Download or read book A Longitudinal Study of the Stress buffering Effects of Romantic Relationships on Alcohol Outcomes in College Students Exposed to Trauma written by Rebecca Lynne Smith and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examined interplay between interpersonal trauma (IPT), relationship status, relationship satisfaction (SAT), and partner substance use (PSU), and whether these relationship dimensions moderated associations between IPT and alcohol outcomes. Data came from a longitudinal study of college students (N=9,911; 61%female; 49%White). Precollege IPT increased the likelihood of being in a relationship, while college-onset IPT decreased the likelihood. IPT predicted lower SAT and higher PSU. Individuals with precollege IPT consumed more alcohol than those without IPT, but this was mitigated for those in relationships. Individuals with college-onset IPT consumed more alcohol than those without IPT, and this was more pronounced with higher PSU. Effects changed modestly when controlling for PTSD. Findings suggest timing of IPT impacts its effects on relationship dimensions, and their interactive effects on alcohol. Involvement in relationships, but not relationship satisfaction, buffers against the effects of IPT on alcohol use, while high PSU partner exacerbates it.

Download or read book Event Level Associations Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Behavior in College Students written by Rachel Lauren Bachrach and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Self-medication theory (SMT) posits that individuals exposed to trauma and resulting posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSD) are at risk for heavy drinking and associated negative consequences. Estimates of PTSD among college students are comparable to rates in the general adult population, and recent research has linked PTSD and negative alcohol-related consequences in college individuals. The social environment (e. g., perceived peer norms, active peer influences) is a critical predictor of alcohol involvement in college. Research also shows that emotionally supportive peers are critical to the diminution and resolution of PTSD symptoms. As such, drinking behaviors of supportive peers may have an effect on drinking outcomes for students struggling with posttraumatic distress. The present project aimed to assess the dynamic relationship between PTSD, alcohol behavior, and the influence of emotionally supportive peers at the daily level. Specifically, the study investigated: (1) whether higher daily levels of PTSD symptoms were associated with increased within-subject levels of daily alcohol use and consequences; (2) whether daily PTSD symptom expression and alcohol behavior was moderated by the typical drinking patterns in one0́9s emotional support group; and (3) whether the relationship between daily PTSD symptoms and daily alcohol behavior was moderated by the daily drinking behavior of emotionally support peers. In addition, multilevel modeling (MLM) analyses were used to test the relationship between weekly PTSD symptom severity and weekend alcohol behavior to delineate temporal associations posited by SMT. Exploratory MLM analyses also assessed how participants0́9 other friends/acquaintances moderated the daily and week to weekend PTSD-alcohol relationship. Trauma-exposed heavy drinking college students (N=128) completed a baseline assessment and subsequent 30 days of daily web-based surveys assessing alcohol use and related consequences, PTSD symptoms, emotionally supportive and other friend/acquaintance alcohol behavior. Results directly testing SMT were not supported. However, both supportive peer and other friend/acquaintance alcohol behavior moderated the relationship between daily PTSD and daily alcohol behavior, as well as weekday PTSD and weekend alcohol behavior. Overall, supportive peer drinking behaviors were not as harmful to those experiencing more daily/weekly PTSD symptoms relative to other friends/acquaintances' alcohol behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of social support as a buffer against problematic drinking and provide useful information for interventions aimed at high-risk drinkers.

Download or read book Effects of Bodily Arousal on Desire to Drink Alcohol Among Trauma Exposed Emerging Adult College Students written by Nathan T. Kearns and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol consumption on college campuses is a major public health concern, particularly among emerging adults. Extant literature has identified trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress as robust risk factors for problematic alcohol use. However, the mechanisms underlying this association are less well-studied. Research indicates that bodily arousal is a fundamental feature of trauma exposure and posits that internal stimuli (e.g., heart pounding) at the time of trauma may manifest into conditioned cues that can trigger posttraumatic responding and related symptomatology, including alcohol use. However, past work supporting these assertions have used paradigms purposefully designed to evoke memories of the trauma, making it difficult to conclude whether the subsequent alcohol craving was due more to the explicit memory cue or the associated bodily arousal. The current study examined whether an implicit, trauma-relevant cue of bodily arousal (via hyperventilation) - independent of any explicit memory cue - would elicit increased desire to drink among 80 (Mage = 20.34; 63.8% female) trauma-exposed, emerging adult students. Results found no statistically significant difference in change in alcohol craving between the hyperventilation and control tasks. However, exploratory analyses indicated that trauma type (i.e., interpersonal/non-interpersonal) may moderate this relationship; more specifically, individuals reporting interpersonal trauma as their most traumatic event evidenced a significantly greater increase in desire to drink following hyperventilation compared to the non-interpersonal index trauma group. Generally, results suggest that bodily arousal, without an explicit trauma reminder, is not a specific and/or powerful enough trauma-relevant cue to reliably influence alcohol cravings across all trauma exposed emerging adult students. Suggestions for future directions to help in identifying at-risk subgroups, as well as methodological and procedural improvements, are discussed.

