Download or read book A Study of Using REITs as an Alternative Way of Financing Affordable Housing in Chinese Major Cities Based on the Context of Nanjing written by Jie Huang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation Into the Use of Real Estate Investment Trusts to Finance Affordable Housing in Mainland China written by Yuxuan Huang (M.C.P.) and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mainland China's system of affordable housing provides housing for low and medium income groups. Housing for sale and housing for rent give residents two choices and also give two choices for municipal governments to provide affordable housing. Municipal governments play a mono role in building and financing affordable housing, so they tend to build housing for sale rather than for rent to collect back investment in order to finance more housing units. However, rental housing is more affordable to residents in China. Municipal governments lack a way to liquefy these rental properties and attract private investment. On one hand, municipal governments hold a lot of rental properties worth billions of money; On the other hand, they still lack funding sources to finance new affordable rental housing. No liquidity has made municipal governments stuck with holding properties, and reduced their ability to build more public rental housing for low and medium groups. Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) is a financial vehicle that securitizes properties and allows private sectors to invest and trade securities of real estate. Mainland China plans to use this vehicle to securitize rental-housing units owned by municipal governments and help finance affordable housing through attracting private sector's investment. It has built up its structure of bond-like REIT, which is different from traditional equity REIT in the U.S. What should policy makers keep in mind in order to successfully implement the plan? This thesis answered this question by researching experiences from other countries and areas. It reviewed a mature market, REITs in the US, on its history and experience of REITs participating into affordable housing. It also studied a failure case from Hong Kong, which privatized its public housing properties by the Link REIT and generated social losses. This thesis also researched the bond-like REITs from the experience of Real Estate Asset Trust (REAT) in Taiwan. Based on these researches, the thesis found Mainland China's opportunities. It suggested that debt financing instead of equity financing by public listed REITs is important to preserve the safety of affordable statue of housing units. It also found that affordable housing is attractive to REITs during recession period with it steady and low risk of income. There are also other significant implications suggested that should be kept in mind for policy makers in Mainland which are included in the last chapter of the thesis.
Download or read book The Use of REITs as an Alternative Source to Finance Senior Housing Development in China written by Yiming Cai (S.M.) and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As China's elderly population grows at an accelerating rate, investors from a wide range of industries have entered the senior housing market and view it as a "sunrise industry" which can offer attractive returns for investors. Today, growth in China's senior housing market is presents both tremendous opportunities and challenges. On the other hand, due to the large capital required, long investment cycle and steady capital inflow toward the middle or the end of the projects, an alternative financing method is required to meet the rapid development of senior housing in China. REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts), allowing anyone to invest in portfolios of large-scale properties through the purchase of stock, are a great alternative source for financing. This thesis reviews the background and current market of senior housing in China and discusses the key points in this industry, especially the ways of project to finance. Then, REITs are introduced in terms of history, pros and cons, valuation, and challenges. A case of a US leading health care REIT is conducted, with a comparison to the current quasi-REITs in China. Finally, the general strategy and structure of senior housing REITs are discussed. Based on this study, REITs clearly fit the current and future needs of senior housing sector in China. Although China's capital market is not completely ready to adopt REITs with international standards, China should pursue the experiment of such practice amid the challenges.
Download or read book Why Affordable Housing Developers Should Go Public written by Xiang Ying Estelle Chan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The affordable housing crisis in the United States is real and persistent. In the face of growing economic inequality and the failure of public housing programs, American cities need the development industry to deliver more affordable housing units than ever before. Instead, the affordable housing development process is regarded as a fragmented nexus involving multiple public and private sector parties. Raising capital for affordable housing projects is notoriously complex; it is common to see individual apartment buildings funded by a mix of any of the following: public grants, federal tax credits syndicated through private lenders, interest-free debt from community lenders and municipalities, mortgage debt from commercial lenders and private equity. A good affordable housing developer must be adept at understanding the covenants and eligibility requirements of every source of funds as part of the development process, and work with the myriad parties to compete or apply for funds. This long and convoluted process raises high barriers to entry into the industry and slows down the production of a public good. This thesis investigates the possibility of an alternative funding model for affordable housing development and proposes that developers go public to raise capital, adopting the same tried-and-tested method of financing real estate development that commercial developers have relied on for nearly 30 years. This thesis will argue that a REIT can function as an organizing mechanism to simplify the process of raising capital across different pools of institutional equity, private wealth and public funding. By being able to turn to the widest capital markets for fundraising, affordable housing developers can be nimble in choosing when to raise capital and flexible in deploying it to build experimental mixed-income and workforce housing, two typologies of housing that have been identified as helping to make urban areas more inclusive. Through this thesis, I posit that the affordable housing development REIT can serve as the central platform to consolidate the various pools of triple-bottom- line investors and to create for the first time a public market for an asset class that exhibits all the features of a stable, long term core investment.
