Download or read book Advanced Thermally Stable Coal Derived Jet Fuels Compositional Factors Affecting Thermal Degradation of Jet Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project focuses on the compositional factors affecting high temperature thermal stability of coal-derived and petroleum-based jet fuels in pyrolytic regime. Thermal stability refers to the resistance of fuel to chemical decomposition at high temperatures to cause the solid deposition and liquid depletion. There are four broad objectives in this project, and the research work is divided into four tasks. The first task clarifies the chemistry of fuel degradation and mechanisms of solid formation, and identifying thermally stable classes of hydrocarbon compounds, and providing information for enhancing intrinsic stability of jet fuels. The second task involves characterization of the solids including deposits, sediments and gums produced from fuels and model compounds at high temperatures. The third task is to explore the means to enhance the thermal stability of fuels by examining the effects of various additives. The fourth task is a newly initiated exploratory study on conversion of coals to thermally stable jet fuels.
Download or read book Advanced Thermally Stable Jet Fuels Development Program Annual Report Volume 2 Compositional Factors Affecting Thermal Degradation of Jet Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Model hydrocarbon compounds and jet fuels derived from both petroleum and coal liquids were thermally stressed in microautoclave reactors at temperatures of 350-500 degrees C. Regardless of starting material, alkylated benzenes, alkylated naphthalenes, biphenyls, and complex polycyclic aromatics are formed by this thermal stressing. The concentration of these intermediates depends on the starting material and the experimental conditions. The formation of solids is directly related to high concentrations of alkylbenzenes and polycyclic aromatics in the liquid phase. Solid products consist primarily of large polycyclic aromatics with varying aliphatic substitution and their composition depends on the compound and the thermal conditions. Analysis of the solids showed anisotropic structures consistent with pseudo-nematic liquid crystalline mesophase. From these experiments a preliminary ordering of compound stability based on structure has been established.(ttl).
Download or read book Advanced Thermally Stable Jet Fuel Development Program Annual Report Volume 2 Compositional Factors Affecting Thermal Degradation of Jet Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project focuses on the compositional factors affecting jet fuel thermal stability at high temperatures. The chemical composition of the four jet fuel samples (JP-8C, JP-8P, JP-7P, Jet A-1) and Wilsonville middle distillates was characterized by using selective ion monitoring technique in GC-MS analysis. The thermal treatment tests have been performed on jet fuels and a series of model compounds including tetralin, decalin, ethylcyclohexane, butylcyclohexane, n-butylbenzene, t-butylbenzene, n-octane, n-decane, and n-tetradecane. Deposit samples from an actual aircraft fuel system as well as those produced from jet fuels and model compounds in microautoclaves were characterized by FTIR and polarized-light microscopy. Experiments were conducted to find the optimum amount of antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol necessary to minimize the solid formation upon thermal stressing of JP8 neat and Jet A-1 fuel samples. The chemistry of thermal degradation of the fuel and antioxidant mixtures was studied by using FTIR to characterize the liquid products from thermal stressing.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Advanced Thermally Stable Jet Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are five tasks within this project on thermally stable coal-based jet fuels. Progress on each of the tasks is described. Task 1, Investigation of the quantitative degradation chemistry of fuels, has 5 subtasks which are described: Literature review on thermal stability of jet fuels; Pyrolytic and catalytic reactions of potential endothermic fuels: cis- and trans-decalin; Use of site specific 13C-labeling to examine the thermal stressing of 1-phenylhexane: A case study for the determination of reaction kinetics in complex fuel mixtures versus model compound studies; Estimation of critical temperatures of jet fuels; and Surface effects on deposit formation in a flow reactor system. Under Task 2, Investigation of incipient deposition, the subtask reported is Uncertainty analysis on growth and deposition of particles during heating of coal-derived aviation gas turbine fuels; under Task 3, Characterization of solid gums, sediments, and carbonaceous deposits, is subtask, Studies of surface chemistry of PX-21 activated carbon during thermal degradation of jet A-1 fuel and n-dodecane; under Task 4, Coal-based fuel stabilization studies, is subtask, Exploratory screening and development potential of jet fuel thermal stabilizers over 400 C; and under Task 5, Exploratory studies on the direct conversion of coal to high quality jet fuels, are 4 subtasks: Novel approaches to low-severity coal liquefaction and coal/resid co-processing using water and dispersed catalysts; Shape-selective naphthalene hydrogenation for production of thermally stable jet fuels; Design of a batch mode and a continuous mode three-phase reactor system for the liquefaction of coal and upgrading of coal liquids; and Exploratory studies on coal liquids upgrading using mesopores molecular sieve catalysts. 136 refs., 69 figs., 24 tabs.
Download or read book Advanced Thermally Stable Jet Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pennsylvania State University program in advanced thermally stable coal-based jet fuels has five broad objectives: (1) Development of mechanisms of degradation and solids formation; (2) Quantitative measurement of growth of sub-micrometer and micrometer-sized particles suspended in fuels during thermal stressing; (3) Characterization of carbonaceous deposits by various instrumental and microscopic methods; (4) Elucidation of the role of additives in retarding the formation of carbonaceous solids; (5) Assessment of the potential of production of high yields of cycloalkanes by direct liquefaction of coal. Future high-Mach aircraft will place severe thermal demands on jet fuels, requiring the development of novel, hybrid fuel mixtures capable of withstanding temperatures in the range of 400--500 C. In the new aircraft, jet fuel will serve as both an energy source and a heat sink for cooling the airframe, engine, and system components. The ultimate development of such advanced fuels requires a thorough understanding of the thermal decomposition behavior of jet fuels under supercritical conditions. Considering that jet fuels consist of hundreds of compounds, this task must begin with a study of the thermal degradation behavior of select model compounds under supercritical conditions. The research performed by The Pennsylvania State University was focused on five major tasks that reflect the objectives stated above: Task 1: Investigation of the Quantitative Degradation of Fuels; Task 2: Investigation of Incipient Deposition; Task 3: Characterization of Solid Gums, Sediments, and Carbonaceous Deposits; Task 4: Coal-Based Fuel Stabilization Studies; and Task 5: Exploratory Studies on the Direct Conversion of Coal to High Quality Jet Fuels. The major findings of each of these tasks are presented in this executive summary. A description of the sub-tasks performed under each of these tasks and the findings of those studies are provided in the remainder of this volume (Sections 1 through 5).
