking (ga/no conversion, morphology and syntax), modification (adjectives, relative clause), and structure and interpretation (modality, negation, prosody, ellipsis). Chapter titles Introduction Chapter 1. Basic structures of sentences and grammatical categories, Yoshio Nitta, Kansai University of Foreign Studies Chapter 2: Transitivity, Wesley Jacobsen, Harvard University Chapter 3: Topic and subject, Takashi Masuoka, Kobe City University of Foreign Studies Chapter 4: Toritate: Focusing and defocusing of words, phrases, and clauses, Hisashi Noda, National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics Chapter 5: The layered structure of the sentence, Isao Iori, Hitotsubashi University Chapter 6. Functional syntax, Ken-Ichi Takami, Gakushuin University; and Susumu Kuno, Harvard University Chapter 7: Locative alternation, Seizi Iwata, Osaka City University Chapter 8: Nominalizations, Masayoshi Shibatani, Rice University Chapter 9: The morphosyntax of grammaticalization, Heiko Narrog, Tohoku University Chapter 10: Modality, Nobuko Hasegawa, Kanda University of International Studies Chapter 11: The passive voice, Tomoko Ishizuka, Tama University Chapter 12: Case marking, Hideki Kishimoto, Kobe University Chapter 13: Interfacing syntax with sounds and meanings, Yoshihisa Kitagawa, Indiana University Chapter 14: Subject, Masatoshi Koizumi, Tohoku University Chapter 15: Numeral quantifiers, Shigeru Miyagawa, MIT Chapter 16: Relative clauses, Yoichi Miyamoto, Osaka University Chapter 17: Expressions that contain negation, Nobuaki Nishioka, Kyushu University Chapter 18: Ga/No conversion, Masao Ochi, Osaka University Chapter 19: Ellipsis, Mamoru Saito, Nanzan University Chapter 20: Syntax and argument structure, Natsuko Tsujimura, Indiana University Chapter 21: Attributive modification, Akira Watanabe, University of Tokyo Chapter 22: Scrambling, Noriko Yoshimura, Shizuoka Prefectural University
Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Typology written by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-30 with total page 1661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Linguistic typology identifies both how languages vary and what they all have in common. This Handbook provides a state-of-the art survey of the aims and methods of linguistic typology, and the conclusions we can draw from them. Part I covers phonological typology, morphological typology, sociolinguistic typology and the relationships between typology, historical linguistics and grammaticalization. It also addresses typological features of mixed languages, creole languages, sign languages and secret languages. Part II features contributions on the typology of morphological processes, noun categorization devices, negation, frustrative modality, logophoricity, switch reference and motion events. Finally, Part III focuses on typological profiles of the mainland South Asia area, Australia, Quechuan and Aymaran, Eskimo-Aleut, Iroquoian, the Kampa subgroup of Arawak, Omotic, Semitic, Dravidian, the Oceanic subgroup of Austronesian and the Awuyu-Ndumut family (in West Papua). Uniting the expertise of a stellar selection of scholars, this Handbook highlights linguistic typology as a major discipline within the field of linguistics.
Download or read book Comparative Indo European Linguistics written by Robert Stephen Paul Beekes and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a comprehensive introduction to Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. It starts with a presentation of the languages of the family (from English and the other Germanic languages, the Celtic and Slavic languages, Latin, Greek and Sanskrit through Armenian and Albanian) and a discussion of the culture and origin of the Indo-Europeans, the speakers of the Indo-European proto-language.The reader is introduced into the nature of language change and the methods of reconstruction of older language stages, with many examples (from the Indo-European languages). A full description is given of the sound changes, which makes it possible to follow the origin of the different Indo-European languages step by step. This is followed by a discussion of the development of all the morphological categories of Proto-Indo-European. The book presents the latest in scholarly insights, like the laryngeal and glottalic theory, the accentuation, the ablaut patterns, and these are systematically integrated into the treatment. The text of this second edition has been corrected and updated by Michiel de Vaan. Sixty-six new exercises enable the student to practice the reconstruction of PIE phonology and morphology.