Download or read book Is China Ready for REITs written by Tianjin Luo and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the current absence of a REIT-styled vehicle in China, this thesis examines the potential opportunities and obstacles pertaining to the future introduction of REITs in China. The thesis provides a comparative analysis on major REIT regimes around the world, in terms of formation, structuring and operation guidelines, to identify their level of similarity and variance. The thesis then shifts its focus to China, examining the development background of China's real estate sector and analyzing China's market fundamentals and regulatory environment. Lastly, the thesis provides a closer look at the REIT sector in Singapore and Hong Kong and discusses their operational experience of the assets in China. The thesis finds that REITs are regulated differently among countries. However, a number of core criteria must be maintained to ensure the success of REITs in China. Commercial real estate, although accounts for a small share of the real estate market currently, has grown rapidly in recent years and is at the beginning of a boom as China continues to grow and mature as a market economy. On the capital side, the Chinese real estate companies are heavily dependant on bank loans to finance their development projects and there is a strong need for alternative and diversified financing vehicles for future growth. However, China also proves to be a complex market with a unique state-owned land system, with many social issues to confront as a developing country and with a constantly changing and evolving regulatory framework. All of these pose numerous challenges to the adoption of REITs in China. It is clear that a REIT-styled investment vehicle fits the current and future needs of the Chinese real estate sector. Although China is not yet ready to adopt REITs by international standards, China must pursue the experiment of such practice amid of the challenges. China's growth path in the past thirty years with its remarkable economic reform has just proved this point.
Download or read book Exploring REITs for Community based Retail Development in China written by Qianwen Yin and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade, mainland China has encouraged diverse experiments of real estate asset securitization in different sub-sectors, such as rental, industrial, and retail markets. However, little research has focused on the community-based retail, and few experiments of community-based retail asset securitization have taken place. The paper attempts to propose a new strategy for China's community-based retail development, with the belief that, by utilizing innovative real estate securitization as an alternative financing tool, community-based retail development will exploit its economic and social potential to make better neighborhoods in cities. The paper will discuss the opportunities and the challenges in community-based retail development in China, examine the key features of alternative financing tools that could be utilized, and develop a hypothetical strategy to integrate these concepts and make an example of a feasible system for the applications of REITs in China's real estate market..
Download or read book Stabilizing China s Housing Market written by Richard Koss and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-04-13 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sharp rise of house prices in China’s Tier-1 cities has fostered a great deal of commentary about the possibility of bubbles forming there. However, China’s unique housing market characteristics make it difficult to assess the macroeconomic severity of bursting bubbles, even if they exist. These include the setting of land supply and prices by the government, among many others. The presence of overbuilt “ghost cities” greatly complicates the ability of traditional macroeconomic policies to address these concerns. This paper looks at proposals to shore up the mortgage underwriting and legal infrastructure to help China withstand the impact of falling prices, should this occur.
Download or read book REITs for Residential Rental Markets in China written by Sihang He and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After decades of rapid development, China has entered an era with new opportunities and challenges. In its real estate markets, excessive housing demands exist in big cities while a large amount of stock assets are underutilized. In its financial markets, households accumulate wealth but do not have adequate investment channels. Together with expansionary credit policies, these factors have driven the housing price to an unprecedented level and thus created potential risks for the financial and social stability. To cope with these challenges, the Chinese government initiates several reforms in real estate and financial markets. First, it promotes the residential rental market to meet residents' housing demand. Second, it conducts supply-side reforms to transform the real estate industry and to utilize stock assets. Third, it performs financial system reform to provide more investment options and to increase residents' income from properties. By taking these reforms, the Chinese government aims to guide the housing price back to a reasonable level and to improve the stability of the financial system and whole society. Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), as a well-known financial instrument, have a significantly potential role to play in the above reforms. They can supply long-term capital and professional management to residential rental markets, provide new business models for the real estate industry to utilize stock assets, and widen investment channels for households. This thesis examines four typical cases in the current REITs pilot phase in China, identifies existing problems and proposes corresponding solutions, in order to improve REITs in China and help it fulfill its role in the ongoing reforms.