Download or read book Advanced Thermally Stable Jet Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are five tasks within this project on thermally stable coal-based jet fuels. Progress on each of the tasks is described. Task 1, Investigation of the quantitative degradation chemistry of fuels, has 3 subtasks which are described: Pyrolysis of n-alkylbenzenes; Thermal decomposition of n-tetradecane in near-critical region; and Re-examining the effects of reactant and inert gas pressure on tetradecane pyrolysis--Effect of cold volume in batch reactor. Under Task 2, Investigation of incipient deposition, the subtask reported is Uncertainty analysis on growth and deposition of particles during heating of coal-derived aviation gas turbine fuels; under Task 3, Investigation of the quantitative degradation chemistry of fuels, is subtask, Effects of high surface area activated carbon and decalin on thermal degradation of jet A-1 fuel and n-dodecane; under Task 4, Coal-based fuel stabilization studies, is subtask, Screening potential jet fuel stabilizers using the model compound dodecane; and under Task 5, Exploratory studies on the direct conversion of coal to high quality jet fuels, is subtask, Shape-selective naphthalene hydrogenation for production of thermally stable jet fuels. 25 refs., 64 figs., 22 tabs.
Download or read book Aeronautical Enginnering A Cumulative Index to a Continuing Bibliography supplement 312 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermally Stable Coal based Jet Fuel written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aeronautical Engineering written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Advanced Thermally Stable Jet Fuels Technical Progress Report July 1993 September 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Penn State program in advanced thermally stable coal-based jet fuels has five broad objectives: (1) development of mechanisms of degradation and solids formation; (2) quantitative measurement of growth of sub-micrometer and micrometer-sized particles suspended in fuels during thermal stressing; (3) characterization of carbonaceous deposits by various instrumental and microscopic methods; (4) elucidation of the role of additives in retarding the formation of carbonaceous solids; (5) assessment of the potential of production of high yields of cycloalkanes by direct liquefaction of coal. An exploratory study was conducted to investigate the pyrolysis of n-butylbenzene in a flow reactor at atmospheric pressure. A number of similarities to trends previously observed in high-pressure static reactions were identified. The product distribution from pyrolysis of n-tetradecane at 400[degrees]C and 425[degrees]C was investigated. The critical temperatures of a suite of petroleum- and coal-derived jet fuels were measured by a rapidly heating sealed tube method. Work has continued on refining the measurements of deposit growth for stressing mixtures of coal-derived JP-8C with tetradecane. Current work has given emphasis to the initial stages of fuel decomposition and the onset of deposition. Pretreatment of JPTS fuel with PX-21 activated carbon (50 mg of PX-21 in 15 mL JPTS) delayed degradation and prevented carbon deposition during thermal stressing at 425[degrees]C for 5 h in nitrogen and air atmospheres. Clear indications of initial and subsequent deposit formation on different metal surfaces have been identified for thermal stressing of dodecane. Seven additives were tested for their ability to retard decomposition of dodecane at 450[degrees]C under nitrogen. Nuclear magnetic resonance data for Dammar resin indicates that structures proposed in the literature are not entirely correct.
Download or read book Advanced Thermally Stable Jet Fuels Technical Progress Report August 1992 October 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Penn State program in advanced thermally stable coal-based jet fuels has five borad objectives: (1) development of mechanisms of degradation and solids formation; (2) quantitative measurement of growth of sub-micrometer and miocrometer-sized particles suspended in fuels during thermal stressing; (3) characterization of carbonaceous deposits by various instrumental and microscopic methods; (4) elucidation of the role of additives in retarding the formation of carbonaceous solids; and (5) assessment of the potential of production of high yields of cycloalkanes by direct liquefaction of coal. Pyrolysis of four isomers of butylbenzene was investigated in static microautoclave reactors at 450°C under 0.69 MPa of UHP N2. Thee rates of disappearance of substrates were found to depend upon the bonding energy of C[alpha]-C[beta] bond in the side chain in the initial period of pyrolysis reactions. Possible catalytic effects of metal surfaces on thermal degradation and deposit formation at temperatures>400°C have been studied. Carbon deposition depends on the composition of the metal surfaces, and also depends on the chemical compositions of the reactants. Thermal stressing of JP-8 was conducted in the presence of alumina, carbonaceous deposits recovered from earlier stressing experiments, activated carbon, carbon black, and graphite. The addition of different solid carbons during thermal stressing leads to different reaction mechanisms. 13C NMR spectroscopy, along with 13C-labeling techniques, have been used to examine the thermal stability of a jet fuel sample mixed with 5% benzyl alcohol. Several heterometallic complexes consisting of two transition metals and sulfur in a single molecule were synthesized and tested as precursors of bimetallic dispersed catalysts for liquefaction of a Montana subbituminous and Pittsburgh No. 8 bituminous coals.
Download or read book NASA SP written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aeronautical Engineering A Cumulative Index to a Continuing Bibliography supplement 274 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Winter Waterfront Year round Use in Metropolitan Toronto written by Xenia Klinger and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1993-10 with total page 1662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: