Download or read book Advancing Microwave Radar Retrievals of Snow Depth on Sea Ice written by Arttu Jutila and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Snow is a key factor in the sea-ice and Earth's climate systems that modifies the physical, climatic, and biogeochemical processes taking place. One of its most important impacts is in regulating sea-ice growth and melt. Despite its importance, little is known about the spatial and temporal distribution of snow depth on sea ice on the regional to global scales. Snow is tightly coupled to the highly dynamic sea-ice and atmospheric conditions and it is, therefore, very heterogeneous and constantly evolving both in space and in time. As a spatially and temporally representative, global, year-round product of snow depth observations on sea ice does not exist to this date, applications often have to rely on climatological values that do not necessarily hold true in the rapidly warming global climate. The unknown properties directly translate into the uncertainty of the result. This dissertation takes on the ambitious goal of working toward full characterisation of the snow and sea-ice layers. To achieve that, the focus is on advancing microwave radar retrievals of snow depth on sea ice. Enhanced snow depth observations will enable improving other measurements of sea-ice related parameters, most importantly sea-ice thickness, and in joint analysis of coincident sea-ice measurements estimating sea-ice bulk density becomes possible. In the first step, field experiments with ground-based C and K band pulse radars are carried out to investigate microwave penetration into the snow cover. The results show the K band microwaves expectedly reflect from the snow surface while the C band microwaves penetrate closer to the snow-sea-ice interface potentially enabling dual-frequency snow depth retrieval in less than half of the studied cases and only on first-year ice. In the second step, radar measurements of snow depth on sea ice are upscaled by using an airborne radar in the western Arctic Ocean in 2017-2019. A high-sensitivity, ultra-wideband, frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar is integrated to the instrument configuration of the Alfred Wegener Institute's (AWI) IceBird sea-ice campaigns. Snow depth retrievals with a custom algorithm based on signal peakiness from the radar measurements at a low altitude of 200 ft show good consistency against high altitude measurements at 1500 ft, which are comparable to previous acquisitions. At the nominal low altitude of the IceBird surveys, the small, two-metre radar footprint increases the spatial resolution and reduces the effect of off-nadir targets. Validation against ground measurements reveal a sub-centimetre mean bias, which is below the sensor resolution. As the main result of this step, the AWI IceBird surveys are now capable of discriminating between the snow and sea-ice layers. In the third step, the full AWI IceBird sensor configuration, including airborne laser, radar, and electromagnetic induction sounding instruments, is exploited by collocating the coincident thickness and freeboard measurements and tracking the locations of air-snow, snow-sea-ice, and sea-ice-water interfaces for more than 3000 km along survey paths over different sea-ice types. Assuming values for snow and sea-water densities and that the sea-ice cover is in isostatic equilibrium, it is possible to derive sea-ice bulk density. The results show that the ice-type averaged densities for first-year and multi-year ice are higher than and do not differ as much as widely used values from previous studies. This highlights the demand of algorithms to adapt to changing sea-ice density in satellite altimetry retrievals of sea-ice thickness. Finally, a negative-exponential parametrisation of sea-ice bulk density is derived using sea-ice freeboard as the predictor variable for future applications. In conclusion, this dissertation takes important advancing steps in characterising the snow and sea-ice layers. Previously, the airborne AWI IceBird surveys carried out in late-winter were only able to measure the combined thickness of the snow and sea-ice layers but now, after successful integration of the FMCW radar and in combination with the airborne laser scanner measurements, it is possible to track the locations of all three interfaces bounding the snow-sea-ice system. Such airborne multi-instrument measurements of snow depth, sea-ice thickness, and freeboard are important data sets in their own right to complement the scarce observations of sea-ice related parameters in remote areas of the polar regions, but a joint analysis allows deriving further key parameters like sea-ice density. The results of this dissertation can be applied to improve retrievals of geophysical sea-ice parameters from the soon 30-year long satellite altimetry data record, which in turn will contribute to enhance monitoring the climate-sensitive sea-ice cover and modelling future projections of the changing global climate.
Download or read book Microwave Radar and Radiometric Remote Sensing written by Fawwaz Tayssir Ulaby and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2-10.3 Multiple Reflection Method
Download or read book Sea Ice Analysis and Forecasting written by Tom Carrieres and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-10-05 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the science involved in automated prediction of sea ice, for sea ice analysts, researchers, and professionals.
