Download or read book Abiotic Stress Effects on the Grapevine Vitis Vinifera L Canopy s Carbon Balance and Metabolic Profile of Flavonoids in Berries written by Alberto Blas Iandolino and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 938 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Plant Phenolics and Human Health written by IUBMB and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-10-22 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of current knowledge of phytochemicals and health Interest in phenolic phytochemicals has increased as scientific studies indicate these compounds exhibit potential health benefits. With contributions from world leaders in this research area, Plant Phenolics and Human Health: Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Pharmacology offers an essential survey of the current knowledge on the capacity of specific micronutrients present in ordinary diets to fight disease. The coverage in this resource: Explains the presence and biochemical properties of phenolics present in fruits and vegetables, as well as in foods derived from their plant sources Provides biochemical explanations on how certain plant phenolics fight cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other widespread pathologies Focuses on certain phenolics, e.g., flavonoids, stilbenes, and curcuminoids, and provides insights on the biochemical bases used to define their significance in the diet as well as their recommended consumption requirements and toxicity Appropriate for graduate and upper-level undergraduate courses in human and animal nutrition, basic nutritional biology, physiology, pharmacology, and other health-related disciplines, Plant Phenolics and Human Health: Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Pharmacology serves as both an invaluable supplementary classroom text and a self-teaching guide for professionals interested in defining the association between diet and health from classical, alternative, and complementary biomedical perspectives.
Download or read book Ome wide Studies of Grapevine Fruit Composition and Responses to Agro environmental Factors in the Era of Systems Biology written by José Tomás Matus and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-12-06 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fruits play a substantial role in the human diet as a source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and a wide range of molecules relevant to health promotion and disease prevention. The characterization of genes involved in the accumulation of these molecules during fruit development and ripening, and in the overall plant’s response to the environment, constitutes a fundamental step for improving yield- and quality-related traits, and for predicting this crop’s behavior in the field. This is certainly the case for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), one of the most largely cultivated fruit crops in the world. The cultivation of this species is facing challenging scenarios driven by climate change – including increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), solar radiation, and earth surface temperature, and decreases of water and nutrient availability. All these events will potentially affect the grapevine phenology, physiology, and metabolism in many growing regions and ultimately affect the quality of their fruits and of the most important derived product, the wine. The sequencing of the grapevine genome has given rise to a new era, characterized by the generation of large-scale data that requires complex computational analyses. Numerous transcriptomic and metabolomic studies have been performed in the past fifteen years, providing insights into the gene circuits that control the accumulation of all sorts of metabolites in grapevines. From now on, the integration of two or more ‘omics’ will allow depicting gene-transcript-metabolite networks from a more holistic (i.e. systems) perspective. This eBook attempts to support this new direction, by gathering innovative studies that assess the impact of genotypes, the environment, and agronomical practices on fruits at the ‘ome’-scale. The works hereby collected are part of a Research Topic covering the use of ‘omics’-driven strategies to understand how environmental factors and agronomical practices – including microclimate modification (e.g. sunlight incidence or temperature), water availability and irrigation, and postharvest management – affect fruit development and composition. These studies report well-settled transcriptomic and metabolomic methods, in addition to newly-developed techniques addressing proteome profiles, genome methylation landscapes and ionomic signatures, some of which attempt to tackle the influence of terroir, i.e. the synergic effect of (micro)climate, soil composition, grape genotype, and vineyard practices. A few reviews and opinions are included that focus on the advantages of applying network theory in grapevine research. Studies on vegetative organs in their relation to fruit development and on fruit-derived cell cultures are also considered.
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 858 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigating the Effects of Temperature on Secondary Metabolism in Vitis Vinifera L Cv Merlot Berries written by Seth D. Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapes (e.g. Vitis vinifera L.) are one of the more important fruit crops from an economic standpoint with world market values over 550 million US dollars in 2007 and 2008, second to apples (United States Department of Agriculture). While a satisfactory level of ripeness is of primary concern, the quality of wine grapes is determined the contribution of secondary metabolites. econdary metabolites provide the color, aroma, flavor, and tactile sensations associated with wine and are believed to be of biological value to humans. Anthocyanins provide the color to red grapes and wine while flavonols are thought to provide color stability to wine through copigmentation with anthocyanins. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) provide astringency or a tactile response in the mouth, which is a primary element of wine quality. For the plant, secondary metabolites are involved in signaling, seed dissemination, and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this work, the temperature of field-grown grapes, Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot, was manipulated by cooling and heating berries relative to ambient temperatures during three growing seasons. A range of thermal time was investigated by delivering cold air during the day (Cool) or warm air at night (Heat). Additionally, the effect of reducing the diurnal temperature range (DTR) was investigated by daytime cooling and nighttime heating without a significant change in the accumulated thermal time compared to ambient berries. The impact on PAs was studied by imposing treatments from fruit set to vé́raison during active PA biosynthesis. Treatments imposed from véraison to harvest maturity ([greater or equal to] 22.0°Brix) were intended to assess the impact on flavonol and anthocyanin accumulation and changes in PAs during ripening. In 2008, experiments focused on PA accumulation by examining metabolites and the expression of genes involved in PA biosynthesis at ten-day intervals up to véraison. Treatment effects described here demonstrate a complex response of grape berries to shifts in temperatures. The data suggest periods of sensitivity with respect to secondary metabolism that may dictate the response to changes in temperatures. To the authors' knowledge, the data presented here is the first of it's kind; examining the effect of temperature on active PA biosynthesis in both the skin and seed of grape as well as the effect of altering the DTR of berries grown under field conditions. This research has implications in understanding fundamental plant responses to their environment and the impact of climate shifts and seasonal temperature variations on grape berry composition.
Download or read book The Science of Grapevines written by Markus Keller and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-01-19 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Science of Grapevines: Anatomy and Physiology is an introduction to the physical structure of the grapevine, its various organs, their functions and their interactions with the environment. Beginning with a brief overview of the botanical classification (including an introduction to the concepts of species, cultivars, clones, and rootstocks), plant morphology and anatomy, and growth cycles of grapevines, The Science of Grapevines covers the basic concepts in growth and development, water relations, photosynthesis and respiration, mineral uptake and utilization, and carbon partitioning. These concepts are put to use to understand plant-environment interactions including canopy dynamics, yield formation, and fruit composition, and concludes with an introduction to stress physiology, including water stress (drought and flooding), nutrient deficiency and excess, extreme temperatures (heat and cold), and the impact and response to of other organisms. Based on the author's years of teaching grapevine anatomy as well as his research experience with grapevines and practical experience growing grapes, this book provides an important guide to understanding the entire plant. - Chapter 7 broken into two chapters, now "Environmental Constraints and Stress Physiology and Chapter 8 "Living with Other Organisms" to better reflect specific concepts - Integration of new research results including: - Latest research on implementing drip irrigation to maximize sugar accumulation within grapes - Effect of drought stress on grapevine's hydraulic system and options for optimum plant maintenance in drought conditions - The recently discovered plant hormone – strigolactones – and their contribution of apical dominance that has suddenly outdated dogma on apical dominance control - Chapter summaries added - Key literature references missed in the first edition as well as references to research completed since the 1e publication will be added
