Download or read book A Treatment Approach for Remediation of Per polyfluoroalkyl Substances Contaminated Groundwater Using Granular Activated Carbon written by Dinusha Prasadani Siriwardena and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modified Clays as Effective Soil Amendment to Reduce Leaching of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Contaminated Soils written by Chenyang Wang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Repeated discharges of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) in designated firefighting training areas over decades are closely linked to severe soil and groundwater contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Increasingly stringent regulations require mitigation measures and treatment technologies that can effectively control the spread of PFASs or clean up impacted sites. A broad array of treatment technologies has been developed for treating contaminated water, while few have focused on effective soil treatment technologies that are available to contaminated site practitioners. The literature has documented that modified clays, produced by inserting organic cations (e.g. quaternary ammonium surfactant) in the exchange sites of extendable clays (e.g. smectite clays), can immobilize a range of organic contaminants in soil remediation. The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of modified clays (bentonite-based materials) as a soil amendment in reducing the mobility or leachability of the dozens of PFASs detected in impacted soils, which may contribute to developing low-cost and easy-to-implement soil remediation technology. PFAS profiles of four AFFF-contaminated soils and the soil leachates were first characterized using UHPLC coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry to demonstrate the significant presence of anionic, cationic, neutral and zwitterionic PFAS. In the first stage, a soil leachability test modified based on the USEPA method 1311 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) was used to determine the effect of sorbent dosage, equilibration time, and potential microbial activities using a heavily contaminated soil. The significant decrease (95~99%) in aqueous concentrations of anionic PFAS from the soil leachate, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane carboxylate (PFOA), can be achieved in 1-4 days with a dosage as low as 0.5% (w/w). There was also a significant decrease of several cationic and neutral/zwitterionic PFAS (70~99%), but a higher dosage was necessary to achieve removal similar to the anionic PFASs. Meanwhile, the solution pH and ionic strength of extraction fluids did not show any detectable impact on PFAS leachability. In the second stage, a comparative assessment was conducted among the modified clay, granular activated carbon (GAC), and biochar. Both modified clays and GAC achieved significant PFAS decrease in aqueous concentration whereas negligible PFASs decrease was found in biochar-amended soil leachates. Modified clays performed better than GAC in the uptake of anionic and neutral/ zwitterionic PFASs, while GAC was the most effective sorbent in preventing the leaching of cationic PFASs. In the third stage, the performance of modified clays on the cationic PFAS was improved by adding a natural bentonite clay, which can be attributed to the strong affinity of natural montmorillonite minerals for cationic PFASs. The findings suggest that the combined uses of natural and modified bentonite clay minerals present a viable low-cost and effective solution in soil remediation of PFASs"--
Download or read book Stantec s Water Treatment written by John C. Crittenden and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-11-08 with total page 1956 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The updated third edition of the definitive guide to water treatment engineering, now with all-new online content Stantec's Water Treatment: Principles and Design provides comprehensive coverage of the principles, theory, and practice of water treatment engineering. Written by world-renowned experts in the field of public water supply, this authoritative volume covers all key aspects of water treatment engineering, including plant design, water chemistry and microbiology, water filtration and disinfection, residuals management, internal corrosion of water conduits, regulatory requirements, and more. The updated third edition of this industry-standard reference includes an entirely new chapter on potable reuse, the recycling of treated wastewater into the water supply using engineered advanced treatment technologies. QR codes embedded throughout the book connect the reader to online resources, including case studies and high-quality photographs and videos of real-world water treatment facilities. This edition provides instructors with access to additional resources via a companion website. Contains in-depth chapters on processes such as coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, ion exchange, adsorption, and gas transfer Details membrane filtration technologies, advanced oxidation, and potable reuse Addresses ongoing environmental concerns, pharmacological agents in the water supply, and treatment strategies Describes reverse osmosis applications for brackish groundwater, wastewater, and other water sources Includes high-quality images and illustrations, useful appendices, tables of chemical properties and design data, and more than 450 exercises with worked solutions Stantec's Water Treatment: Principles and Design, Updated Third Edition remains an indispensable resource for engineers designing or operating water treatment plants, and is an essential textbook for students of civil, environmental, and water resources engineering.
Download or read book The cost of inaction written by Gretta Goldenman and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2019-03-17 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PFAS (per and polyfluoroalkylsubstances) are known to be extremely difficult to degrade in the environment and to be bioaccumulative and toxic. Exposure to PFAS is suspected to increase the risk of adverse health effects, such as impacts on the thyroid gland, the liver, fat metabolism and the immune system. This study estimates the socioeconomic costs that may result from impacts on human health and the environment from the use of PFAS. Better awareness of the costs and problems associated with PFAS exposure will assist decision-makers and the general public to make more efficient and timely risk management decisions. Findings indicate that the costs are substantial, with annual health-related costs estimated to 2.8 – 4.6 billion EUR for the Nordic countries and 52 – 84 billion EUR for all EEA countries. Overall non-health costs are estimated at 46 million – 11 billion EUR for the Nordic countries.Upon request the excel spreadsheets used for the monetarisation and valuation in this report can also be provided along with a guidance on how to use the estimation of costs for value transfer. Please contact any of the consultants or members of the steering group from the Swedish Chemicals Agency or the Danish Environmental Protection Agency if you are interested in receiving these excel spreadsheets.
Download or read book Stabilisation Solidification of Contaminated Soil and Waste written by Colin Hills and published by . This book was released on 2015-10 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stabilisation/Solidification of Contaminated Soil and Waste comprises 2 handbooks designed to provide students, practitioners, site owners, and regulators with authoritative guidance to the science underpinning this versatile remedial technology, and how it is applied in real-world situations. Stabilisation/Solidification (S/S) uses readily available cementitious binders to turn contaminated soil and waste into a rock-like product that reduces the risk to public health and the environment. S/S has been employed at hundreds of sites in the USA, Canada, and Europe to improve the physical and/or chemical properties of contaminated soil and waste to enable development to take place or to safely manage a source of pollution. Science: Examines soil properties and the soil-binder system along with the scientific basis for immobilizing inorganic and organic contaminants. The long-term viability of S/S treatment is discussed with reference to the maintenance of design performance and groundwater quality. Practice: Describes how S/S is designed and implemented, including discussions on risk reduction, the development of performance specifications, available binders, treatability studies, in-situ and ex-situ equipment/operations, quality assurance, capping, site closure including long term monitoring strategies. The extensive appendices include a list of over 200 completed S/S remedial actions and over 40 case studies. The most complete authoritative books on the subject written in the last 20 years making them the definitive guide to S/S and still relevant in the 21st Century. Two volume set.
Download or read book Remediation of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance contaminated Soil and Groundwater Using Electrokinetic and Stabilisation Methods written by Georgios Niarchos and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment written by David M. Kempisty and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), often referred to as per- (and poly) fluorinated compounds (PFCs), have been used for years in many everyday3⁄4 and some lifesaving3⁄4 products. However, their use has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, a problem compounded by their persistence in the environment. This book discusses the various challenges of PFAS in our environment today, including their historical use as well as their chemical and toxicological properties. It also presents robust discussion of analytical challenges and special considerations in sampling. The work goes on to give practical recommendations for dealing with these compounds in today's dynamic regulatory landscape and includes several chapters on various remediation techniques. Key Features: Comprehensive overview of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) historical use and chemical/physical properties which help us understand their persistence, transport, and transformation pathways in the environment In-depth analysis of PFAS toxicology Detailed descriptions of conventional and state-of-the-art remediation technologies Practical recommendations for dealing with PFAS in a dynamic regulatory landscape Robust discussion of important sampling and analytical considerations Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Theory, Practice, and Innovation explores the challenges across the topical areas of regulation and management, toxicology, environmental remediation, and analytical sampling and analysis.Readers will find this text helpful in understanding complexities associated with PFAS and informing management strategies to effectively protect this and future generations.
Download or read book Polyfluorinated Chemicals and Transformation Products written by Thomas P. Knepper and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-21 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to their unparalleled effectiveness and efficiency, polyfluorinated chemicals (PFC) have become essential in numerous technical applications. However, many PFCs brought to market show limited biodegradability, and their environmental persistence combined with toxic and bioaccumulative potential have become a matter of concern in some instances. This volume highlights the synthesis of PFCs, focusing on substances with improved application and environmental properties, which are a challenge for synthetic chemists. Further, modern mass spectrometric techniques for the detection and identification of biotransformation products of PFCs are described. The sorption and leaching behavior of PFC in soil is also addressed in order to predict their fate in the environment. Several contributions discuss the monitoring of PFCs in European surface, ground and drinking waters, treatment options for PFC removal from drinking water, occurrence in food, and the human biomonitoring of PFCs.
Download or read book Development of Reductive oxidative Treatment Strategy for the Removal of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS in Water written by Akshay Chandrashekar Parenky and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The detrimental health effects of halogenated compounds in humans has been well documented, and the frequent occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)in the water environment is a recent global concern. Feasible and sensible treatment strategies are in dire need for environmental remediation and water treatment. Currently, efficient treatment is only obtained at a small scale and at a high energy cost. This research is presented in three subsections, where decomposition of selected PFAS was evaluated under advanced oxidation techniques. The first study involved decomposition of a polyfluoroalkyl substance, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), in which 2 carbons of the alkyl chain are hydrogenated making the molecule more vulnerable to degradation. The 6:2 FTS was tested against some of the common oxidants such aspersulfate (PS), peroxymonosulfate and hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, 6:2 FTS was degraded by PS alone under ambient conditions. Several byproducts and fluoride release were observed and quantified. A decomposition pathway was proposed, and certain reaction intermediates were identified. Upon achieving successful degradation of 6:2 FTS, a highly oxidized perfluorinated compound, perfluoroctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was investigated. The absence of C-H bonds makes the molecule more resilient to conventional oxidation, hence a synergistic approach of using reduction combined with advanced oxidation was envisioned. This strategy involved the use of electrons generated by zero valent iron as the reductive source in combination with highly reactive radical species such as sulfate radical and hydroxyl radicals as the oxidizing species. This combination of oxidation and reduction was evaluated under several conditions by changing factors such as concentration, pH, and temperature. Significant removal of PFOS was observed in most cases but no transformation was observed. However, when this system was tested for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), decomposition byproducts were observed consisting of short chain compounds demonstrating the potential for this treatment strategy. Although decomposition of PFOA was achieved through the synergistic approach, the constraints of heat requirement reduce the practical applicability of the system. Since oxidants can be activated efficiently by transition metals, several different combinations of metal-oxidants were evaluated. Amongst these combinations, silver-PS was successful in decomposing a variety of carboxylic PFAS under ambient conditions without the use of any external energy source such as heat, ultra-violet or microwave. Significant byproduct and fluoride release were observed upon decomposition of selected PFAS. This system shows great potential for in situ application of PFAS remediation. The reaction mechanism for the system is complex and future studies should: i) investigate the role of silver and identify the reactive species responsible for the reaction, ii) identify an appropriate metal-oxidant pair capable of decomposing sulfonic PFAS, and iii) evaluate the efficacy of these systems for a wider range of PFAS.
Download or read book Sorption mediated Chemical Processes for the Versatile Treatment of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances PFAS in Complex Media written by Naomi Gevaerd de Souza and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have gained notoriety due to environmental and health concerns. These molecules are chemically stable which contributes to their persistence in biological systems and their increased detections in surface waters. Treatment of highly persistent PFAS has been a challenging but significant task. The most practical technique for removal of PFAS is through adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC) or other novel materials. Meanwhile, PFAS are resistant to simple oxidation, and although decomposition of specific PFAS has been reported through advanced oxidation technologies, often energy-intense technologies capable of generating electrons such as ultraviolet radiation, microwave, or high temperatures are required when coupled with an oxidant to generate highly reactive radical species. The use of such technologies increases the cost and lowers its practical applicability. Hence, in an effort to develop a practical treatment technology, an adsorption-based decomposition technology was envisioned. The high surface area of GAC poses a unique opportunity of housing reactive materials inside the pores. To achieve this, zero valent iron (ZVI), previously demonstrated to reductively delahogenate other persistent pollutants, was incorporated into the pores of the GAC, so called reactive activated carbon (RAC). Additionally, to generate highly oxidizing radical species per sulfate (PS) was injected. Hence, once PFAS are encapsulated inside the pores, a combination of both reductive and oxidative species is present in close proximity to decompose the much recalcitrant PFAS. To demonstrate its effectiveness and understand its behavior, 6 PFAS of different functional groups and carbon chain lengths were investigated. An adsorption isotherm was first developed to test the affinity of the selected GAC. Then, the effects of reaction temperature, injection of PS, and presence of soil on removal of PFAS in water by RAC were evaluated. Results showed that RAC conjugated with PS at 60 °C exhibited decomposition of PFAS, exclusively all 3 carboxylic PFAS tested, obviously producing various identifiable short chain PFAS. Carboxylic PFAS were removed via physical adsorption combined with chemical decomposition while sulfonic PFAS were removed via solely adsorption mechanism. The presence of soil particles did not greatly affect the overall removal of PFAS. Carbon mass balance suggested that chemical oxidation by radical mechanisms mutually influences, in a complex manner, PFAS adsorption to GAC, ZVI and its iron derivatives, and soil particles. Nonetheless, all tested 6 PFAS were removed significantly. If successfully developed, the adsorption-mediated decomposition strategy may work for treatment of complex media containing PFAS and co-contaminants under different environmental settings. Future studies are required, to ensure the decomposition of PFAS exclusively inside the pores of RAC, additionally the synthesis of RAC containing different types of reactive metals and oxidants should be investigated. Pilot scale studies should also be conducted to simulate treatment beds and evaluate the effectiveness of the system.
Download or read book Use of Granular Activated Carbon for Treatment of Explosives contaminated Ground Water written by Michael David McVey and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Drinking Water and Groundwater Remediation Cost Evaluationgranular Activated Carbon written by Robert M. Clark and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1991-06-20 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides preliminary estimates for the performance and cost of granular activated carbon systems under various conditions.
