Download or read book A Study of Cu2ZnSn SxSe1 x 4 Thin Films Prepared by Sputtering Deposition and Their Applications to Thin film Solar Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy and Environmental Materials II written by Yafang Han and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2015-03-12 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collection of selected, peer reviewed papers from the Chinese Materials Congress 2014 (CMC 2014), July 4-7, 2014, Chengdu, China. The 89 papers are grouped as follows: Symposium A: Energy Related Composites and Nano-Materials; Symposium B: Photocatalytic Materials and Its Applications In the Field of Energy and Environment; Symposium C: Minerals And Resources, Materials for Oil-Gas Field Engineering, Structure Building Applications; Symposium D: Environment Technologies and Functional Materials, Environmental Emission and Protection

Download or read book Advanced Micro and Nanomaterials for Photovoltaics written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-05-25 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanomaterials are becoming increasingly important photovoltaic technologies from absorbers to contacts. This book is dedicated to describing the novel materials and technologies for photovoltaics that derive from these new and novel approaches in solar technologies. We have collected a set of renowned experts in their respective fields as authors and their expertise covers a broad set of areas including novel oxides, quantum dots, CZTS and organic solar cells, as well as light management and reliability testing. The organization of the book is divided into three sections; the first part deals with emerging photovoltaic absorbers and absorber approaches, the second part is focused on novel solar cell architectures and device concepts and components; and the last part is focused on their integration into module technologies. The first chapter is an introduction to the basics of solar cells technology facilitating an understanding by the non-expert of the following chapters. The book is intended for academics and professionals, at the research and R&D level in materials and devices, who are looking for opportunities for applications in the solar materials, devices and modules areas. Hopefully it will serve as a reference for students and professionals looking into the potential and development of novel photovoltaic technologies, researchers looking into the development of innovative projects, and teachers in the field of energy and sustainability. - Showcases a range of cutting-edge photovoltaic materials and devices, exploring their special properties and how they are best used - Assesses the challenges of fabricating solar cell devices using nanotechnology - Explores how producing cheaper modules, increasing reliability and increasing efficiency have led to new applications for photovoltaic devices

Download or read book Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy written by George Wicks and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-01-10 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This useful, one-stop resource for understanding the most important issues in materials challenges in alternative and renewable energy. The logically organized and carefully selected articles give insight into materials challenges in alternative renewable energy and incorporate the latest developments related to materials challenges in alternative renewable energy, including hydrogen, batteries and energy storage materials, hydropower, and biomass.

Download or read book Global Research and Education written by Arturs Medvids and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2011-04-19 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume is indexed by Thomson Reuters CPCI-S (WoS). This volume comprises a collection of papers presented at the 9th international conference on Global Research and Education, “INTER-ACADEMIA 2010”, held from August 9th to 12th, 2010 at the Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia. It contains 88 contributions, including 4 invited papers, from more than 10 countries. The invited papers, presented by internationally recognized experts, review the state-of-the-art and future trends in each field of research. The peer-reviewed contributions are organized under the headings of: Physics and Technology, Chemistry, Biology and Medicine, and Computer Science and Modelling. This work thus offers a unique interdisciplinary view of the topics.

