Download or read book A Study on the Growth Hormone regulated Gene Expression of C EBP Isoforms and Their Relationship with IGF ll Gene Expression in the Liver of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss written by Hung-Chieh Lo and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Study on the Growth Hormone regulated Gene Expression of C ebp Isoforms and Their Relationship with Igf ii Gene Expression in the Liver of Rainbow Trout oncorhynchus Mykiss written by Hongjie Luo and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insulin-like growth factor I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) are mitogenic peptides primarily produced in the liver and play important roles in development, growth, and differentiation in vertebrates. In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the hepatic expression of both IGF-I and IGF-II is induced by growth hormone (GH). Previous studies conducted in our laboratory suggested that CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) may be involved in mediating GH-regulated IGF-II gene expression in the trout liver. In this dissertation, focus was placed on investigating the functional correlations among GH, C/EBPs, and IGF-II in the liver of rainbow trout. Since only one C/EBP isoform was identified in rainbow trout before this study, this project started from isolation and characterization of rainbow trout C/EBP complementary DNA (cDNA). A total of five C/EBP isoforms were cloned from trout liver. These C/EBP isoforms have highly conserved C-terminal DNA binding and leucine zipper dimerization domains as well as N-terminal functional motifs across different vertebrates. Tissue-specific mRNA expression of C/EBP isoforms revealed distinct patterns when compared with those of other vertebrates. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that these C/EBP isoforms responded differently to GH treatment in trout hepatocytes. C/EBPÎ21, Î22 and Î ́2 mRNAs were induced early by GH treatment, while C/EBPα mRNA expression was suppressed by GH until 6 h post GH treatment in vivo. In an effort to identify the C/EBP isoform involved in mediating GH-induced IGF-II expression, several C/EBP isoform-specific antibodies were developed. Time course profiles of hepatic C/EBP isoform protein expression in response to GH were determined by immunoblotting assays with the antibodies, and the data were in good agreement with the mRNA data. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that C/EBPÎ22 interacted with multiple regions of the IGF-II gene. GH treatment caused decreased C/EBPÎ22 occupancy and increased histone H4 acetylation at the IGF-II proximal promoter region. The truncated C/EBPÎ22 was observed as the predominant form in trout liver and it played a negative regulatory role on the IGF-II proximal promoter. Additionally, GH-dependent C/EBPÎ22 deacetylation and dissociation from histone H1 complex were also observed. Results of this dissertation established the GH/C/EBPÎ22/ IGF-II axis in teleost fish and revealed diverse regulatory effects of GH on C/EBP62 in trout hepatocytes.
Download or read book The Insulin like Growth Factors and Their Regulatory Proteins written by Robert C. Baxter and published by Elsevier Science & Technology. This book was released on 1994 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents over 40 papers on IGF research. Topics covered include: growth hormone signalling pathways; IGF gene regulation and IGF receptors; IGFBP regulation and actions; metabolic studies; and clinical applications of IGFs. A number of specific body systems are also covered.
Download or read book The Role of Growth Hormone in the Developmental Regulation of Insulin Like Growth Factor I Gene Expression written by Lungile Nokukhanya Nobuhle Shoba and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene expression is under developmental control, however, molecular mechanisms governing its regulation remain poorly defined. Growth hormone (GH), whose action is mediated by the GH receptor (GHR), is a major regulator of IGF-I gene expression. The expression of IGF-I and GHR mRNA is widely distributed, with the liver being the primary site of expression of both genes. Mechanisms of GH action are known, however signal transduction pathways that mediate GH activation of the IGF-I gene are undefined. In this series of studies, we investigated what factors determine IGF-I gene expression during development. RNase protection assays and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression of the IGF-I gene correlates with GHR expression in all the rat tissues we examined such as liver, testis, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, lung and brain. Further, with the exception of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), GH signaling molecules were expressed at all stages of development. In addition, levels of hepatic and brain nuclear protein binding to IGF-I foot print I (IGFI-FPI), a protein binding site in the major promoter of the rat IGF-I gene that is important for basal promoter activity in vitro, were similar throughout development, demonstrating that the IGFI-FPI is likely not involved in the developmental regulation of IGF-I gene expression. These data indicated a critical role of GHR in determining levels of IGF-I gene expression during development. However, increasing the level of GHR expression in fetal rat hepatocytes did not induce GH-dependent IGF-I gene expression, despite inducing GH-dependent activation of genes with defined GH responsive elements such as c-fos and spi 2.1 in these cells. This indicated that in addition to GHR expression, regulation of factors operating at a post-receptor level is likely to be important for inducing GH-mediated IGF-I gene expression. This led us to begin to define the signal transduction pathways that are utilized by GH to mediate IGF-I gene expression. We show that PI3-kinase and the ERKs are important for GH dependent regulation of IGF-I gene expression in rat hepatocytes, with PI3-kinase having a more robust effect.