Download or read book Emerging Contaminants Handbook written by Caitlin H. Bell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-01-15 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term "emerging contaminants" and its multiple variants has come to refer to unregulated compounds discovered in the environment that are also found to represent a potential threat to human and ecological receptors. Such contaminants create unique and considerable challenges as the push to address them typically outpaces the understanding of their toxicity, their need for regulation, their occurrence, and techniques for treating the environmental media they affect. With these challenges in mind, this handbook serves as a primer regarding the topic of emerging contaminants, with current and practical information to help support the goal of protection where they are encountered. Features Explores the definition, identification, and life cycle of emerging contaminants. Reviews current information on sources, toxicology, regulation, and new tools for characterization and treatment of: 1,4-Dioxane (mature in its emerging contaminant life cycle) Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs; a newer group of emerging contaminant) Hexavalent chromium (former emerging contaminant with evolving science) 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (progressing in its emerging contaminant life cycle) Provides thoughts on opportunities in managing emerging contaminants to help balance uncertainty, compress life cycle, and optimize outcomes.
Download or read book Soil and Groundwater Remediation Technologies written by Yong Sik Ok and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-03-23 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers various soil and water treatment technologies due to increasing global soil and water pollution. In many countries, the management of contaminated land has matured, and it is developing in many others. Topics covered include chemical and ecological risk assessment of contaminated sites; phytomanagement of contaminants; arsenic removal; selection and technology diffusion; technologies and socio-environmental management; post-remediation long-term management; soil and groundwater laws and regulations; and trace element regulation limits in soil. Future prospects of soil and groundwater remediation are critically discussed in this book. Hence, readers will learn to understand the future prospects of soil and groundwater contaminants and remediation measures. Key Features: Discusses conventional and novel aspects of soil and groundwater remediation technologies Includes new monitoring/sensing technologies for soil and groundwater pollution Features a case study of remediation of contaminated sites in the old, industrial, Ruhr area in Germany Highlights soil washing, soil flushing, and stabilization/solidification Presents information on emerging contaminants that exhibit new challenges This book is designed for undergraduate and graduate courses and can be used as a handbook for researchers, policy makers, and local governmental institutes. Soil and Groundwater Remediation Technologies: A Practical Guide is written by a team of leading global experts in the field.
Download or read book Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment written by Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2014-03-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last 15 years, the focus of chemical pollution has shifted from conventional pollutants to so-called “emerging” or “new” unregulated contaminants. These include pharmaceuticals and personal care products, hormones, UV filters, perfluorinated compounds, poylybrominated flame retardants (BFRs), pesticides, plasticizers, artificial sweeteners, illicit drugs, and endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs). Despite the increasing number of published studies covering emerging contaminants, we know almost nothing about the effects of their transformation products and/or metabolites. This two-volume set provides a unique collection of research on transformation products, their occurrence, fate and risks in the environment. It contains 32 chapters, organised into 7 parts, each with a distinct focus: • General Considerations • Transformation Processes and Treatment Strategies • Analytical Strategies • Occurrence, Fate and Effects in the Environment • Global Speciality and Environmental Status • Risk Assessment, Management and Regulatory Framework • Outlook Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment is a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals in environmental chemistry, analytical chemistry, ecotoxicology, environmental sciences, and hydrology, as well as environmental consultants and regulatory bodies.
Download or read book Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater written by Deyi Hou and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater: Materials, Processes, and Assessment provides the remediation tools and techniques necessary for simultaneously saving time and money and maximizing environmental, social and economic benefits. The book integrates green materials, cleaner processes, and sustainability assessment methods for planning, designing and implementing a more effective remediation process for both soil and groundwater projects. With this book in hand, engineers will find a valuable guide to greener remediation materials that render smaller environmental footprint, cleaner processes that minimize secondary environmental impact, and sustainability assessment methods that can be used to guide the development of materials and processes. - Addresses materials, processes, and assessment needs for implementing a successful sustainable remediation process - Provides an integrated approach for the unitization of various green technologies, such as green materials, cleaner processes and sustainability assessment - Includes case studies based on full-scale commercial soil and groundwater remediation projects
Download or read book Toxicological Effects of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances written by Jamie C. DeWitt and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2015-04-14 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as a timely and comprehensive overview of the latest science for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), covering the development of methods for assessing PFASs in biological fluids and tissues as well as the current knowledge regarding their toxicity to vertebrate organisms. This book includes chapters on human and wildlife exposure/body burdens, reviews of metabolism and toxicological effects by organ system/developmental stage and aspects of PFAS toxicity that are driving PFAS research and regulatory oversight. Toxicological Effects of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances provide critical assessments of the most controversial topics surrounding toxicological evaluation of PFASs to give readers an expert perspective on the issues. Emphasis is placed on the integration of modes and mechanisms of action with functional endpoints that are relevant to human and wildlife health. This book will be a useful resource for toxicologists, environmental chemists, risk assessors and researchers with an interest in the class of compounds known as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances.
