Download or read book A Parametric Investigation of Soot Behavior and Other Emissions in a Gas Turbine Combustor written by Joseph Dickson Weller and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of operating characteristics and fuel additives in a gas turbine combustor on particulates (soot) and other gaseous emissions (NOx, NO). The principles of Mie theory and three-wavelength light transmittance have been utilized in this investigation to determine particulate size and mass concentration. Using an Allison T63 turboshaft engine combustor, five experimental fuels of varying chemical composition were analyzed from an emissions standpoint. There was no apparent relationship between particulate size and either fuel composition or combustor exhaust temperature. Nitric oxide levels were indifferent to fuel composition but did show a characteristics upward trend with exhaust temperature. Visible spectrum transmittance did indicate an inverse relation to increasing exhaust temperature. Though only two fuel additives were tested on one fuel, there was no manifestation of improved transmittance with their use.

Download or read book An Experimental Investigation of Soot Behavior in a Gas Turbine Combustor written by Andrew Clarence Krug and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A full scale gas turbine combustor test facility was designed, constructed, and initially operated to determine the performance of a gas turbine combustor and the associated combustion diagnostic apparatus. The test cell was put through an initial series of four tests. The combustor was operated at 75% of normal operating conditions. A water-cooled extractive probe sampling system was used to obtain a particulate sample and an optical system was used to measure the transmissivity inside the combustor and at the exhaust. The opacity of the exhaust gases was also monitored. The initial test series verified the adequacy of the test cell control apparatus as well as the extractive probe sampling system. The optical technique employed appeared to be adequate for the purpose of determining the mean particle diameter but lacked sensitivity for use at the engine exhaust. Recommendations were made for facility and equipment improvements. (Author).

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Parametric Investigation of a Model Gas Turbine Can Combustor written by J. Brouwer and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Development and Assessment of a Soot Emissions Model for Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines written by Bastien Martini and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assessing candidate policies designed to address the impact of aviation on the environment requires a simplified method to estimate pollutant emissions for current and future aircraft gas turbine engines under different design and operating assumptions. A method for NOx and CO emissions was developed in a previous research effort. This thesis focuses on the addition of a soot mechanism to the existing model. The goal is to estimate soot emissions of existing gas turbine engines within soot measurement uncertainties, and then to use the method to estimate the performance of potential future engines. Soot is non-volatile primary particulate matter. In gas turbine engines the size rarely exceeds l [mu]m. The soot is composed almost exclusively of black carbon, is an aggregate of nearly spherical carbon primary particles, and exhibits fractal behavior. Results of other studies regarding soot nucleation, growth, oxidation, and coagulation rates are integrated within a network of perfectly-stirred reactors and shown to capture the typical evolution of soot inside a gas turbine combustor, with soot formed in the early parts of the combustor and then oxidized. The soot model shows promising results as its emissions estimates are within the measurement uncertainties. Nevertheless, model uncertainties are high. They are the consequence of the large sensitivity to input variables. Therefore, the validity of the model is limited to cases with available engine data. More engine data are needed to develop and assess the soot model.

Download or read book Influence of Fuel Chemical Properties on Soot Emissions from Gas Turbine Combustors written by J. S. Chin and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The influence of fuel composition on soot emissions from continuous flow combustors is examined. A study of the combustion characteristics of a wide range of present and potential aviation fuels suggests that smoke point provides a better indication of sooting tendency than does hydrogen content. It is concluded from this study that the best empirical relationship between fuel chemical composition and soot emissions is one which combines two fuel composition parameters -- smoke point and naphthalene content -- into a single parameter which is shown to correlate successfully soot emissions data acquired from several different fuels burning in a variety of gas turbine and model combustors.

Download or read book Gas Turbine Combustion Modeling for a Parametric Emissions Monitoring System written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxides of nitrogen (NO[subscript x]), carbon monoxide (CO) and other combustion by-products of gas turbines have long been identified as harmful atmospheric pollutants to the environment and humans. Various government agencies place restrictions on emissions and often require some sort of emissions monitoring even for new low emission gas turbines. Predicting actual emissions from operating parameters that affect the formation of pollutants, called parametric emissions monitoring system (PEMS), has potential economic advantages compared to a continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS). The problem is that a simple applicable PEMS does not exist. During this study, a gas turbine combustor model applying first engineering principles was developed to predict the emission formation of NO[subscript x]and CO in a gas turbine. The model is based on a lean-premixed combustor with a main and pilot burner including the function of a bleeding air valve. The model relies on ambient condition and load. The load is expressed as a percentage of the target speed of the gas producer turbine. Air flow and fuel flow for the main and pilot burner are calculated by the model based on the load through a set of measured input data for a specific gas turbine. To find the combustion temperature characteristics, the combustor is divided into several zones. The temperature for each zone is calculated by applying an energy balance. To predict NO[subscript x] and CO, several correlations explored by various researchers are used and compared against each other, using the calculated temperatures, pressures and equivalence ratios. A comparison between collected emissions examples from a turbine test cell data spreadsheet and predicted emissions by the developed model under the same conditions show a highly accurate match for NO[subscript x] emission at any load. Because of the high variation of CO at part load, the model predictions only match the CO data set at full load.

Download or read book An Investigation Into the Soot Production Processes in a Gas Turbine Engine written by A. L. Lohman and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis details an investigation into the nature of soot production in a gas turbine combustor. The goal was to obtain axial temperature profiles and soot size distributions inside an Allison T63-A-5A combustor. The present temperature probe and gas sampling apparatus were able to acquire data. Results from these initial tests suggested some preliminary conclusions. First of all, flatter temperature profiles were possibly indicative of fuels with lower aromatic content. Also, soot size along the centerline of the combustor did not appear to change appreciably. Soot itself seemed to be composed of 0.1 micron spherical particles prone to agglomeration. Relatively large, puff-like structures observed on sample collection filters were apparently artifacts of the sampling technique. Several methods of improving the apparatus were suggested. Keywords include: Soot production processes and Gas turbine engine.

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gas turbine combustor design parameter analysis for soot reduction using CFD ASME 99 GT 240 written by D. Scott Crocker and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presented at the International Gas Turbine & Aeroengine Congress & Exhibition, Indianapolis, Indiana, June 7-June 10, 1999.

Download or read book Computations of Soot and NO Emissions from Gas Turbine Combustors written by S. K. Srivatsa and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Exhaust Pollutant Emissions from Swirl can Combustor Module Arrays at Parametric Test Conditions written by Edward J. Mularz and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improved designs of swirl-can combustor modules were tested using seven-module arrays in a combustor. The combustor was operated over a pressure range of 69 to 207 N/sq cm, a fuel-air ratio range of 0.015 to 0.046, at a constant inlet air temperature of 733 K, and at reference velocities of 23.9 and 30.6 m/sec. The three designs tested performed with high combustion efficiency at all conditions tested and exhibited oxides of nitrogen emissions substantially lower than that of conventional gas turbine combustors. A correlating parameter used to extrapolate oxides of nitrogen emissions to full power or takeoff conditions for large commercial turbofan engines predicts oxides of nitrogen emissions somewhat higher than those specified in the 1979 government emissions standards.

Download or read book Gas Turbine Combustor Soot and Radiation Studies written by Jim Alan Clark and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fundamentals of Soot Formation in Gas Turbine Combustors written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this three year effort particle extraction methods were evaluated for collecting scoot particulates from sooting flames and significant enhancements to the models for physics of soot formation were developed. Through comparisons to the URTC data as well as data obtained separately at Yale University, the models provided a reasonable simulation of physical phenomena related to soot production in flames. Four different techniques for characterizing soot were evaluated and compared including IPD, TEM. laser extinction and electrical mobility. Evaluation of the last method led to an extension to quantitative measurements of soot emissions from military combustors. Advancements to the soot model include new PAH growth models, a revised particle inception model and more realistic treatment of soot particle physics. The detailed soot model aided development of a simplified code shown to be useful in modeling soot emissions in gas turbine combustors. This final report very briefly reviews the accomplishments of this program and includes some recent work performed in the last quarter on evaluating the effects of self-absorption on the temperature along the centerline of a coflow flame.

Download or read book Soot Production in a Tubular Gas Turbine Combustor written by and published by . This book was released on 1901 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot production in gas turbine combustors is not desirable since it is the major source of exhaust smoke emission and its thermal radiation to the combustor liner deteriorates the liner durability. Soot formation involves comparatively slow chemistry and equilibrium can not be applied to soot modelling in the combustor flow field. . The exact sooting process in the combustor is poorly understood given both the complexity and the limited experimental data available. The work reported in this thesis seeks to first develop in-situ techniques for retrieving spatially-resolved soot properties, mainly soot particle volume fraction, from within the combustor and also to apply the measured results to comparisons with predicted soot concentrations. Two probing methods have been demonstrated which also incorporate a laser absorption technique. The sight probe proves to be more reliable in the present measurements. The evaluation of the physical probing techniques in sooty laboratory flames reveals that the flame structure will not be substantially distorted by the probe. The disturbance caused by the probe is localised, a feature which is evident in the reported water flow visualization test. The necessary inert gas purge can be minimised to reduce the local aerodynamic perturbation. The measured soot volume fraction distributions are comparable with sooting levels reported in flame studies in the literature. The peak soot volume fractions are located off-axis, characteristic of the fuel atornization. The measurementsin the primary zone are restricted by the multi-phase character of the flow, where soot absorption can not be readily discriminated from fuel droplet scattering. Measurements are reported over a range of air-fuel ratios, inlet pressures and temperatures. Time-averageds calard istributionsa t the nominald ilution sectionh ave beeno btained in addition to the soot measuremenut sing probe sampling and standard gas analysis. Correlationso f carbond ioxide with mixtur.

Download or read book Experimental Investigation of Aerodynamics Combustion and Emissions Characteristics Within the Primary Zone of a Gas Turbine Combustor written by Ahmed Mostafa Elkady and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present work investigates pollutant emissions production, mainly nitric oxides and carbon monoxide, within the primary zone of a highly swirling combustion and methods with which to reduce their formation. A baseline study was executed at different equivalence ratios and different inlet air temperatures. The study was then extended to investigate the effects of utilizing transverse air jets on pollutant emission characteristics at different jet locations, jet mass ratio, and overall equivalence ratio as well as to investigate the jets' overall interactions with the recirculation zone. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer was employed to measure emissions concentrations generated during combustion of Jet-A fuel in a swirl-cup assembly. Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) was employed to investigate the mean flow aerodynamics within the combustor. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was utilized to capture the instantaneous aerodynamic behavior of the non-reacting primary zone. Results illustrate that NOx production is a function of both the recirculation zone and the flame length. At low overall equivalence ratios, the recirculation zone is found to be the main producer of NOx. At near stoichiometric conditions, the post recirculation zone appears to be responsible for the majority of NOx produced. Results reveal the possibility of injecting air into the recirculation zone without altering flame stability to improve emission characteristics. Depending on the jet location and strength, nitric oxides as well as carbon monoxide can be reduced simultaneously. Placing the primary air jet just downstream of the fuel rich recirculation zone can lead to a significant reduction in both nitric oxides and carbon monoxide. In the case of fuel lean recirculation zone, reduction of nitric oxides can occur by placing the jets below the location of maximum radius of the recirculation zone.