Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round written by Merlinda D. Ingco and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round written by Merlinda Ingco and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by quot;dirty tariffication:quot; the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round One Step Forward One Step Back written by D. Merlinda Ingco and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: August 1995 After evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by dirty tariffication: the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.
Download or read book AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN THE URUGUAY ROUND IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Negotiations written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in a New Trade Round written by Merlinda D. Ingco and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation This collection highlights the main trade issues of importance to different regions of the world.
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round written by Irene Trela and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round written by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Implications of the Uruguay Round Agreement for South Asia written by Benoit Blarel and published by Allied Publishers. This book was released on 1999 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bibliography of Research Supporting the Uruguay Round of the GATT written by Carl Mabbs-Zeno and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Multilateral Trade Agenda written by Joseph F. Francois and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agriculture in the WTO written by Mary Anne Normile and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Developing Countries in the World Trading System written by Ramesh Adhikari and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experience suggests that trade liberalization has contributed substantially to the remarkable growth of industrialized countries. However, for various reasons many developing countries have not yet been able to integrate successfully into global markets and reap the growth-inducing and poverty-reducing benefits of trade. This book argues that while developing countries are heavily represented in the WTO - accounting for about four-fifths of its membership - there is still plenty of scope for the world trading system to work more effectively in their interests.
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization and the Least Developed Countries written by Niek Koning and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-07 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing countries as a group stand to gain very substantially from trade reform in agricultural commodities. Agricultural Trade Liberalization and the Least Developed Countries is the first book to address important questions relating to this subject. The authors are world renowned experts on international trade and development and they address a very important and timely issue.
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Negotiations written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round written by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