Download or read book A Comparative Analysis of Apartment REITs in US and China written by Zixiao Yin and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past 2 years, Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and the push to develop more rental housing in China have drawn lots of attention. REITs are expected to provide multiple capital channels for the development of rental apartments without continuously leveraging up the real estate industry, as traditional financing methods did. The mechanism of equity REIT can help cultivate and accelerate the formation of a sustainable rental housing market in China. This thesis explores the opportunities and obstacles for REITs to work in the rental housing market in China by exploring the reasons for introducing REITs in the Chinese real estate market from a macro and historical perspective; by examining some cases of the newly issued REIT-like companies in China; and by reviewing the framework and system of REITs in US markets so as to draw lessons for China from a comparative perspective. This thesis finds that equity REITs are still very immature and are not widely accepted by mass investors in China. The thesis puts forward three suggestions for apartment REITs in China: to streamline the REIT structure and avoid excessive complexity and opacity; to promote information transparency and regulated disclosure mechanism; to encourage and protect equity REIT investors by constraining REITs from taking on too much debt. Finally, the thesis concludes that REITs, as shown by US experience, should be regarded as a great opportunity to cultivate Chinese investors' confidence in the stock market with its very simple and plain-vanilla structure. With the Chinese government's strong ambition to increase housing affordability and to deleverage the economy, we foresee continuous legislative breakthroughs and more systematic improvements in the REIT field.
Download or read book Housing Reform and China s Real Estate Industry written by Pengfei Ni and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-02-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an in-depth analysis of China’s housing system and real-estate industry .The author weaves together the different elements of the real estate industry into a logically coherent whole, in which the relationship between the real-estate industry and the macroeconomy sets the background, the housing market forms the core, real estate finance makes up a necessary condition, public policy provides the guarantee and the housing system the foundation. The book constructs an analytical framework for the development of China’s housing system that considers a comprehensive range of factors, highlights the most important issues, and is soundly structured, logical and clear. By applying this framework, the authors present an overview of the past, present and future of China’s housing industry.
Download or read book Affordable Housing Development written by Xinyun Li and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Comparison of Affordable Housing Financing Policies Between China and the US written by Xuantong Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China and the United States, as the two largest economies in the world, are facing the shortage of affordable housing, and the key to solving affordable housing is adequate funding. China and the United States differ greatly in the financing of affordable housing. This article talks about a comparative study of affordable housing financing policies between China and the United States, summarizes the differences between the two, explores the reasons for this difference, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the policies of the two countries.
Download or read book The Affordability of China s Residential Real Estate Market and Opportunities for Property Developers written by Terence Ting Yin Lam and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China has the largest housing market in the world and the property market continues to advance at an astonishing pace. In 2009, 22.2% of China's RMB 19.3 trillion fixed asset investment and 17.9% of foreign direct investment were invested into the real estate sector. At the same time, the highly dynamic market structure and huge regional disparities in China created mixed interpretation and confusion. Nationwide statistics blending urban and suburban prices and the indifferent treatment towards subsidized housing and private housing overshadowed the actual development on the local level. With unprecedented investment pouring into the Chinese real estate market and sky rocketing property prices in most major cities, the legendary short-seller James Chanos described the Chinese real estate sector as "Dubai times 1,000 - or worse". Yet, another American financial guru Jim Rogers openly debunked the statement from James Chanos and remained his bullish views on China. This thesis is divided into two sections. First it reviews the historical development from the Chinese property market. The paper explores the current situation of the market and focuses on the affordability comparison between the national level and the local levels. On a national level, housing prices grow at a pace similar to China's GDP growth supported by an even faster growth in income levels. Affordability ratios are in line with international standards and below the levels experienced by Japan and US during their bubble era. At the local level, different cities experienced drastic differences in price growth and supply surpluses. In some cities, even the suburban areas are beyond the affordability of an average household. In the second section, this paper explores the development of affordable housing, the new frontier of Chinese real estate market. The emergence of the affordable housing market together with new housing policies has different implications and opportunities to the incumbent property developers as well as potential low-end disruptors in China. This paper concludes with recommendations on some of the available investment options for a bearish investor in the Chinese real estate market.
