Download or read book Acid Base Equilibria in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solutions written by Martin Kilpatrick and published by . This book was released on 1947 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For uncharged proton acids in basic solvents of not too low dielectric constant the reaction Ax+S?SH++Bx-.(1) takes place, the extent of the reaction depending on the strength of the acid Ax relative to the basic strength of the solvent S. The equilibrium constant for this reaction KAxS=CSH+CS.CB-CAx.(2) is usually expressed as the more commonly used dissociation constant Kc which includes the concentration of the solvent. KAxS.CS=CSH+CB-CAx=Kc(3) The constant Kc varies with ion concentration, and in the limited range of concentration where the Debye-Hückel theory applies the following equation may be used to determine the thermodynamic equilibrium constant [Kc]°logKc=log[Kc]o+A?.(4) where A2=0.434?2(DkT)3/2.?N1000 The values for A at 25 C. are: for water (dielectric constant D=78.54) 1.020, for methyl alcohol (D=31.5) 4.02, for ethyl alcohol (D=24.2) 5.97, and for butyl alcohol (D=17.4) 9.79. For more concentrated solutions no theoretical equation can be given, but Table I shows that the change in the equilibrium constant is of considerable magnitude.
Download or read book Chemical Equilibria in Analytical Chemistry written by Fritz Scholz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-01 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a modern and easy-to-understand introduction to the chemical equilibria in solutions. It focuses on aqueous solutions, but also addresses non-aqueous solutions, covering acid–base, complex, precipitation and redox equilibria. The theory behind these and the resulting knowledge for experimental work build the foundations of analytical chemistry. They are also of essential importance for all solution reactions in environmental chemistry, biochemistry and geochemistry as well as pharmaceutics and medicine. Each chapter and section highlights the main aspects, providing examples in separate boxes. Questions and answers are included to facilitate understanding, while the numerous literature references allow students to easily expand their studies.
Download or read book Acid base Equilibrium in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solutions a Dissertation Leonard John Minnick written by Leonard John Minnick and published by . This book was released on 1939 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Acid base equilibrium in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions written by Leonhard John Minnick and published by . This book was released on 1939 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Studies of Br nsted Acid base Equilibria in Water and Nonaqueous Media written by Ivo Leito and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Acid base Equilibria in Non aqueous Solvents written by and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Acids and Bases written by Brian G. Cox and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-01-31 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acids and bases are ubiquitous in chemistry. Our understanding of them, however, is dominated by their behaviour in water. Transfer to non-aqueous solvents leads to profound changes in acid-base strengths and to the rates and equilibria of many processes: for example, synthetic reactions involving acids, bases and nucleophiles; isolation of pharmaceutical actives through salt formation; formation of zwitter- ions in amino acids; and chromatographic separation of substrates. This book seeks to enhance our understanding of acids and bases by reviewing and analysing their behaviour in non-aqueous solvents. The behaviour is related where possible to that in water, but correlations and contrasts between solvents are also presented. Fundamental background material is provided in the initial chapters: quantitative aspects of acid-base equilibria, including definitions and relationships between solution pH and species distribution; the influence of molecular structure on acid strengths; and acidity in aqueous solution. Solvent properties are reviewed, along with the magnitude of the interaction energies of solvent molecules with (especially) ions; the ability of solvents to participate in hydrogen bonding and to accept or donate electron pairs is seen to be crucial. Experimental methods for determining dissociation constants are described in detail. In the remaining chapters, dissociation constants of a wide range of acids in three distinct classes of solvents are discussed: protic solvents, such as alcohols, which are strong hydrogen-bond donors; basic, polar aprotic solvents, such as dimethylformamide; and low-basicity and low polarity solvents, such as acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran. Dissociation constants of individual acids vary over more than 20 orders of magnitude among the solvents, and there is a strong differentiation between the response of neutral and charged acids to solvent change. Ion-pairing and hydrogen-bonding equilibria, such as between phenol and phenoxide ions, play an increasingly important role as the solvent polarity decreases, and their influence on acid-base equilibria and salt formation is described.