Download or read book Alcohol Consumption and Emotional Over involvement in the Romantic Relationships of College Students written by Larry Dale Holmes and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Social Anxiety and Problematic Alcohol Use Among College Students written by Ellen Cecilie Jorstad-Stein and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and alcohol use disorders (AUDs; i.e., alcohol dependence, alcohol abuse) are highly prevalent and potentially debilitating. They also commonly co-occur, and when they do, their combined effect may be even more devastating. The onset of SAD most commonly precedes the onset of AUDs, suggesting that SAD may be a marker or risk factor for the onset of these other disorders. Previous research has not sufficiently examined the mechanisms involved in the development of AUDs, and longitudinal research is lacking. The current study examined mechanisms related to the development of AUDs among incoming college freshman students at two large universities in the United States. Incoming freshmen are at higher risk for developing symptoms consistent with SAD, particularly during their first semester, and they may be more likely to cope with their symptoms of anxiety by drinking alcohol. The current study aimed to explicate the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol consumption in college freshmen. Baseline data collection occurred late in the summer after registration for the Fall semester or early in the Fall semester. Follow-up data collection occurred later in the Fall semester. It was expected that social anxiety, the quantity and frequency of drinking alcohol (including frequency of intoxication), and alcohol-related problems would increase among the freshmen over the course of the fall semester. Additionally, several relationships among the variables being examined were hypothesized. Drinking motives, symptoms of depression, and quality of life were expected to mediate the relationship between social anxiety and the drinking outcome variables. In addition, expectancies about alcohol consumption were expected to moderate the mediated relationship. However, there were no increases in social anxiety, alcohol consumption, or alcohol-related problems between baseline and follow-up. There were few hypothesized relationships found, although there was a positive relationship between social anxiety and negative alcohol expectancies and a negative relationship between social anxiety and quality of life. Model testing generated one promising model in which the relationship of positive expectancies regarding alcohol use to alcohol use and problems was mediated by coping with anxiety drinking motives. In particular, the main effect of positive expectancies of alcohol and coping with anxiety drinking motives generated a medium effect whereas the other relationships generated small to medium effects. Clinical implications and limitations of the current study are discussed.

Download or read book Disentangling the Directions of Influence Among Trauma Exposure Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Alcohol and Drug Problems written by Moira Haller and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present study utilized longitudinal data from a high-risk community sample (n= 377; 166 trauma-exposed; 54% males; 52% children of alcoholics; 73% non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian; 22% Hispanic/Latino; 5% other ethnicity) to test a series of hypotheses that may help explain the risk pathways that link traumatic stress, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, and problematic alcohol and drug use. Specifically, this study examined whether pre-trauma substance use problems increase risk for trauma exposure (the high-risk hypothesis) or PTSD symptoms (the susceptibility hypothesis), whether PTSD symptoms increase risk for later alcohol/drug problems (the self-medication hypothesis), and whether the association between PTSD symptoms and alcohol/drug problems is due to shared risk factors (the shared vulnerability hypothesis). This study also examined the roles of gender and ethnicity in these pathways. A series of logistic and negative binomial regressions were performed in a path analysis framework. A composite pre-trauma family adversity variable was formed from measures of family conflict, family life stress, parental alcoholism, and other parent psychopathology. Results provided the strongest support for the self-medication hypothesis, such that PTSD symptoms predicted higher levels of later alcohol and drug problems among non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian participants, over and above the influences of pre-trauma family adversity, pre-trauma substance use problems, trauma exposure, and demographic variables. Results partially supported the high-risk hypothesis, such that adolescent substance use problems had a marginally significant unique effect on risk for assaultive violence exposure but not on overall risk for trauma exposure. There was no support for the susceptibility hypothesis, as pre-trauma adolescent substance use problems did not significantly influence risk for PTSD diagnosis/symptoms over and above the influence of pre-trauma family adversity. Finally, there was little support for the shared vulnerability hypothesis. Neither trauma exposure nor preexisting family adversity accounted for the link between PTSD symptoms and later substance use problems. These results add to a growing body of literature in support of the self-medication hypothesis. Findings extend previous research by showing that PTSD symptoms may influence the development of alcohol and drug problems over and above the influence of trauma exposure itself, preexisting family risk factors, and baseline levels of substance use.

