Download or read book A Nuclear Role for the Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E binding Proteins written by Mark Livingstone and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Translation Initiation Reconstituted Systems and Biophysical Methods written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2007-10-23 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For over fifty years the Methods in Enzymology series has been the critically aclaimed laboratory standard and one of the most respected publications in the field of biochemistry. The highly relevant material makes it an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life and related sciences. This volume, the second of three on the topic of Translation Initiation includes articles written by leaders in the field.

Download or read book Translational Control by Eukaryotic Initiation Factor eIF 4E and 4G Homologous Proteins written by Ramona Weber and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All living systems rely on appropriate protein synthesis and therefore evolved intricate mechanisms to control their proteome. Especially, the complexity of metazoan multicellular processes requires a strict and multilayered regulation of gene expression at the level of transcription, mRNA processing, translation, mRNA stability, and protein modifications and stability. Here, I present work on two research projects that uncovered the hitherto unidentified roles of translation initiation (1) and mRNA decay factors (2) specialized in controlling unconventional mRNA translation and co-translational mRNA stability, respectively. The initiation step of translation commences with the assembly of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex on the mRNA 5 ́ cap structure which facilitates the recruitment of the ribosome to mediate protein synthesis. The eIF4F consists of the cap-binding protein eIF4E, the RNA helicase eIF4A and the scaffolding factor eIF4G. Apart from eIF4G, metazoan cells express other eIF4G-like proteins: eIF4G2 - a.k.a. DAP5/p97/NAT1 - and eIF4G3. Although the different homologs perform non-redundant functions in translation, we lack detailed understanding of their individual contribution to the initiation of protein synthesis. To gain insights into the function of DAP5 in translation initiation, I applied transcriptome (RNA- sequencing) and translatome (ribosome profiling) approaches to CRISPR-Cas9 engineered human HEK293T DAP5-null cells. These approaches allowed the identification of a group of mRNAs with complex 5 ́ untranslated regions (UTRs) that required the DAP5-eIF4A complex for efficient translation. In detail, the 5 ́ UTRs of DAP5 targets harbor strong secondary structures and at least one upstream open reading frame (uORF) that normally sequesters ribosomes from initiation at the main ORF (mORF). In this context, DAP5 is critical for mORF translation as it mediates re-initiation after uORF translation. Taken together, my studies on DAP5 demonstrate how cells control translation initiation using 5 ́ UTR-associated mechanisms. Regulation of translation initiation can also involve additional cap-binding proteins. The eIF4E-homologous protein (4EHP) competes with eIF4E to bind the mRNA 5 ́ cap structure. Unlike eIF4E, 4EHP does not promote translation since it is unable to recruit eIF4G and the ribosome. Instead, 4EHP represses translation and induces mRNA decay with the help of 4EHP-binding factors. The GIGYF1 and GIGYF2 proteins specifically associate with 4EHP and act as scaffolding proteins for GYF domain-associated proteins like tristetraprolin (TTP) or ZNF598, the RNA helicase and decapping activator DDX6, and NOT1 - a subunit of the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex. When recruited to an mRNA, the 4EHP-GIGYF1/2 6 complexes thus elicit translation repression and mRNA decay. Although the molecular mechanisms have been studied in great detail, we only have sparse information on the pool of mRNAs subjected to 4EHP-GIGYF1/2 mediated repression and decay. Analysis of RNA- sequencing and ribosome profiling datasets of 4EHP- and GIGYF1/2-null cells revealed that the 4EHP-GIGYF1/2 complexes co-translationally target mRNAs with perturbed ribosome elongation or specific nascent peptide chains for decay. These include, among others, mRNAs encoding endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeted proteins, a- and b-tubulin subunits and mRNAs with CAG codon repeats encoding poly-glutamine (Q) stretches. In detail, the 4EHP- GIGYF1/2 complexes are recruited to target mRNAs via the GYF domain-associated proteins and upon binding to the mRNA 5 ́ cap, and DDX6, degrade the bound mRNA. My studies show for the first time how a repressive complex, associated with neurological disorders in animal models and affected humans, specifically minimizes the protein output of a subset of mRNAs. Altogether, I identified a previously unappreciated role of the 4EHP-GIGYF1/2 complexes in maintaining protein homeostasis and preventing excessive production of potentially toxic proteins. In summary, my studies increase our understanding of how metazoan cells utilize the translation control toolbox to fine-tune their proteome and react to developmental cues, adapt to environmental changes and maintain homeostasis. The identified translational programs are fundamental for establishing a multicellular organization but at the same time allow the organism to evade cancer and neurological diseases.

Download or read book Biology of the NMDA Receptor written by Antonius M. VanDongen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-10-29 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NMDA receptor plays a critical role in the development of the central nervous system and in adult neuroplasticity, learning, and memory. Therefore, it is not surprising that this receptor has been widely studied. However, despite the importance of rhythms for the sustenance of life, this aspect of NMDAR function remains poorly studied. Written

Download or read book Translation In Eukaryotes written by Hans Trachsel and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1991-07-24 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an up-to-date review of the mechanisms and regulation of translation in eukaryotes. Topics covered include the basic biochemical reactions of translation initiation, elongation and termination, and the regulation of these reactions under different physiological conditions and in virus-infected cells. The book belongs on the shelf of everyone interested in translation in eukaryotes, including students and researchers requiring comprehensive overviews of most aspects of translation and instructors who want to cover these topics at an advanced level.

Download or read book Evolution of the Protein Synthesis Machinery and Its Regulation written by Greco Hernández and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-10 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The “omics” era has given a new perspective to the findings on the origin and evolution of the process of translation. This book provides insight into the evolution of the translation process and machinery from a modern perspective. Written by leading experts in molecular biology, this text looks into the origins and evolution of the protein synthetic machinery.

Download or read book Nutrition and Skeletal Muscle written by Stéphane Walrand and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutrition and Skeletal Muscle provides coverage of the evidence of dietary components that have proven beneficial for bettering adverse changes in skeletal muscle from disuse and aging. Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body, providing elements of contraction and locomotion and acting as an important contributor to whole body protein and amino metabolism, glucose disposal and lipid metabolism. However, muscle loss, atrophy or weakness can occur when there are metabolic imbalances, disuse or aging. This book addresses the topic by providing insight and research from international leaders, making it the go-to reference for those in skeletal muscle physiology. - Provides an understanding of the crucial role of skeletal muscle in global metabolic homeostasis regulation - Delivers the information needed to understand the utilization of crucial supplements for the preservation of skeletal muscle - Presents insights on research from international leaders in the field

Download or read book Protein Structure written by Eshel Faraggi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-04-20 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the dawn of recorded history, and probably even before, men and women have been grasping at the mechanisms by which they themselves exist. Only relatively recently, did this grasp yield anything of substance, and only within the last several decades did the proteins play a pivotal role in this existence. In this expose on the topic of protein structure some of the current issues in this scientific field are discussed. The aim is that a non-expert can gain some appreciation for the intricacies involved, and in the current state of affairs. The expert meanwhile, we hope, can gain a deeper understanding of the topic.

Download or read book Epigenetics and Reproductive Health written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-10-02 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics and Reproductive Health, a new volume in the Translational Epigenetics series, provides a thorough overview and discussion of epigenetics in reproduction and implications for reproductive medicine. Twenty international researchers discuss epigenetic mechanisms operating during the formation of male and female gametes, fertilization and subsequent embryo and placental development, particularly in mammals and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. This volume also addresses aberrant epigenetic changes influencing male and female infertility, pregnancy related disorders, and those potentially linked to therapeutic manipulations and assisted reproductive technologies. Emphasis is placed on identifying biomarkers for early detection of aberrant epigenetic mechanisms. Later chapters examine the possibility of correcting these epigenetic dysfunctions, as well as current challenges and next steps in research, enabling new translational discoveries and efforts towards developing therapeutics. Thoroughly examines the influence of aberrant epigenetics during gametogenesis and embryogenesis, affecting parents, gametes and embryos, offspring and future generations Explores health outcomes for reproductive senescence, endocrine disruption, testicular cancer, prostrate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian, cancer, endometrial cancer and cervical cancers Features chapter contributions from international researchers in the field

Download or read book Translation and Its Regulation in Cancer Biology and Medicine written by Armen Parsyan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-13 with total page 709 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, for the first time, comprehensively assembles and analyzes a large body of information on the role of the fundamental mechanism of the protein biosynthesis pathway, translation, in cancer biology. It systematically explores the function of the translation machinery and its regulation, including cell signaling, in the development, maintenance and progression of human cancer. The work presented here unveils the tremendous potential and applications of this vast and exciting branch of genetic, biochemical and molecular science in cancer medicine and drug development. Chapters contributed by experts in the field take the reader on a journey that starts with a dissection of the translation machinery and its regulation in norm and cancer. Later chapters characterize etiological and pathogenetic roles that translation plays in specific cancer types. Various aspects of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic significance of the translation machinery and its control in cancer are discussed. Readers will discover the importance of the process of translation and its regulatory mechanisms in physiology and cancer biology. The chapters and the numerous illustrations included here were contributed by expert scientists and clinicians from renowned academic and clinical establishments in Canada, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Belgium, Spain, Germany and Australia. The book conveys information and knowledge that may interest a broad range of students and scholars ranging from basic scientists to clinicians and drug developers seeking to better understand the protein synthesis and its aberrations in cancer biology and cancer medicine.

Download or read book The Role of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E in Cellular Proliferation and Transformation written by Carrie W. Rinker-Schaeffer and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Biology of mRNA Structure and Function written by Marlene Oeffinger and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-12-06 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides an overview on the different aspects of gene regulation from an mRNA centric viewpoint, including how mRNA is assembled and self-assembles in a complex consisting of RNA and proteins, and how its ability to be translated at the right time and space depends on many processes acting on the mRNAs, leading to a properly folded complex. This book shows how new technologies have led to a better understanding of these processes and their connected diseases.The book is written for scientists in fundamental and applied biomedical research working on different aspects of gene regulation. It is also targeted to an audience that is not implicated in these fields directly, but wants to gain a better understanding of mRNA biology.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Neuronal Protein Synthesis written by Wayne S. Sossin and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-15 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Translational control in the nervous system is important. Many physiological processes in the nervous system depend on accurate control of the proteome that is mediated through protein synthetic mechanisms and thus, the nervous system is very sensitive to dysregulation of translational control. The Oxford Handbook of Neuronal Protein Synthesis reviews the mechanisms of translational control used by the nervous system, as well as how important nervous system functions, such as plasticity and homeostasis, depend on accurate translational control. The handbook extensively covers how dysregulation of protein synthesis can manifest itself in many distinct pathological processes including neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. The handbook is comprehensive in its coverage of translational control mechanisms with particular focus on how these general control mechanisms are specifically utilized in the context of the cell biological constraints of the nervous system from both a mechanistic and systems perspective.

Download or read book Translational Control of Gene Expression written by Nahum Sonenberg and published by CSHL Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 1034 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1996 publication of Translational Control, there has been fresh interest in protein synthesis and recognition of the key role of translation control mechanisms in regulating gene expression. This new monograph updates and expands the scope of the earlier book but it also takes a fresh look at the field. In a new format, the first eight chapters provide broad overviews, while each of the additional twenty-eight has a focus on a research topic of more specific interest. The result is a thoroughly up-to-date account of initiation, elongation, and termination of translation, control mechanisms in development in response to extracellular stimuli, and the effects on the translation machinery of virus infection and disease. This book is essential reading for students entering the field and an invaluable resource for investigators of gene expression and its control.

Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Translation Initiation Extract Systems and Molecular Genetics written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2007-10-15 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For over fifty years the Methods in Enzymology series has been the critically aclaimed laboratory standard and one of the most respected publications in the field of biochemistry. The highly relevant material makes it an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life and related sciences. This volume, the first of three on the topic of Translation Initiation includes articles written by leaders in the field.

Download or read book Protein Biosynthesis in Eukaryotes written by R. Perez-Bercoff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-07-01 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: vi The word ppotein, coined one and a half century ago from the 1TpOTE:toa ("proteios" = of primary importance), underlines the "primary importance" ascribed to proteins from the time they were described as biochemical entities. But the unmatched compl~xity of the process involved in their biosynthesis was (understandably) overlooked. Indeed, protein biosynthesis was supposed to be nothing more than the reverse of protein degradation, and the same enzymes known to split a protein into its constituent amino acids were thought to be able, under adequate conditions, to reconstitute the peptide bond. This oversimplified view persisted for more than 50 years: It was just in 1940 that Borsook and Dubnoff examined the thermodynamical aspects of the process, and concluded that protein synthesis could not be the reverse of protein degradation, such an "uphill task being thermody namically impossible ••• • " The next quarter of a century witnessed the unravelling of the basic mechanisms of protein biosynthesis, a predictable aftermath of the Copernican revolution in biology which followed such dramatic de velopments as the discovery of the nature of the genetic material, the double helical structure· of DNA, and the determination of the ge netic code. Our present understanding of the sophisticated mechan isms of regulation and control is a relatively novel acquisition, and recent studies have shed some light into the structure and organi zation of the eukaryotic gene.