Download or read book Development of in situ methods for process monitoring and control and characterization of Cu Zn Sn S based thin films written by Van Duren, Stephan and published by Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin. This book was released on 2019-06-03 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has become an interesting alternative to copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) due to its non-toxic and earth abundant constituents. A variety of methods is being used to fabricate kesterite thin films, such as coevaporation, sputtering, electrodeposition, spray pyrolysis and others. Most of them include an annealing step to stimulate elemental mixing and interdiffusion. Although conversion efficiencies of kesterite solar cells have increased among different research groups, the record value of 12.6% set by IBM in 2014 has not been broken yet. Therefore, experimental and theoretical studies are needed to predict the effect of the secondary phases and detrimental defects on the electronical properties of the CZTS based solar devices. The work presented here studies non-destructive techniques for in situ process control and monitoring. With the aim to detect phases and phase transitions to optimize crucial processing steps such as pre-annealing of metal precursors, high temperature annealing and vacuum deposition of Cu-Sn-Zn-S based thin films. The research consists of three parts in which Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reflectometry are used to explore this objective. In the first part Raman spectroscopy is investigated as an in situ monitoring technique during high temperature annealing of thin films. It investigates whether the occurrence of CZTS can be monitored when it is created from annealing a Mo/CTS/ZnS layered thin film. CuS, SnS, ZnS and CTS (Cu-Sn-S) films are prepared by physical vapor deposition. The Raman scattering intensity was compared to investigate whether their specific vibrational modes can be distinguished from each other at room temperature. Then, the CTS film is annealed between 50 and 550 °C in order to investigate whether CTS vibrational modes can be identified at elevated temperatures and to see which transitions take place within the thin film. Also, a CZTS reference film is annealed between 50 and 550 °C for reference purposes. The temperature dependence of the main CZTS modes is examined to investigate whether it can be used for in situ temperature control. Finally, a ZnS layer is deposited on the unannealed CTS film to obtain a Mo/CTS/ZnS layered film. This film is used to study the conversion of CTS/ZnS into CZTS at elevated temperatures. It was found that Raman spectroscopy can successfully be used to monitor formation of CZTS by identifying its main vibrational mode during the annealing process. The intensity of the CTS modes reduces at elevated temperatures. At 450 °C, the main CZTS mode at 338 cm-1 can be clearly identified. The second part also focuses on high temperature annealing. However, in this part the focus lies on annealing of the metal precursor films. It is explored whether specific alloys benefit or hinder the formation of secondary phases during formation of the CZTS absorber films. Also, to what extent this influences solar cell performance. In situ XRD was investigated for in situ monitoring of the pre-annealing process. Cu-poor metal precursor films are prepared by sputtering deposition. The precursors are annealed at 150 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C and 450 °C in a three zone tube furnace. The effect on the structural properties is analysed by XRD to study the formation mechanism of alloys. The precursor films are then sulfurized in a three zone tube furnace. The structural properties of the absorber are analysed and correlated with structures in the precursor. It is found that formation of SnS2 in the absorber is proportional to the remaining Sn in the pre-annealed precursor. Also, electron micrographs showed that pre-annealing temperature influences grain growth and surface precipitation of Sn-S and Zn-S. Pre-annealed absorbers at 450 °C did not exhibit these phases on the surface. Solar devices are fabricated from the absorber films and best performing devices were obtained from pre-annealed absorbers at 450 °C. They showed absence of Sn and SnS2 in, respectively, the precursor and absorber. It could be concluded that SnS2 phases are detrimental to device efficiency and that SnS2 XRD peak intensity follows an inverse proportionality