Download or read book Activities of the United States Geological Survey in Problems of Radioactive waste Disposal written by United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Selection and Investigation of Sites for the Disposal of Radioactive Wastes in Hydraulically Induced Subsurface Fractures written by Ren Jen Sun and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Injection of intermediate-level radioactive wastes (specific activity of less than 6 x 103γCi/mL, consisting mainly of radionuclides, such as strontium and cesium, having half-lives of less than 50 years) mixed with cement into a thick shale formation is a promising and feasible disposal method. Hydraulic fracturing provides openings in the shale to accommodate the wastes. Ion exchange and radionuclide-adsorption materials can be added to the grout during mixing to further increase the radionuclide-retaining capacity of the grout. After solidification of the grout, the injected wastes become an integral part of the shale formation, and therefore the wastes will remain at depth and in place as long as the injection zone is not subjected to erosion or dissolution. Problems concerning safety of the disposal method are (1) the potential for inducing vertical fractures, (2) phase separation during and after the injections, (3) the reliability of methods for determining the orientation of induced fractures, (4) the possibility of triggering earthquakes, and (5) radionuclides being leached and transported by ground water. In bedded shale, a difference between tensile strength normal to and that parallel to bedding planes favors the formation of fractures along bedding planes that are nearly horizontal. Even in areas where vertical stress is slightly greater than the horizontal stresses, nearly horizontal bedding-plane fractures can be hydraulically induced in shale at depths less than 1,000 meters. Test injections should be made during site evaluation to determine if horizontal bedding-plane fractures can be induced. The orientation of induced fractures can be indirectly monitored by recording injection pressures during injection time and by measuring the decay of water injections and the uplift of ground surface after the injections; however, it can be directly determined by gamma-ray logs made in observation wells before and after each injection, if the injected fluid or wastes contain enough gamma-ray emitting radionuclides. If waste grout is properly mixed, phase separation should be less than one percent of the total amount injected. The mobility of waste in the separated liquid is further decreased by the low permeability (less than 10−6 darcy) and the large ion-exchange and adsorption capacity of shale, which thus reduce the potential for contamination. Grout injections do not cause extensive increases in pore pressure within shale, and a disposal site should be located in a geologically stable and tectonically relaxed area, that is, an area lacking local active faults. Thus a disposal in shale in such areas can avoid the two necessary and essential conditions for triggering earthquakes by fluid injections, an increase in pore pressure and rock already stressed near its breaking strength. Waste injections are made in several stages at different levels through an injection well. After the first series of injections at the greatest depth, the well is plugged by cement at that depth. The second series of injections are made a suitable distance above the first. The repeated use of the injection well distributes the cost of constructing injection and monitoring wells over many injections, thereby making hydraulic fracturing and grout injection economically attractive as a method for the disposal of radioactive wastes. Theoretical considerations about inducing nearly horizontal beddingplane fractures in shale are discussed, as are field procedures for site selection, safety, and the monitoring and operation of radioactive waste disposal. Case histories are used as examples to demonstrate the application of the theory and techniques of field operations.

Download or read book Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Geologic and Hydrologic Considerations for Various Concepts of High level Radioactive Waste Disposal in Conterminous United States written by Einar Bartlett Ekren and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nuclear Waste Disposal written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nuclear Waste Burial Grounds and Storage Sites in Illinois written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Disposition of High Level Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-07-05 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focused attention by world leaders is needed to address the substantial challenges posed by disposal of spent nuclear fuel from reactors and high-level radioactive waste from processing such fuel. The biggest challenges in achieving safe and secure storage and permanent waste disposal are societal, although technical challenges remain. Disposition of radioactive wastes in a deep geological repository is a sound approach as long as it progresses through a stepwise decision-making process that takes advantage of technical advances, public participation, and international cooperation. Written for concerned citizens as well as policymakers, this book was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and waste management organizations in eight other countries.

Download or read book Nuclear Waste Program written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book DOE s High level Radioactive Waste Management Program written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Geologic Disposal of High level Radioactive Wastes written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Workshops for State Review Site Suitability Criteria for High level Radioactive Waste Repositories Discussion group reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book United States Geological Survey Yearbook written by Geological Survey (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Geological and Hydrological Factors for Siting Hazardus Or Low level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities written by Richard C. Berg and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Report of the Interagency Review Group on Nuclear Waste Management written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy, Nuclear Proliferation, and Federal Services and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Publications of the Geological Survey written by Geological Survey (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 826 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nuclear Waste Program S 839 to authorize the Secretary of Energy to enter into incentive agreements written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nuclear Waste Program June 29 1987 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: