Download or read book A Simulation of the Lunar Prospector s Gamma Ray Spectrometer written by Marie C. Grimmer and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The expected response of the Lunar Prospector's Gamma Ray Spectrometer instrument was predicted using a Monte Carlo simulation. The full lunar spectrum was generated using 90 lines and a continuum gamma ray background taken from Apollo 15 and 16 data. The Monte Carlo program uses the exact dimensions and composition of the Gamma Ray Spectrometer in order to most accurately predict spectral performance, assuming an operating temperature on orbit of -30 degrees Celsius. The Gamma Ray Spectrometer will be launched aboard the Lunar Prospector spacecraft on October 24, 1997. The Lunar Prospector will assume a 100 km altitude orbit around the moon, allowing the Gamma Ray Spectrometer to map the elemental composition of the surface. The simulated Gamma Ray Spectrometer response can be used as a comparison for the actual data in order to determine how well the spectrometer is working.
Download or read book Distribution of Iron Titanium on the Lunar Surface from Lunar Prospector Gamma Ray Spectra written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gamma ray pulse height spectra acquired by the Lunar Prospector (LP) Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) contain information on the abundance of major elements in the lunar surface, including O, Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, and Th. With the exception of Th and K, prompt gamma rays produced by cosmic ray interactions with surface materials are used to determine elemental abundance. Most of these gamma rays are produced by inelastic scattering of fast neutrons and by neutron capture. The production of neutron-induced gamma rays reaches a maximum deep below the surface (e.g. (almost equal to)140 g/cm2 for inelastic scattering and (almost equal to)50 g/cm2 for capture). Consequently, gamma rays sense the bulk composition of lunar materials, in contrast to optical methods [e.g. Clementine Spectral Reflectance (CSR)], which only sample the top few microns. Because most of the gamma rays are produced deep beneath the surface, few escape unscattered and the continuum of scattered gamma rays dominates the spectrum. In addition, due to the resolution of the spectrometer, there are few well-isolated peaks and peak fitting algorithms must be used to deconvolve the spectrum in order to determine the contribution of individual elements.
Download or read book Lunar and Planetary Science XXVII written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Elemental Mapping of the Moon Using Gamma Rays written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The energies and intensities of gamma rays From a planetary surface can be used to infer the elemental composition of an object with no or a thin atmosphere. The Apollo gamma-ray spectrometers in 1972 and 1973 produced many of the results for the distribution of elements in the Moon that are now generally well accepted. Lunar Prospector in 1998 and 1999 globally mapped the Moon with gamma rays and neutrons. Both missions used spectrometers with poor energy resolution ((almost equal to)8-10%). The Japanese plan to send a high-resolution germanium gamma-ray spectrometer to the Moon in about 2004 on their SELENE mission. However, little has been done since the 1970s on the models used to unfold planetary gamma-ray spectra. More work needs to be done on understanding what to expect in future gamma-ray spectra and how to unfold such data.
Download or read book Astroparticle Particle and Space Physics Detectors and Medical Physics Applications written by Michele Barone and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2006 with total page 1164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3D-reconstruction of absorbed dose obtained from gel-dosimeter layers. Accurate determination of radionuclidic purity and half-life reactor produced Lu-177g for metabolic radioimmunotherapy. Spatial linearity improvement for discrete scintillation imagers. High resolution, high sensitivity detectors for molecular imaging of small animals and tumor detection. Strip ionization chamber as beam monitor in the proton therapy eye treatment. Low dose, low energy 3D image guidance during radiotherapy. Alpha cyclotron production studies of the Alpha Emitter [symbol] for High-LET metabolic radiotherapy. Treatment planning with IVIS imaging and Monte Carlo simulation. Monte Carlo simulations of a human phantom radio-pharmacokinetic response on a small field of view scintigraphic device. Applications of the Monte Carlo code GEANT to particle beam therapy. Charge sharing in pixel detectors for spectroscopic imaging. Direct thickness calibration: way to radiographic study of soft tissues. A portable pixel detector operating as an active nuclear emulsion and its application for X-ray and neutron tomography -- Radiation damage. Statistical study of radiation hardness of CMS silicon sensors. SIC PbWO4 crystals for the electromagnetic calorimeter of CMS experiment. MDT chamber ageing test at ENEA casaccia neutron and gamma facilities. Behavior of thin film materials under [symbol] irradiation for astronomical optics. Full characterization of non-uniformly irradiated silicon micro-strip sensors. Beam energy monitor for 4-10 MeV electron accelerators. Optical link of the ATLAS pixel detector. Ion electron emission microscopy for SEE studies. An analysis of the expected degradation of silicon detectors in the future ultra high energy facilities. Investigation of VLSI bipolar transistors irradiated with electrons, ions and neutrons for space application. Radiation-hardness studies of high OH~ content quartz fibres irradiated with 24 GeV protons
Download or read book Remote Compositional Analysis written by Janice L. Bishop and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-11-28 with total page 655 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive overview of the spectroscopic, mineralogical, and geochemical techniques used in planetary remote sensing.
Download or read book X ray and Gamma ray Detectors and Applications IV written by Ralph B. James and published by SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering. This book was released on 2002 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book New Views of the Moon written by Bradley L. Jolliff and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 756 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 60 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry assesses the current state of knowledge of lunar geoscience, given the data sets provided by missions of the 1990's, and lists remaining key questions as well as new ones for future exploration to address. It documents how a planet or moon other than the world on which we live can be studied and understood in light of integrated suites of specific kinds of information. The Moon is the only body other than Earth for which we have material samples of known geologic context for study. This volume seeks to show how the different kinds of information gained about the Moon relate to each other and also to learn from this experience, thus allowing more efficient planning for the exploration of other worlds.
Download or read book Nye Samling af det Kgl Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter written by and published by . This book was released on 1784 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Treatise on Geochemistry written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-10-19 with total page 14787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively updated new edition of the widely acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry has increased its coverage beyond the wide range of geochemical subject areas in the first edition, with five new volumes which include: the history of the atmosphere, geochemistry of mineral deposits, archaeology and anthropology, organic geochemistry and analytical geochemistry. In addition, the original Volume 1 on "Meteorites, Comets, and Planets" was expanded into two separate volumes dealing with meteorites and planets, respectively. These additions increased the number of volumes in the Treatise from 9 to 15 with the index/appendices volume remaining as the last volume (Volume 16). Each of the original volumes was scrutinized by the appropriate volume editors, with respect to necessary revisions as well as additions and deletions. As a result, 27% were republished without major changes, 66% were revised and 126 new chapters were added. In a many-faceted field such as Geochemistry, explaining and understanding how one sub-field relates to another is key. Instructors will find the complete overviews with extensive cross-referencing useful additions to their course packs and students will benefit from the contextual organization of the subject matter Six new volumes added and 66% updated from 1st edition. The Editors of this work have taken every measure to include the many suggestions received from readers and ensure comprehensiveness of coverage and added value in this 2nd edition The esteemed Board of Volume Editors and Editors-in-Chief worked cohesively to ensure a uniform and consistent approach to the content, which is an amazing accomplishment for a 15-volume work (16 volumes including index volume)!
Download or read book Lunar Sourcebook written by Grant Heiken and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1991-04-26 with total page 796 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The only work to date to collect data gathered during the American and Soviet missions in an accessible and complete reference of current scientific and technical information about the Moon.
Download or read book Lunar and Planetary Science written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Journey to the Moon written by Pascale Ehrenfreund and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Using MCNPX for Space Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Los Alamos National Laboratory Monte Carlo N-Particle, eXtended-energy radiation transport code MCNPX is rapidly becoming an international standard for a wide spectrum of high-energy radiation transport applications. One such application includes the study of gamma rays produced by cosmic-ray interactions within a planetary surface. Such studies can be used to determine surface elemental composition. This paper presents various MCNPX enhancements that make these gamma ray spectroscopy (GRS) simulations possible, gives elemental spectra results for a specific lunar material, provides a comparison between various high-energy physics models, and shows results of an elemental least squares analysis using Lunar Prospector measurements. The analysis documented here demonstrates the usefulness of MCNPX in planetary gamma ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, new MCNPX features developed over the course of this analysis will prove extremely useful for other applications as well. Comparisons of MCNPX results to lunar GRS measurements are better than expected and have lead to the identification of spectral features previously unknown. Through a library least squares analysis, these simulation spectra have resulted in detailed maps of lunar composition.
Download or read book New View of the Moon 2 written by Clive R Neal and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-05-06 with total page 890 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much has happened in the world in the 17 years since the first New Views of the Moon was published as volume 60 of the Mineralogical Society of America in 2006. An exciting new era of lunar exploration has begun, including the promise of resuming human lunar exploration, exploring the lunar Poles, and missions to many other high-priority science targets. It is fitting, therefore, to now summarize the current state of knowledge to the degree possible at a time when advancements in knowledge of the Moon are proceeding at a breakneck pace. Therefore, during this period of unprecedented lunar exploration activity, and as we continue to rebound from a global pandemic, we now happily announce this New Views of the Moon 2 volume summarizing the advances in lunar science and exploration since 2006. The Steering Committee is eternally grateful to all contributors and especially the chapter leads, and to Professor Makiko Ohtake (University of Aizu, Japan) and Dr. David Blewett (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, U.S.A.) for organizing the New Views of the Moon 2 Electronic Annex. We deeply appreciate the hard work and dedication of everyone involved in the production of this volume, especially Rachel Russell and Ian Swainson at the Mineralogical Society of America. This volume helps to frame our knowledge and expectations for an exciting future of lunar science and exploration and the new discoveries to be made. Having humans return to the Moon now seems more likely than it ever has since the last humans left the Moon on 14 December 1972.
Download or read book Preliminary Results from the Lunar Prospector Alpha Particle Spectrometer written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Lunar Prospector Alpha Particle Spectrometer (LP APS) builds on Apollo heritage and maps the distribution of outgassing sites on the Moon. The APS searches for lunar surface gas release events and maps their distribution by detecting alpha particles produced by the decay of gaseous radon-222 (5.5 MeV, 3.8 day half-life) and solid polonium-210 (5.3 MeV, 138 day half-life, but remains on the surface with a 21 year half-life as lead-210), which are radioactive daughters from the decay of uranium-238. Radon is in such small quantities that it is not released directly from the lunar interior, rather it is entrained in a stream of gases and serves as a tracer for such gases. Once released, the radon spreads out by 'bouncing' across the surface on ballistic trajectories in a random-walk process. The 3.8 day half-life of radon-222 allows the gas to spread out by several 100 km before it decays and allows the APS to detect gas release events up to a few days after they occur. The long residence time (10s of years) of the lead-210 precursor to the polonium-210 allows the mapping of gas vents which have been active over the last approximately 50 years. Because radon and polonium are daughter products of the decay of uranium, the background level of alpha particle activity is a function of the lunar crustal uranium distribution. Using radioactive radon and polonium as tracers, the Apollo 15 and 16 Command Module orbital alpha particle experiments obtained evidence for the release of gases at several sites beneath the orbit tracks, especially over the Aristarchus Plateau and Mare Fecunditatis [1]. Aristarchus crater had previously been identified by ground-based observers as the site of transient optical events [2]. The Apollo 17 surface mass spectrometer showed that argon-40 is released from the lunar interior every few months, apparently in concert with some of the shallow moonquakes that are believed to be of tectonic origin [3]. The latter tectonic events could be associated with very young scarps identified in the lunar highlands [4] and are believed to indicate continued global contraction. Such quakes could open fissures leading to the release of gases that are trapped below the surface. The detection of radon-222 outgassing events at the margins of Fecunditatis basin was surprising because the observed surface distribution of uranium and thorium do not extend sufficiently eastward to cover Fecunditatis. If the Apollo detections prove sound, then those alpha particle emissions indicate substantial subsurface concentrations of uranium-238 within Fecunditatis. A primary goal of the APS was to map gas-release events, thus allowing both an appraisal of the current level of tectonic activity on the Moon and providing a probe of subsurface uranium concentrations.
Download or read book Recent Advances and Current Research Issues in Lunar Stratigraphy written by William A. Ambrose and published by Geological Society of America. This book was released on 2011 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