Download or read book Molecular and Cellular Biology of Insulin like Growth Factors and Their Receptors written by Derek Leroith and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential element in the development and functional integrity of all organisms is intercellular communication. This is achieved by the secretion of soluble messenger molecules which subsequently interact with receptor-effector pathways in the responsive cells. Hormones are traditionally defined as chemical messengers synthesized by endocrine glands. Unlike hormones produced by endocrine glands, growth factors are hormone-related substances produced by many tissues and play an important role in controlling growth and development. While the exact physiological roles of growth factors have yet to be elucidated, they play important roles in the regulation of cellular proliferation and/or differentiation during ontogenesis, growth and differentiation. During recent years there has been a substantial increase in research related to peptide growth factors, their receptors, and modes of action. With the discovery and characterization of numerous growth factors, it became clear that these growth factors had multiple features in common with classic hormones as well as with oncogenes. Furthermore, there are distinct families of growth factors based either on structural or functional similarities.
Download or read book Thyroid Hormone Metabolism written by Georg Hennemann and published by Marcel Dekker. This book was released on 1986 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sex and Gender Factors Affecting Metabolic Homeostasis Diabetes and Obesity written by Franck Mauvais-Jarvis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-08 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a reference for years to come, written by world-renowned expert investigators studying sex differences, the role of sex hormones, the systems biology of sex, and the genetic contribution of sex chromosomes to metabolic homeostasis and diseases. In this volume, leaders of the pharmaceutical industry present their views on sex-specific drug discovery. Many of the authors presented at the Keystone Symposium on “Sex and gender factors affecting metabolic homeostasis, diabetes and obesity” to be held in March 2017 in Lake Tahoe, CA. This book will generate new knowledge and ideas on the importance of gender biology and medicine from a molecular standpoint to the population level and to provide the methods to study them. It is intended to be a catalyst leading to gender-specific treatments of metabolic diseases. There are fundamental aspects of metabolic homeostasis that are regulated differently in males and females, and influence both the development of diabetes and obesity and the response to pharmacological intervention. Still, most preclinical researchers avoid studying female rodents due to the added complexity of research plans. The consequence is a generation of data that risks being relevant to only half of the population. This is a timely moment to publish a book on sex differences in diseases as NIH leadership has asked scientists to consider sex as a biological variable in preclinical research, to ensure that women get the same benefit of medical research as men.
Download or read book Mechanistic Toxicology written by Urs A. Boelsterli and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-03-23 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thorough understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the individual expression of toxic effects provides an important tool for assessment of human health risk. New aspects, major advances, and new areas in molecular and cellular biology and toxicology demand updated sources of information to elucidate the functional mechanics of human toxicology. Mechanistic Toxicology: The Molecular Basis of How Chemicals Disrupt Biological Targets, Second Edition retains the accessible format of the original to present the general principles that link xenobiotic-induced toxicity with the molecular pathways that underlie these toxic effects. Extensively illustrated, this book forms a conceptual bridge between multiple events at the molecular level and the determinants of toxicity at the physiological and cellular level. Specific examples of drugs, environmental pollutants, and other chemicals are carefully chosen to illustrate and highlight the fundamental mechanisms of toxicity at different toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic levels. The book includes references and review articles at the end of each chapter, as well as boxed text for relevant review information on biological, biochemical, molecular, and toxicological background. Linking molecular pathways to more general biomedical contexts, the author ensures that the reader is not lost in the details and instead receives a broad understanding of the processes underlying xenobiotic toxicity. New in the Second Edition Updated chapters Types of toxic responses Disruption of signal transduction by xenobiotics Disruption of mitochondrial function Novel mechanisms derived from systems toxicology
Download or read book Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Family and Subfamilies written by Deric L. Wheeler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-31 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book devotes a chapter to each RTK family and the multiple receptors within each family, thoroughly covering all of the RTKs. The chapters all follow the same structure, presenting this essential information in an accessible and user-friendly format. Each chapter covers one specific family of receptors and begins with a general introduction to that family and a comprehensive discussion of that receptor’s family in development and human disease. Following are in-depth analyses of each family’s receptors with discussions on the gene, protein, ligands, activation, and signaling pathways along with discussion of receptor processing and signal attenuation. Further, cross talk with other receptors systems, post-translational modification and specific unique characteristics to each RTK are discussed. Because it isolates and explains each family, this book is an essential companion volume to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Structure, Functions and Role in Human Disease, by the same authors, which talks about RTKs more generally and without the family-by-family detail.