Download or read book Acid base Equilibria in Nonaqueous Solvents written by Joseph Anthony Caruso and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chemistry written by Bruce Averill and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 1233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emphasises on contemporary applications and an intuitive problem-solving approach that helps students discover the exciting potential of chemical science. This book incorporates fresh applications from the three major areas of modern research: materials, environmental chemistry, and biological science.
Download or read book Studies of acid base equilibria in non aqueous media written by Agnes Kütt and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Spectral Study of Acid Base Equilibria in Non aqueous Solvents written by Joan Ann Wood and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Buffers for pH and Metal Ion Control written by D. Perrin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended as a practical manual for chemists, biologists and others whose work requires the use of pH or metal-ion buffers. Much information on buffers is scattered throughout the literature and it has been our endeavour to select data and instructions likely to be helpful in the choice of suitable buffer substances and for the preparation of appropriate solutions. For details of pH measurement and the preparation of standard acid and alkali solutions the reader is referred to a companion volume, A. Albert and E. P. Serjeant's The Determination of Ionization Constants (1971). Although the aims of the book are essentially practical, it also deals in some detail with those theoretical aspects considered most helpful to an understanding of buffer applications. We have cast our net widely to include pH buffers for particular purposes and for measurements in non-aqueous and mixed solvent systems. In recent years there has been a significant expansion in the range of available buffers, particularly for biological studies, largely in conse quence of the development of many zwiUerionic buffers by Good et al. (1966). These are described in Chapter 3.
Download or read book Coordination Chemistry in Non Aqueous Solutions written by Victor Gutmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considerable attention has been focussed on non-aqueous chemistry in the last decade and this situation has arisen no doubt from a realization of the vast application of this branch of chemistry. Within this field much energetic work has been channelled into the determination of the coordination chemistry of tran sition metals in these solvent 8ystems. Elaborate experimental techniques have been developed to discover, in particular, the magnetic and spectral properties of complex compounds, and the theoretical background of such systems has been expanded to corroborate, as far as possible, the experimental results. This text has, however, a different bias from many books currently available on this branch of chemistry, and is designed to be a survey of known facts on many of the non-aqueous solvents currently in use mainly in the field of halogen chemistry, together with a discussion of these facts in the light of accepted principles. As such, it is hoped to close a gap in the literature of which many workers and advanced students in this field will be aware. The treatment is meant to be selective rather than completely comprehensive and must unevitably reflect some of the special interests of the author.
Download or read book Acid Base Equilibria Quick Chemistry Review Outline and Handout written by E Staff and published by Examville Study Guides. This book was released on with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acid-Base Equilibria - Quick Review Outline and Handout for All Students Learn and review on the go! Use Quick Review Chemistry Notes to help you learn or brush up on the subject quickly. You can use the review notes as a reference, to understand the subject better and improve your grades. Easy to remember facts to help you perform better. Perfect study notes for all high school and college students. 10 Pages
Download or read book Chemistry in Non Aqueous Solvents written by B. Trémillon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arising no doubt from its pre-eminence as a natural liquid, water has always been considered by chemists as the original solvent in which very varied chemical reactions can take place, both for preparational and for analytical purposes. This explains the very long-standing interest shown in the study of aqueous solutions. In this con nection, it must be stressed that the theory of Arrhenius and Ostwald (1887-1894) on electrolytic dissociation, was originally devised solely for solutions in water and that the first true concept of acidity resulting from this is linked to the use of this solvent. The more recent development of numerous physico-chemical measurement methods has made possible an increase of knowledge in this area up to an extremely advanced degree of systematization. Thus today we have available both a very large amount of experimental data, together with very refined methods of deduction and of quantitative treatment of chemical reactions in solution which enable us to make the fullest use of this data. Nevertheless, . it appears quite evident at present that there are numerous chemical processes which cannot take place in water, and that its use as a solvent imposes 2 INTRODUCTION limitations. In order to overcome these limitations, it was natural that interest should be attracted to solvents other than water and that the new possibilities thus opened up should be explored.
Download or read book Spectral Investigations of 3 6 bis dimethylaminoacridine Solutions in Non aqueous Solvents written by Andrzej Olszowski and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Acid base Equilibria with Special Reference to Indicators for Use M Non aqueous Media Indicators for Non aqueous Titration of Weak Acids written by A. Tetlow and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