with device efficiency. The third part explores reflectometry as a method to monitor a growing film during thermal evaporation in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) system. A set of six CZTS absorbers is examined by ex situ Raman spectroscopy and reflectometry to study the influence of secondary phases CuS and ZnS on reflection spectra. Composition strongly influences reflection spectra and CuS leaves a characteristic dip in the reflection spectrum at about 600 nm. An integration method was used to analyze this phenomenon quantitatively. Subsequently, a reflectometry setup is designed, developed and integrated in the PVD system. Four different CZTS co-evaporated and multi-layered films are deposited. Structural, morphological and vibrational properties are investigated. The reflection spectra are monitored during deposition and time-dependent reflection spectra are analyzed for characteristic aspects related to properties such as thickness, band gap and phase formation. CuS could not be detected in the films by the integration method due to the superposition of the CuS dip with developing interference fringes during film growth. However, in multilayered CTS/ZnS film it is found that the onset of ZnS deposition can be detected by increased reflection intensity due to reduced surface roughness. Additionally, the shifting onset of the interference fringes to lower photon energies can be used as a characteristic fingerprint during the deposition process. In conclusion, this work showed that Raman spectroscopy, XRD and reflectometry could be successfully implemented for in situ process control and monitoring of high temperature annealing and vacuum deposition of Cu-Sn-Zn-S based precursors and absorbers. The application of these in situ techniques can lead to the optimization of thin film material properties and solar cells. As such, this study has paved the way for further improvement of Cu-Sn-Zn-S based precursors and thin film absorbers. Innerhalb der letzten Jahre hat sich Kesterit Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) aufgrund seiner ungiftigen Bestandteile und deren hoher Verfügbarkeit zu einer interessanten Alternative zu Kupfer Indium Gallium (di-)Selenid (CIGS) entwickelt. Zur Herstellung von Kesterit Dünnschichten wird eine Vielzahl von Methoden verwendet wie Ko-Verdampfung, Sputtern, Elektrodeposition, Spray Pyrolyse und andere. Die meisten davon beinhalten einen Temper-Schritt um die Durchmischung und Interdiffusion der Elemente zu stimulieren. Obwohl der Wirkungsgrad der Kersterit Solarzellen von verschiedenen Forschungsgruppen erhöht wurde, ist der Rekordwert von IBM von 12,6 % noch nicht gebrochen worden. Daher werden experimentelle und theoretische Studien benötigt, die den Einfluss von Fremdphasen und schädlichen Defekten auf die elektronischen Eigenschaften der CZTS Solarzellen vorhersagen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht zerstörungsfreie Methoden für die in situ Prozesskontrolle und -überwachung. Dabei ist das Ziel, entscheidende Prozessschritte wie das Vortempern der Metall-Vorläufer sowie das Hochtemperatur-Tempern und die Vakuum-Abscheidung von Cu-Sn-Zn-S basierten Schichten zu optimieren. Die Untersuchung besteht aus drei Teilen, in denen Raman-Spektroskopie, Röntgendiffraktion (XRD) und Reflektometrie benutzt werden um dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Im ersten Teil wird die Ramanspektroskopie als in situ Methode zur Überwachung des Hochtemperatur-Temperns von Dünnschichten betrachtet. Es wird untersucht, ob das Entstehen von CZTS beim Tempern von gestapelten Mo/CTS/ZnS Dünnschichten beobachtet werden kann. CuS, SnS, ZnS und CTS (Cu-Sn-S) Schichten werden durch physikalische Gasabscheidung hergestellt. Die Intensität der Raman Streuung wurde vergleichen um zu untersuchen, ob die spezifischen Vibrations-Moden bei Raumtemperatur voneinander unterschieden werden können. Dann werden die CTS Schichten zwischen 50 °C und 550 °C getempert um zu untersuchen, ob die CTS Vibrations-Moden bei höheren Temperaturen identifiziert werden können und um festzustellen, welche Übergänge innerhalb der Schicht auftreten. Außerdem wurde eine CZTS Referenzschicht zwischen 50 °C und 550 °C für Referenzzwecke getempert worden. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der CZTS Haupt-Moden werden betrachtet, um zu untersuche, ob sie für die in situ Temperaturüberwachung verwendet werden können. Abschließend wurde eine ZnS Schicht auf einem nicht getemperten CTS Film abgeschieden, um eine gestapelte Mo/CTS/ZnS Schicht zu erhalten. Diese Schicht wird verwendet, um die Umwandlung von CTS/ZnS zu CZTS bei erhöhten Temperaturen zu untersuchen. Es wurde festgestellt, dass Raman Spektroskopie erfolgreich verwendet werden kann, um die Bildung von CZTS zu überwachen, indem die Haupt-Vibrations-Moden während des Temperns identifiziert werden. Die Intensität der CTS Moden verringert sich bei höheren Temperaturen. Bei 450 °C kann die CZTS Hauptmode bei 338 cm-1 klar identifiziert werden. Der zweite Teil konzentriert sich ebenfalls auf das Hochtemperatur-Tempern. In diesem Teil liegt der Fokus allerdings auf dem Tempern der Metal-Vorläufer-Schichten. Es wird erforscht, ob bestimmte Legierungen die Entstehung von Fremdphasen während der Entstehung der CZTS Absorberschichten begünstigen oder hemmen und welchen Einfluss dies auf die Leistung der Solarzelle hat. In situ XRD wird verwendet, um die Prozesse des Vortemperns zu überwachen. Kupfer arme Metall-Vorläufer-Schichten werden durch Sputtern aufgetragen. Die Vorläufer werden bei 150 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C und 450 °C in einem Drei-Zonen-Röhren-Ofen getempert. Die Auswirkungen auf die strukturellen Eigenschaften werden mit XRD analysiert, um den Entstehungsmechanismus der Legierungen zu untersuchen. Die Vorläuferschichten werden dann in einem Drei-Zonen-Röhren-Ofen sulfurisiert. Die strukturellen Eigenschaften des Absorbers werden analysiert und mit der Struktur der Vorläufer korreliert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Entstehung von SnS2 im Absorber proportional zum verbleibenden Sn im vorgetemperten Vorläufer ist. Außerdem zeigen Bilder des Rasterelektronenmikroskops, dass die Temperatur des Vortemperns das Kornwachstum und das Abschieden von Sn-S und Zn-S an der Oberfläche beeinflusst. Bei 450 °C vorgetemperte Absorber weisen keine dieser Phasen an der Oberfläche auf. Solarzellen werden aus diesen Absorber-Schichten hergestellt und die besten Zellen entstanden aus den bei 450 °C vorgetemperten Absorbern. Bei diesen traten Sn und SnS2 weder im Vorläufer noch im Absorber auf. Es konnte geschlussfolgert werden, dass SnS2 Phasen schädlich für den Wirkungsgrad der Zellen sind und dass die Intensität der SnS2 XRD Peaks invers proportional zum Wirkungsgrad der Zellen ist. Der dritte Teil erforscht die Reflektometrie als Methode zur Überwachung des Schichtwachstums während des thermischen Verdampfens in einer Anlage zur physikalischen Gasabscheidung (PVD). Ein Satz aus sechs CZTS Absorbern wird mittels ex situ Raman-Spektroskopie und Reflektometrie vermessen, um den Einfluss der Fremdphasen CuS und ZnS auf die Reflexionsspektren zu untersuchen. Die Zusammensetzung beeinflusst die Reflexionsspektren stark und CuS hinterlässt eine charakteristische Senkung bei 600 nm im Reflexionsspektrum. Eine Integrationsmethode wurde verwendet um dieses Phänomen quantitativ zu analysieren. Anschließend wurde ein Reflektometrieaufbau entworfen, entwickelt und in die PVD-Anlage integriert. Vier verschiedene CZTS koverdampfte und Mehrschicht-Filme wurden abgeschieden. Strukturelle, morphologische und Vibrationseigenschaften werden untersucht. Die Reflexionsspektren werden während des Abscheidens aufgenommen und zeitabhängige Reflexionsspektren werden auf charakteristische Aspekte im Zusammenhang mit Eigenschaften wie Dicke, Bandlücke und Entstehung von Phasen untersucht. CuS konnte in den Schichten mit der Integrations-Methode wegen der Überlagerung der CuS Senkung mit dem entstehenden Interferenzmuster nicht detektiert werden. Allerdings wurde in gestapelten CTS/ZnS Schichten beobachtet werden, dass der Beginn der ZnS Abscheidung durch eine ansteigende Intensität der Reflektion aufgrund der verringerten Oberflächenrauigkeit detektiert werden kann. Zusätzlich kann die Verschiebung des Startpunkts der Interferenzen zu niedrigeren Photonenenergien als charakteristischer Fingerabdruck während des Abscheidungsprozesses verwendet werden. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Arbeit, dass Raman-Spektroskopie, XRD und Reflektrometrie erfolgreich als in situ Prozesskontrolle und –überwachung bei Hochtemperatur-Tempern und Vakuum-Abscheidung von Cu-Sn-Zn-S basierten Vorläufern und Absorbern realisiert werden konnten. Die Anwendung dieser in situ Techniken kann zu einer Optimierung der Eigenschaften von Dünnschicht-Materialien und von Solarzellen führen. Als solche hat diese Untersuchung den Weg für weitere Verbesserung von Cu-Sn-Zn-S basierte Vorläufer und Dünnschicht-Absorber geebnet.

Download or read book Thin film materials technology written by Kiyotaka Wasa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-09-24 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title contains rich historical coverage of the basics and new experimental and technological information about ceramic thin film and large-area functional coating. Included are principles and examples of making thin-film materials and devices.

Download or read book Thin Films written by Dongfang Yang and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2023-03-29 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thin film is a layer of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in thickness. Thin films have been employed in many applications to provide surfaces that possess specific optical, electronic, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties. Through ten chapters consisting of original research studies and literature reviews written by experts from the international scientific community, this book covers the deposition and application of thin films.

Download or read book Physics and Technology of Amorphous Crystalline Heterostructure Silicon Solar Cells written by Wilfried G. J. H. M. van Sark and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-16 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today’s solar cell multi-GW market is dominated by crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafer technology, however new cell concepts are entering the market. One very promising solar cell design to answer these needs is the silicon hetero-junction solar cell, of which the emitter and back surface field are basically produced by a low temperature growth of ultra-thin layers of amorphous silicon. In this design, amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) constitutes both „emitter“ and „base-contact/back surface field“ on both sides of a thin crystalline silicon wafer-base (c-Si) where the electrons and holes are photogenerated; at the same time, a-Si:H passivates the c-Si surface. Recently, cell efficiencies above 23% have been demonstrated for such solar cells. In this book, the editors present an overview of the state-of-the-art in physics and technology of amorphous-crystalline heterostructure silicon solar cells. The heterojunction concept is introduced, processes and resulting properties of the materials used in the cell and their heterointerfaces are discussed and characterization techniques and simulation tools are presented.

Download or read book Towards Full Sputtering Deposition Process for CIGS Solar Cell Fabrication written by Boubakeur Ayachi and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nowadays, and after more than four decades of research and development of the CIS based technology, a direct competition with silicon technology is still far from being won; however there exists some niche markets where the silicon technology cannot be used (flexible photovoltaic) or less favourable (BIPV). The current fabrication processes are still suffering from some drawbacks: (i) some of the used materials and/or techniques have a large environmental footprint (CBD-CdS/CBD-ZnSxO1-x), (ii) some developed alternatives are expensive (evaporated InxSy), (iii) the used techniques are not easily up scalable (evaporation) or based on the use of toxic atmospheres (Se based). This PhD work presents our strategy in moving towards a full sputtering process and in using only environmentally friendly materials. In this framework, we kept using standard material and process for the deposition of the back contact layer. We developed a new process for the deposition of the absorber layer which is based on pulsed DC-magnetron sputtering at room temperature from a single quaternary target without any additional selenium supply, followed by an annealing under inert atmosphere. We developed a room temperature sputtering process for the deposition of the ZnSxO1-x buffer layer. We also developed our appropriate pulsed DC and RF sputtering processes for the deposition of the window layer. Several characterisation techniques (XRD, SEM, FIB-SEM, EDX, Raman, SIMS, Hall Effect, GDOES, UV-Vis, and I-V) have been used to investigate the effect of deposition conditions on thin films properties as well as to characterize the final solar cells which best efficiency result is slightly under 12%.

Download or read book 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference PVSC written by IEEE Staff and published by . This book was released on 2015-06-14 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: scientific and engineering technical conference covering all aspects of photovoltaics materials, devices, systems and reliability

Download or read book New Deposition Process of Cu In Ga Se2 Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications written by Himal Khatri and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molybdenum (Mo) is currently the most common material used for Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cell back contacts. The first objective of this study is to utilize in-situ and ex-situ characterization techniques to investigate the growth, as well as the physical and chemical properties, of Mo thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering onto soda-lime glass (SLG) substrates. The effects of the deposition pressure on the nucleation and growth mechanisms that ultimately influence morphology and grain structure have been studied. Correspondence between real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and four-point probe resistivity measurements indicate that increasing deposition pressure leads to smaller average grain sizes and higher oxygen content in the Mo thin films. Changes of the material properties were also evaluated by changing RF power. It is observed that higher RF power, results in higher conductivity films. The second and overall objective of this work is to focus on the deposition and characterization of the Cu(In, Ga)Se2 absorber layer using the hybrid co-sputtering and evaporation process, which has potential for commercial PV. Solar cells were completed with a range of elemental compositions in the absorber layer, keeping a constant profile of Ga and varying Cu concentrations. The slightly Cu deficient Cu(In, Ga)Se2 films of band gap ~1.15 eV fabricated by this process consist of a single chalcopyrite phase and device efficiencies up to 12.4% were achieved for the composition ratios (x, y) = (0.30, 0.88). Correspondence between energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction, transmission and reflection (T & R), four-point probe resistivity, and current density-voltage (J-V) measurements indicate that increased Cu concentration leads to the incorporation of a secondary phase Cu2-xSe compound in the Cu(In, Ga)Se2 films, which is detrimental to cell performance. The third objective of this work is to evaluate the Cu2-xSe material properties by employing in-situ RTSE, as well as ex-situ SE and various other characterization techniques. SE revealed that the dielectric function spectra of Cu2-xSe evolve with temperature, providing insights into the evolution of transport properties and critical point structures. At room temperature, semi-metallic behavior of Cu2-xSe thin films was revealed by SE and Hall Effect measurements. These characteristics serve as key inputs for optical modeling of complex layer structures of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 films grown by 2- and 3-step processes.

Download or read book Thin Film Deposition written by Habib Habibur Rahman and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2013 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the details theory about Nano technology, Thin films deposition process & practical application of thin films in different types of solar cells. In chapter three, Basic structure of solids, their classifications, Lattice, Basis & Miller indices has been discussed. In chapter four, thin film deposition methods, substrates, solutions preparation, growth mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages & application has been discussed. In chapter five, detailed theory about Spin coating, Spray pyrolysis etc & their growth mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, practical applications has been discussed. In chapter six & seven, An automatic spray pyrolysis system design procedure, fabrications & characterizations of thin films has been discussed. In chapter eight, detailed theory about CVD & PVD, growth mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, practical applications has been discussed. In chapter nine, preparation of ZnO film by using Hydrothermal & Anode oxidation method has been discussed. At last, detailed theory about solar cell, application of thin films in different types of solar cells, their working principle, advantages & efficiency analysis has been discuss

Download or read book Solution Processed Cu 2 ZnSn S X Se 1 x 4 Thin Films Based on Binary and Ternary Chalcogenide Nanoparticle Precursors and Their Application in Solar Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Symposium on the Deposition of Thin Films by Sputtering written by Symposium on the Deposition of Thin Films by Sputtering. 1, 1966, Rochester, NY. and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Symposium on the Deposition of Thin Films by Sputtering written by Symposium on the Deposition of Thin Films by Sputtering. 2, 1967, Rochester, NY. and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Preparation of Cu2ZnSnS Se4 Thin Films from Oxide Precursors and Its Prospect for Other Cu2MSnS4 Thin Films written by Guilin Chen and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this chapter, the preparation of Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) and Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films from oxide precursors was described. Such an oxides-based route is a low cost, facile way for the kesteries thin films. The rationality of applying oxides method into CZTSe and CZTS thin films was also clarified, including the reactive thermodynamics and annealing process. Finally, this oxide-based approach is also expected for the preparation of the other Cu2MSnS4 (M= Co2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Mn2+) thin films.