Download or read book Sea Ice written by Mohammed Shokr and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-03-16 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing addresses experiences acquired mainly in Canada by researchers in the fields of ice physics and growth history in relation to its polycrystalline structure as well as ice parameters retrieval from remote sensing observations. The volume describes processes operating at the macro- and microscale (e.g., brine entrapment in sea ice, crystallographic texture of ice types, brine drainage mechanisms, etc.). The information is supported by high-quality photographs of ice thin-sections prepared from cores of different ice types, all obtained by leading experts during field experiments in the 1970s through the 1990s, using photographic cameras and scanning microscopy. In addition, this volume presents techniques to retrieve a suite of sea ice parameters (e.g. ice type, concentration, extent, thickness, surface temperature, surface deformation, etc.) from space-borne and airborne sensor data. The breadth of the material on this subject is designed to appeal to researchers and users of remote sensing data who want to develop quick familiarity with the capabilities of this technology or detailed knowledge about major techniques for retrieval of key ice parameters. Volume highlights include: Detailed crystallographic classification of natural sea ice, the key information from which information about ice growth conditions can be inferred. Many examples are presented with material to support qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the data. Methods developed for revealing microstructural characteristics of sea ice and performing forensic investigations. Data sets on radiative properties and satellite observations of sea ice, its snow cover, and surrounding open water. Methods of retrieval of ice surface features and geophysical parameters from remote sensing observations with a focus on critical issues such as the suitability of different sensors for different tasks and data synergism. Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing is intended for a variety of sea ice audiences interested in different aspects of ice related to physics, geophysics, remote sensing, operational monitoring, mechanics, and cryospheric sciences.
Download or read book Estimating the Thickness of Sea Ice Snow Cover in the Weddell Sea from Passive Microwave Brightness Temperatures written by K. R. Arrigo and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Comparison of Snow Depth on Sea Ice Retrievals Using Airborne Altimeters and an AMSR E Simulator written by Donald J. Cavalieri and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sea Ice written by David N. Thomas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-06 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past 20 years the study of the frozen Arctic and Southern Oceans and sub-arctic seas has progressed at a remarkable pace. This third edition of Sea Ice gives insight into the very latest understanding of the how sea ice is formed, how we measure (and model) its extent, the biology that lives within and associated with sea ice and the effect of climate change on its distribution. How sea ice influences the oceanography of underlying waters and the influences that sea ice has on humans living in Arctic regions are also discussed. Featuring twelve new chapters, this edition follows two previous editions (2001 and 2010), and the need for this latest update exhibits just how rapidly the science of sea ice is developing. The 27 chapters are written by a team of more than 50 of the worlds’ leading experts in their fields. These combine to make the book the most comprehensive introduction to the physics, chemistry, biology and geology of sea ice that there is. This third edition of Sea Ice will be a key resource for all policy makers, researchers and students who work with the frozen oceans and seas.
Download or read book Thermal Microwave Radiation written by Institution of Engineering and Technology and published by IET. This book was released on 2006-05-19 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combines theoretical concepts with experimental results on thermal microwave radiation to increase the understanding of the complex nature of terrestrial media. Emphasising on radiative transfer models, this book covers the terrestrial aspects, from clear to cloudy atmosphere, precipitation, ocean and land surfaces, vegetation, snow and ice.
Download or read book Sea Ice written by Mohammed Shokr and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-05-16 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SEA ICE The latest edition of the gold standard in sea ice references In the newly revised second edition of Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an in-depth review of the features and structural properties of ice, as well as the latest advances in geophysical sensors, ice parameter retrieval techniques, and remote sensing data. The book has been updated to reflect the latest scientific developments in macro- and micro-scale sea ice research. For this edition, the authors have included high-quality photographs of thin sections from cores of various ice types, as well as a comprehensive account of all major field expeditions that have systematically surveyed sea ice and its properties. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to ice physics and physical processes, including ice morphology and age-based structural features Practical discussions of radiometric and radar-scattering observations from sea ice, including radar backscatter and microwave emission The latest techniques for the retrieval of sea ice parameters from space-borne and airborne sensor data New chapters on sea ice thermal microwave emissions and on the impact of climate change on polar sea ice Perfect for academic researchers working on sea ice, the cryosphere, and climatology, Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing will also benefit meteorologists, marine operators, and high-latitude construction engineers.
Download or read book Antarctic Sea Ice written by Martin O. Jeffries and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1998-02-04 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Antarctic Research Series, Volume 74. In a 1971 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research report that reviewed polar contrasts in sea ice, Lyn Lewis and Willy Weeks made the following observation: "People who study sea ice in the Arctic Basin are commonly asked if they have ever studied ice in Antarctica, and they answer 'why bother, it's the same old stuff." Noting this was "fortunately true to a considerable extent," they added "It is clear that future work will depend critically on the logistics facilities available to allow surface observations beyond the fast ice edge at all seasons of the year. Of almost equal importance will be the development of instruments and recording equipment suited for use in the polar environment" (Lewis, E. L., and W. F. Weeks, Sea Ice: Some Polar Contrasts, in, Antarctic Ice and Water Masses, edited by G. Deacon, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge, 23-34, 1971). Lewis and Weeks made no specific mention of Earth-orbiting satellites, on which the first passive microwave sensor became operational in December 1972. Less than a year later the giant Weddell Polynya was observed for the first time. Perhaps more than any other development, this unexpected feature illustrated the potential to greatly expand our knowledge of sea ice through the application of spaceborne remote sensing. Simultaneously, it acted as a catalyst for a significant increase in the level of research.