Download or read book Effects of UV B Radiation on Grapevine Vitis Vinifera Cv Tempranillo Leaf Physiology and Berry Composition Framed Within the Climate Change Scenario water Deficit Elevated CO2 and Elevated Temperature written by Johann Martinez Lüscher and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the thesis was to assess the effect of UV-B radiation on grapevine Vitis viniferacv. Tempranillo leaf physiology and grape berry composition, framed within the climatechange scenario. Experiments were conducted under glasshouse controlled conditions withfruit-bearing cuttings. Plants were exposed to three UV-B biologically effective doses (0,5.98, 9.66 kJ m-2 d-1) either from fruit set or veraison to maturity. The combined effects of UVand water deficit, as well as, UV-B and elevated CO2-temperature (700ppm, +4oC), appliedfrom fruit set to maturity were also tested. Gas exchange, Chlorophyll a fluorescence, lipidperoxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity, UV-B absorbing compound levels and chlorophylland carotenoid concentration were determined in leaves. Berry development was assessedquantitatively (e.g. elapsed time to reach phenological stages). Amino acid, anthocyanin andflavonol concentrations and profiles were analyzed in berries, as well as, transcript profilingof regulatory and structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis.The results show that initial down-regulation of photosynthesis was followed by anacclimation, mediated by the accumulation of UV-B absorbing compounds and antioxidantresponse elicitation (flavonoids and antioxidant enzymes). Water deficit and elevated CO2-temperature did not alter UV-B acclimation process, however, UV-B did led to certain degreeof cross-tolerance to elevated CO2-temperature, avoiding the senescence-induced oxidativedamage. Berry technological maturity (ca. 22oBrix) was delayed by UV-B exposure and waterdeficit, especially when combined, whereas it was hastened by elevated CO2-temperature. Inthe last case, UV-B attenuated the effect of elevated CO2 and temperature. Changes in berryripening rates were associated with changes in photosynthetic performance.UV-B radiation and water deficit induced lower grape must acidity, mediated by increases inrelative skin mass or potassium levels rather than a decrease in organic acid concentration.In addition this increase in relative skin mass may have contributed to higher anthocyaninconcentration in the must. Grape berry skin flavonol and anthocyanin concentration wasincreased by UV-B, mainly due to the up-regulation of the structural (CHS, F3'H, FLS, UFGTand GST) and regulatory genes (MYBF1 and MYBA1) committed to their synthesis.Quantitative changes in flavonol concentration induced by UV-B were always associated withqualitative changes in flavonol profile (i.e. increased relative abundance of mono- anddisubstituted flavonols), as a result of the competition of FLS with flavonoid hydroxylases(F3'H and F3'5'H) for the same substrates. The independent up-regulation of FLS and F3'5'Hby UV-B radiation and water deficit, respectively, resulted in an intaractive effect on theflavonol B ring hydroxylation pattern. Under elevated CO2-temperature anthocyanin-sugaraccumulation was decoupled. However, UV-B partially alleviated this uncoupling by upregulatinganthocyanin biosynthesis and modulating berry ripening rates.UV-B radiation greatly influenced grapevine leaf physiology and berry composition. Theseresponses to UV-B were modulated, to a greater or lesser extent, by other factors linked toclimate change (water availability, atmospheric CO2 levels and temperature).
Download or read book The Biochemistry of the Grape Berry written by Hernâni Gerós and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically significant fruit species. Many scientific advances have been achieved in understanding physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grape berry maturation. Some of these advances have led to the improvement of"
Download or read book Responses of Grapevine Physiology and Fruit Chemistry to Environmental Stimuli of Abiotic and Biotic Origin written by Andrew David Harner and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental stimuli from different abiotic and biotic origins can influence grapevine physiology and fruit chemistry at different scales, with downstream effects on wine chemistry and quality. These stimuli can originate at the macroscale (region), mesoscale (vineyard), and microscale (plant), and can interact in their influence upon wine grape production. Wine grape growers are limited in their ability to control factors at the macro- and mesoscale, while the microscale is more easily managed to ensure quality grape production; for example, while grape growers cannot change regional weather conditions or trends, various management methods can be implemented to influence grapevine physiology and fruit chemistry for quality wine production. The goal of this dissertation is to address this theme and investigate how different abiotic and biotic stimuli may influence grapevine physiology and fruit chemistry at different scales. This dissertation includes four chapters that investigated how environmental stimuli of abiotic and biotic origin influence grapevine physiology and fruit chemistry. In the first chapter, data was collected on 23 weather- and plant-related variables at nine different Grüner Veltliner (Grüner V.; Vitis vinifera L.) vineyards within a large geographic region for three years to determine how these variables influenced the volatile and non-volatile phenolic composition of Grüner V. wines. The second chapter assessed pre-bloom early leaf removal (ELR) and how increasing carbon limitation related to increasing ELR severities affects Grüner V. production parameters, fruit maturity, and volatile composition. Grüner V. is new grapevine variety to wine producing regions of the eastern U.S., and little is known about optimal production practices for Grüner V. grape and wine production. The guiding objectives of these two studies were to address this knowledge gap by determining the main weather- and plant-related drivers of Grüner V. wine volatile and phenolic composition and identifying an optimal ELR severity for highly vegetative Grüner V. that balances improvements in fruit and juice quality with penalties on vine yield and viability. Chapters three and four evaluated the responses of grapevine resource allocation and physiology to repeated phloem-feeding by increasing population densities of SLF and if physiological responses vary at different scales (i.e., single-leaf vs. whole-plant) and in time. The third chapter targeted how single-leaf gas exchange and end-of-season allocation of carbon and nitrogen resources are affected by SLF. The fourth chapter assessed the responses of whole-vine hydraulic functioning and vascular dynamics, and if SLF phloem-feeding induces similar responses at the whole-vine scale as those measured at the single-leaf scale in the first SLF chapter. Since SLF is a novel invasive insect pest that already has dealt economically relevant damage to Pennsylvania grape and wine producers, the objectives of these chapters were to determine how SLF phloem-feeding affects fundamental aspects of grapevine functioning and if grapevine responses change due to adult SLF population densities. This knowledge can subsequently be used to assist with development of economic action thresholds for SLF management in vineyard systems. In the first chapter, a combination of weather- and plant-related variables explained a high degree of variation measured in the volatile composition of Grüner V. wines produced from different vineyards within a large region, while phenolic composition was explained to a lower degree. Despite the high degree of variation in volatile composition that was explained by weather- and plant-related variables, the overall vintage effect was a stronger influence on wine volatile composition than variation in these variables among vineyards, at least for the volatile compounds measured. The second chapter illustrated how ELR can be an effective tool for improving fruit quality and altering juice volatile composition in Grüner V., while highlighting how high ELR severities (i.e., 8-12 leaves shoot-1) can negatively impact vine yield across years. The third and fourth chapters show how medium-to-high SLF densities (8-15 SLF shoot-1) can reduce grapevine gas exchange and whole-vine hydraulic functioning, while altering resource allocation dynamics by reducing the concentrations of belowground carbon storage reserves and driving an accumulation of carbon in aboveground tissues instead. These chapters also identified tissue-specific effects of SLF phloem-feeding on xylem and phloem tissues, namely by identifying and visualizing SLF-inflicted feeding damage localized to the phloem tissues while detecting shifts in diurnal tissue radius dynamics that reflect reduced xylem water flow and likely altered phloem carbon dynamics. Overall, these four chapters highlight how environmental stimuli from abiotic and biotic origins can affect grapevine physiology and fruit chemistry.
Download or read book Grapevine in a Changing Environment written by Hernâni Gerós and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-05 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically the most important fruit species in the world. Over the last decades many scientific advances have led to understand more deeply key physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grape berry maturation. However, our knowledge on how grapevines respond to environmental stimuli and deal with biotic and abiotic stresses is still fragmented. Thus, this area of research is wide open for new scientific and technological advancements. Particularly, in the context of climate change, viticulture will have to adapt to higher temperatures, light intensity and atmospheric CO2 concentration, while water availability is expected to decrease in many viticultural regions, which poses new challenges to scientists and producers. With Grapevine in a Changing Environment, readers will benefit from a comprehensive and updated coverage on the intricate grapevine defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stress and on the new generation techniques that may be ultimately used to implement appropriate strategies aimed at the production and selection of more adapted genotypes. The book also provides valuable references in this research area and original data from several laboratories worldwide. Written by 63 international experts on grapevine ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, the book is a reference for a wide audience with different backgrounds, from plant physiologists, biochemists and graduate and post-graduate students, to viticulturists and enologists.
Download or read book Endophytes for a Growing World written by Trevor R. Hodkinson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the role of endophytes in food security, forestry and health. It outlines their general biology, spanning theory to practice.
Download or read book Effects and Interactions of Defoliation Growth Regulators and Climatic Factors on Growth and Composition of Vitis Vinifera L Grape Berries written by Osman Ali Sidahmed and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses written by Renata Szymańska and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-09-01 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental abiotic stresses, such as extreme temperatures, drought, excess light, salinity, and nutrient deficiency, have detrimental effects on plant growth, development, and yield. Plants are equipped with various adaptation mechanisms to cope with such unfavorable conditions. Our understanding of plants’ abiotic stress responses is crucial to maintaining efficient plant productivity. This book on the responses of plants to environmental stresses is an attempt to find answers to several basic questions related to their adaptation and protective mechanisms against abiotic stresses. The following chapters of the book describe examples of plants’ protective strategies, which cover physiological, cellular, biochemical, and genomic mechanisms. This book is aimed for use by advanced students and researchers in the area of stress biology, plant molecular biology and physiology, agriculture, biochemistry, as well as environmental sciences.