Download or read book In Search of an Affordable Housing System for Shanghai China written by Linyun Sun and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1998, the Chinese government abandoned the danwei ("work-unit") housing allocation system and fully privatized the housing market. Since then, the residential price has never stopped increasing despite the past financial crisis worldwide. In April 2011, statistics show that the average sales price of new residential apartments in 10 major metropolitan cities of China has reached RMB 15,802 per square meter (approximately USD 226 per square feet). In Shanghai, the price is about RMB 26,356 per square meter (above USD 376 per square feet), much higher than that in many big cities in developed countries. More and more Chinese urban dwellers, especially those who earn low salaries and live in metropolitan areas such as Shanghai are challenged by escalating housing prices. Each year the central government introduced several housing policies in order to solve the nationwide housing affordability problem. Recently, Chinese Premier announced that China aims to build 36 million affordable housing units by 2015. Despite severe housing affordability problems in Shanghai, the municipality has been lagging behind many other cities or provinces in terms of affordable housing programs. Last year, the municipal government finally started to experiment with affordable housing programs in selected districts. This thesis serves as a starting point to discuss the effectiveness of affordable housing programs in Shanghai by using five major criteria, -- provide and expand the supply of good-quality housing units; -- make housing more affordable and readily available; -- promote economic diversity in residential neighborhood; -- help households build wealth; and -- promote balanced metropolitan growth. According to the preliminary observation and assessment, the newly released affordable housing programs in Shanghai has been effective by incorporating both supply and demand approaches and successfully targeting at extremely low income group. Despite the achievements, there is still some room for further improvement. Hopefully, by introducing more varieties of housing programs such as inclusionary housing, the Shanghai Affordable Housing Programs will benefit more households in the coming years.
Download or read book Emerging Market Economies and Financial Globalization written by Leonardo E. Stanley and published by Anthem Press. This book was released on 2018-03-15 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past, foreign shocks arrived to national economies mainly through trade channels, and transmissions of such shocks took time to come into effect. However, after capital globalization, shocks spread to markets almost immediately. Despite the increasing macroeconomic dangers that the situation generated at emerging markets in the South, nobody at the North was ready to acknowledge the pro-cyclicality of the financial system and the inner weakness of “decontrolled” financial innovations because they were enjoying from the “great moderation.” Monetary policy was primarily centered on price stability objectives, without considering the mounting credit and asset price booms being generated by market liquidity and the problems generated by this glut. Mainstream economists, in turn, were not majorly attracted in integrating financial factors in their models. External pressures on emerging market economies (EMEs) were not eliminated after 2008, but even increased as international capital flows augmented in relevance thereafter. Initially economic authorities accurately responded to the challenge, but unconventional monetary policies in the US began to create important spillovers in EMEs. Furthermore, in contrast to a previous surge in liquidity, funds were now transmitted to EMEs throughout the bond market. The perspective of an increase in US interest rates by the FED is generating a reversal of expectations and a sudden flight to quality. Emerging countries’ currencies began to experience higher volatility levels, and depreciation movements against a newly strong US dollar are also increasingly observed. Consequently, there are increasing doubts that the “unexpected” favorable outcome observed in most EMEs at the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) would remain.
Download or read book Catalyzing Green Finance written by Asian Development Bank and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2017-08-01 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A large financing need challenges climate-adjusted infrastructure in developing Asia, estimated at $26 trillion till 2030. This necessitates crowding-in private sources to meet financing, efficiency, and technology gaps. However, a lack of bankable projects is a major hurdle. This publication suggests one possible innovative financing approach. The Green Finance Catalyzing Facility (GFCF) proposes a blended finance framework for governments and development entities to better leverage development funds for risk mitigation, generate a pipeline of bankable green infrastructure projects, and directly catalyze private finance. The GFCF provides useful inputs for the current debate on mainstreaming green finance into country financial systems.
Download or read book What s Next written by Jonathan David Miller and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After decades of what felt like infinite resources and vast wealth pools available to fuel the consumption-based U.S. economy, we now face a mindset of shortage. We all know the history--government-supported mortgages and freeways, affordable automobiles, cheap gas, and post-World War II industrial expansion all underwrote the exodus from "cramped" urban neighborhoods to spacious single-family suburban homes. Car models were a talisman for individual success, and public transit turned into an afterthought in suburban agglomerations. Proximity to anything didn't matter when you could drive easily to almost everywhere. And exhilarating mobility over long distances enabled more people to own more land--and build larger houses--at the ever-expanding suburban fringe. Employers sought to build suburban office islands, set apart from housing, retail, and transit. That's over. What's next?