Download or read book Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice from Microwave Radiometers written by Philip Rostosky and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Field Techniques for Sea Ice Research written by Hajo Eicken and published by University of Alaska Press. This book was released on 2010-03-15 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As much as one-tenth of the world’s oceans are covered with sea ice, or frozen ocean water, at some point during the annual cycle. Sea ice thus plays an important, often defining, role in the natural environment and the global climate system. This book is a global look at the changes in sea ice and the tools and techniques used to measure and record those changes. The first comprehensive research done on sea-ice field techniques, this volume will be indispensable for the study of northern sea ice and a must-have for scientists in the field of climate change research.
Download or read book Passive Microwave Remote Sensing for Sea Ice Research written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Techniques for gathering data by remote sensors on satellites utilized for sea ice research are summarized. Measurement of brightness temperatures by a passive microwave imager converted to maps of total sea ice concentration and to the areal fractions covered by first year and multiyear ice are described. Several ancillary observations, especially by means of automatic data buoys and submarines equipped with upward looking sonars, are needed to improve the validation and interpretation of satellite data. The design and performance characteristics of the Navy's Special Sensor Microwave Imager, expected to be in orbit in late 1985, are described. It is recommended that data from that instrument be processed to a form suitable for research applications and archived in a readily accessible form. The sea ice data products required for research purposes are described and recommendations for their archival and distribution to the scientific community are presented."--NTIS abstract.
Download or read book Assessment of Radar derived Snow Depth Over Arctic Sea Ice written by Thomas Newman and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Novel AI Applications for Advancing Earth Sciences written by Yadav, Sudesh and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2023-12-29 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Earth Sciences industry faces a new challenge - the need for accurate, efficient, and reliable methods to monitor and predict geological phenomena and environmental changes. As climate change, earthquakes, and other natural disasters become more frequent and severe, the necessity for advanced tools and techniques is paramount. Traditional methods often fall short in providing the precision and speed required to address these critical issues. Geologists and earth scientists who are grappling with the urgent problem of utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to revolutionize their field, will find the solution within the pages of Novel AI Applications for Advancing Earth Sciences. This book offers the research community concepts expanding upon the fusion of AI technology with earth sciences. By leveraging advanced AI tools, such as convolutional neural networks, support vector machines, artificial neural networks, and the potential of remote sensing satellites, this book transforms the identification of geological features, geological mapping, soil classification, and gas detection. Scientists can now predict earthquakes and assess the probability of climate change with unprecedented accuracy. Additionally, the book explains how the optimization of algorithms for specific tasks substantially reduces the time complexity of earth observations, leading to an unprecedented leap in accuracy and efficiency.
Download or read book Antarctic Sea Ice Variability in the Southern Ocean Climate System written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-24 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sea ice surrounding Antarctica has increased in extent and concentration from the late 1970s, when satellite-based measurements began, until 2015. Although this increasing trend is modest, it is surprising given the overall warming of the global climate and the region. Indeed, climate models, which incorporate our best understanding of the processes affecting the region, generally simulate a decrease in sea ice. Moreover, sea ice in the Arctic has exhibited pronounced declines over the same period, consistent with global climate model simulations. For these reasons, the behavior of Antarctic sea ice has presented a conundrum for global climate change science. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in January 2016, to bring together scientists with different sets of expertise and perspectives to further explore potential mechanisms driving the evolution of recent Antarctic sea ice variability and to discuss ways to advance understanding of Antarctic sea ice and its relationship to the broader ocean-climate system. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Download or read book Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice written by Frank D. Carsey and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1992-04-08 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 68. Human activities in the polar regions have undergone incredible changes in this century. Among these changes is the revolution that satellites have brought about in obtaining information concerning polar geophysical processes. Satellites have flown for about three decades, and the polar regions have been the subject of their routine surveillance for more than half that time. Our observations of polar regions have evolved from happenstance ship sightings and isolated harbor icing records to routine global records obtained by those satellites. Thanks to such abundant data, we now know a great deal about the ice-covered seas, which constitute about 10% of the Earth's surface. This explosion of information about sea ice has fascinated scientists for some 20 years. We are now at a point of transition in sea ice studies; we are concerned less about ice itself and more about its role in the climate system. This change in emphasis has been the prime stimulus for this book.