Download or read book Assessing the Impact of Temperature on Grape Phenolic Metabolism written by Seth D. Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many climatic factors influence grape berry composition including nutrient status, water availability, biotic stress, sun exposure and temperature. Previous research examined the effects of many factors listed above and much progress has been made. It is often difficult, however, to separate effects that typically confound each other, such as sun exposure and temperature. Increasing exposure of a berry to the sun will lead to some degree of heating unless the temperature is otherwise maintained. In this study berry temperatures where manipulated independent of sun exposure, necessarily separating the two effects. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of fruit temperature on the phenolic metabolism of grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot) grown under field conditions with controlled exposure to sunlight. While similar studies have focused on production and accumulation of anthocyanins our primary focus was on proanthocyanidins or 'tannins'. Here we report the effects of modulating daytime and nighttime temperatures as well as damping the diurnal temperature range. Furthermore, research was broken into two phases: berry set to véraison (phase I) and véraison to commercial harvest (phase II). This was to assess the effects of treatments during two discrete phases of berry development characterized by accumulation of distinct phenolic metabolites. Samples collected at véraison indicated that damping the diurnal temperature fluctuation advanced the onset of ripening. Those berries were larger (doubledamped: 0.753±0.015 vs control: 0.512±0.034 g/berry) and more colored than all others. Phenolic material from grape seed and skin was quantified and characterized using three chromatography methods. Proanthocyanidin accumulation at véraison was linearly related to heat summation over the developmental period with nighttime heating yielding the highest concentration and daytime cooling yielding the lowest (night-heat: 1.46±0.13 vs day-cool: 0.97±0.09 mg/berry). Damping the diurnal temperature fluctuation reduced proanthocyanidin mDP (double-damped: 21.8±1.0 vs control: 28.0±1.7). Day-Cooling resulted in an increase in the concentration of flavonols at the end of phase I yet a decrease at the end of phase II. The goal of this work is to provide researchers with additional information regarding climatic factors influencing phenolic biosynthesis and to provide grape growers with tools to better manage their crop.
Download or read book Abiotic Stress and Plant Responses written by Nafees A. Khan and published by I K International Pvt Ltd. This book was released on 2008-03-21 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abiotic stresses such as temperature, radiation, salinity, heavy metals and drought are the main factors that limit crop productivity. The anthropogenic activities and changed agricultural system, intense use of chemical fertilizers and artificial irrigation have increased temperature, UV-B radiation, drought, salinity and heavy metals stresses and caused yield losses annually to a greater extent. To overcome the yield losses due to abiotic stresses, plants need to possess mechanisms of avoidance and tolerance to stress. For sustainable agriculture development, future crops should have abiotic stress resistant traits and the mechanism for stress tolerance. The tolerance mechanisms can also be improved by the development of new techniques employing plant physiology and plant molecular biology tools. In this present book the advances in the area of abiotic stress responses and stress management have been included. The information may be useful in elucidating limits and tolerance of a plant to abiotic stress. The present volume, comprising seventeen chapters by outstanding and eminent specialists across the world, covers the information on abiotic stresses such as salinity, heavy metals, drought and herbicides.
Download or read book Abiotic Stress Response in Plants written by Arun Shanker and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-08-29 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants, unlike animals, are sessile. This demands that adverse changes in their environment are quickly recognized, distinguished and responded to with suitable reactions. Drought, heat, cold and salinity are among the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect plant growth and productivity. In general, abiotic stress often causes a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes that unfavorably affect plant growth, development and productivity. Drought, salinity, extreme temperatures (cold and heat) and oxidative stress are often interrelated; these conditions singularly or in combination induce cellular damage. To cope with abiotic stresses, of paramount significance is to understand plant responses to abiotic stresses that disturb the homeostatic equilibrium at cellular and molecular level in order to identify a common mechanism for multiple stress tolerance. This multi authored edited compilation attempts to put forth an all-inclusive biochemical and molecular picture in a systems approach wherein mechanism and adaptation aspects of abiotic stress are dealt with. The chief objective of the book hence is to deliver state of the art information for comprehending the effects of abiotic stress in plants at the cellular level.
Download or read book Plant Metabolomics written by Kazuki Saito and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-06-29 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metabolomics – which deals with all metabolites of an organism – is a rapidly-emerging sector of post-genome research fields. It plays significant roles in a variety of fields from medicine to agriculture and holds a fundamental position in functional genomics studies and their application in plant biotechnology. This volume comprehensively covers plant metabolomics for the first time. The chapters offer cutting-edge information on analytical technology, bioinformatics and applications. They were all written by leading researchers who have been directly involved in plant metabolomics research throughout the world. Up-to-date information and future developments are described, thereby producing a volume which is a landmark of plant metabolomics research and a beneficial guideline to graduate students and researchers in academia, industry, and technology transfer organizations in all plant science fields.