Download or read book Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology written by Rex A. Dunham and published by CABI. This book was released on 2023-02-28 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genetic improvement of fish for aquaculture and related fisheries has seen huge advances over recent years. Building upon the previous two editions of Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology: Genetic Approaches, this 3rd edition offers a presentation of traditional selective breeding, modern genetic biotechnology, genomics, gene transfer and gene editing, and the latest developments in genetic biotechnology such as epigenetics, xenogenesis and genome-wide association study coupled with commercial application, the impact of government regulation and expectations for the future. It provides a firm grounding in relevant aspects of classical genetics, before focusing on particular aspects such as sex reversal and breeding as applied in aquaculture and fisheries. It also explores how more recent molecular genetics, genomics and biotechnology techniques can be used and combined in improvement programmes for fish and aquaculture species. A glossary explains the latest terminology used in biotechnology and genetics. This book will be useful for research scientists and students in marine biotechnology, aquaculture biotechnology, and fish genetics and breeding.
Download or read book Fish Nutrition written by Ronald W. Hardy and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-10-19 with total page 924 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fish Nutrition, Fourth Edition is an up-to-date, authoritative presentation of all key elements of the nutrition of fish and crustaceans. As aquaculture is rapidly expanding, more than 200 herbivorous and carnivorous species occupy a diverse range of ecological niches, and have therefore evolved to utilize a wide array of food sources. This new edition highlights these differences and covers the complexity and challenges associated with fish nutrition, addressing nutrient requirements to produce high-quality, healthful and sustainable resources, the essential nutrients for fish species, including proteins and amino acids, vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids, a feed quality assessment, and fish pathology. Led by a team of international experts, this edition provides readers with new information on the use of high-throughput technologies in fish nutrition research, the role of feeds on the community structure of the microbiome, and advances in essential nutrient requirements. Features expansive updates to the previous edition, including a new chapter dedicated to diet analysis and evaluation Addresses the roles of fish nutrition and feeds on sustainability and the environmental impacts of aquaculture Covers basic nutritional biochemistry and applied nutritional topics
Download or read book Mechanisms of Insulin Action written by Alan R. Saltiel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-05 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 18 million people in the United States have diabetes mellitus, and about 90% of these have the type 2 form of the disease. This book attempts to dissect the complexity of the molecular mechanisms of insulin action with a special emphasis on those features of the system that are subject to alteration in type 2 diabetes and other insulin resistant states. It explores insulin action at the most basic levels, through complex systems.
Download or read book Autophagy written by Daniel Klionsky and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-12-15 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Starting in the early 1970s, a type of programmed cell death called apoptosis began to receive attention. Over the next three decades, research in this area continued at an accelerated rate. In the early 1990s, a second type of programmed cell death, autophagy, came into focus. Autophagy has been studied in mammalian cells for many years. The recen
Download or read book Chemical Carcinogenesis written by Trevor M. Penning and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-03-03 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume will provide a contemporary account of advances in chemical carcinogenesis. It will promote the view that it is chemical alteration of the DNA that is a route cause of many cancers. The multi-stage model of chemical carcinogenesis, exposure to major classes of human carcinogens and their mode-of-action will be a focal point. The balance between metabolic activation to form biological reactive intermediates and their detoxification, ensuing DNA-lesions and their repair will be profiled. It will describe the chemical changes that occur in DNA that result from endogenous insults including epigenetic changes that lead to gene silencing. It will describe major mechanisms of mutagenesis, affects on tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes, and how cell-cycle check points can be by-passed by the "stealth-like" properties of chemical carcinogens. Environmental agents that can promote tumor formation will be discussed. The monograph will have wide appeal as a knowledge base for graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and faculty interested in this aspect of cancer causation and research.
Download or read book Larval Fish Nutrition written by G. Joan Holt and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-25 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutrition is particularly important in the healthy development of fish during their early-life stages. Understanding the unique nutritional needs of larval fish can improve the efficiency and quality of fish reared in a culture setting. Larval Fish Nutrition comprehensively explores the nutritional requirements, developmental physiology, and feeding and weaning strategies that will allow aquaculture researchers and professionals to develop and implement improved culture practices. Larval Fish Nutrition is logically divided into three sections. The first section looks at the role of specific nutrient requirements in the healthy digestive development of fish. The second section looks at the impacts if nutritional physiology on fish through several early-life stages. The final section looks at feeding behaviors and the benefits and drawbacks to both live feed and microparticulate diets in developing fish. Written by a team of leading global researchers, Larval Fish Nutrition will be an indispensible resource for aquaculture researchers, professionals, and advanced students. Key Features: Reviews the latest research on larval fish nutritional requirements, developmental physiology, and feeding and weaning strategies Extensively covers nutritional needs of various early-life stages in fish development Weighs the benefits and drawbacks to both live feeds and microparticulate diets Written by a global team of experts in fish nutrition and physiology
Download or read book Leptin and Reproduction written by Michael C. Henson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The isolation of leptin in 1994 and its characterization as a factor influencing appetite, energy balance, and adiposity, immediately thrust the polypeptide into the rapidly growing body of literature centered on the physiology of obesity. The growing clinical awareness of obesity as a major health risk in developed societies dovetailed perfectly with any of a number of roles that leptin might play in this abenant physiological condition. Almost unnoticed amidst the excitement generated by early leptin publications was the suggestion that the "fat hormone" might also regulate a wide range of systems and events important to reproduction, including pubertal development, gonadal endocrinology, fettility, and pregnancy. Recognizing this potential, a relatively small cadre of researchers began to examine leptin specifically as a reproductive hormone, thus creating a new and fertile field of investigation. Interest in this area has since gained momentum and an increased number of participants have now made significant contributions to our understanding of many leptin-related mechanisms that are relevant to reproductive biology. Leptin and Reproduction is the first major volume to specifically address leptin as a reproductive hormone and closely examines the advances made in the short time since this field of interest developed. Preeminent researchers ti'om many of the subdisciplines working within this area present a welcomed compendium of the wealth of related literature and voice novel interpretations of cun'ent advances.
Download or read book Stress Ecology written by Christian E.W. Steinberg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Not all stress is stressful; instead, it appears that stress in the environment, below the mutation threshold, is essential for many subtle manifestations of population structures and biodiversity, and has played a substantial role in the evolution of life. Intrigued by the behavior of laboratory animals that contradicted our current understanding of stress, the author and his group studied the beneficial effects of stress on animals and plants. The seemingly “crazy” animals demonstrated that several stress paradigms are outdated and have to be reconsidered. The book describes the general stress responses in microorganisms, plants, and animals to abiotic and biotic, to natural and anthropogenic stressors. These stress responses include the activation of oxygen, the biotransformation system, the stress proteins, and the metal-binding proteins. The potential of stress response lies in the transcription of genes, whereas the actual response is manifested by proteins and metabolites. Yet, not all stress responses are in the genes: micro-RNAs and epigenetics play central roles. Multiple stressors, such as environmental realism, do not always act additively; they may even diminish one another. Furthermore, one stressor often prepares the subject for the next one to come and may produce extended lifespans and increased offspring numbers, thus causing shifts in population structures. This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the ecological and evolutionary effects of stress.