Download or read book Dating Violence Victimization and Alcohol Problems written by Ryan Christopher Shorey and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent evidence suggests that victims of dating violence consume alcohol at greater rates than their non-victimized peers, placing them at risk for the negative consequences produced by alcohol use. Thus, research is needed that examines factors that protect victims from consuming alcohol. Toward this end, the present study sought to examine if perceived and enacted support served as stress-buffering variables of the relationship between dating violence victimization and alcohol problems among a sample of currently dating college students. Partial support was found for the stress-buffering effect of perceived support, but findings did not support enacted support as a traditional stressbuffering variable. Implications of these findings for dating violence prevention programming are discussed.

Download or read book Gender Differences in Trauma Exposure PTSD and Substance Use Relationships in a College Sample written by Chelsea Mackey and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study evaluated gender differences in the relationship between trauma exposure, PTSD, and substance use (alcohol use, drinking consequences, and marijuana use) in a large college sample. It also examined the role of trauma types and PTSD symptom clusters in predicting substance use within trauma-exposed participants. The sample was collected through a multi-site study and included 3,753 undergraduate students (61% female) from two west-coast colleges. Moderation and multivariate regression analyses were conducted using cross-sectional data from participants’ self-report questionnaires. There were significant gender-related differences and interactions between gender and trauma exposure/PTSD-status in rates of substance use, drinking consequences, and risky drinking behaviors. Furthermore, emotional numbing symptoms and physical assault were most strongly associated with increased drinking consequences and marijuana use. College campuses should work to implement preventative and treatment interventions for students most at risk for engaging in risky substance use and experiencing negative consequences.

Download or read book College Drinking written by William DeJong and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Trauma Related Drinking to Cope written by Sage Elyse Hawn and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use problems (AUP) commonly co-occur, have shared latent genetic risk, and are associated with many negative public health outcomes. Via a self-medication framework, trauma-related drinking to cope (TRD), an unexplored construct to date, may help explain why these two disorders co-occur, thus serving as an essential target for treatment and prevention efforts. The present study aimed to create a novel measure of TRD and examine its psychometric properties, investigate its indirect influences on the association between PTSD and AUP, as well as explore its potential shared molecular genetic risk with PTSD in a genetically-informative study of college students. A sample of 1,896 students with a history of trauma and alcohol use provided genotypic data and completed an online assessment battery. First, the psychometric properties of TRD and how it relates to relevant constructs were examined using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. Findings demonstrated support for the external validation of TRD, both with regard to PTSD and alcohol consumption and related problems, and suggested that TRD is a more specific measure of drinking to cope motives compared to the commonly used Drinking Motives Questionnaire coping subscale. Second, results from a correlated multiple mediator model indicated that, while accounting for the effects of generalized drinking motives, TRD partially mediated the relation between PTSD and AUP and that this relationship was stronger for males than for females. Results were substantiated using longitudinal data. Third, univariate and bivariate genotypic analyses were conducted for TRD and PTSD, most of which resulted in null findings likely due to insufficient sample sizes. However, genome wide association analysis identified several significant genetic variants associated with TRD in participants of European Ancestry. Genes associated with TRD included PRAME, a protein coding gene with antithetical effects to genes commonly implicated in alcohol metabolism, as well as several genes implicated in immune system functioning (e.g., IGH, IGHE, ELK2AP). Polygenic risk for PTSD was associated with PTSD in the present sample and nominally associated with TRD. Findings are discussed in the context of limitations, clinical implications, and future directions.

Download or read book Effects of Daily Social Support on Tension reduction Drinking written by Deborah Lynn Brannan and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Researchers have argued that in times of need having supportive, caring people available can make all the difference between achieving optimum health and well-being or suffering from mental or physical illness (Cobb, 1976; Sarason & Sarason, 1985; Thoits, 1986). The direct-effect model of support postulates that having the knowledge of available relationship resources (i.e., perceived support) and receiving benefits from those relationships (i.e., received support) both have beneficial effects on health behaviors and well-being (Cohen & Wills, 1985). According to the stress-buffering model, when stressors are encountered, the certainty of having available resources, as well as having tangible support resources, is hypothesized to lessen the negative effects of stressors (Cohen, et al., 2000; Cohen & Wills, 1985, Cutrona, 1986; Thoits, 1986). Most of the research that has examined social support effects on drinking-related outcomes has focused on the association between support and alcohol problems, particularly among high risk populations (those who are alcohol dependent, alcohol abusers, or adolescents). Yet, it could be argued that when examining drinking levels, not all consumption is harmful. Of particular concern is drinking that is motivated to reduce negative or stressful experiences. Individuals who use drinking as a method of avoidant coping, or reducing tension drink significantly more alcohol and be at a greater risk for developing later drinking problems (Cooper, Russell, & George, 1988). Research employing daily process methodology has been able to resolve documented methodological inconsistencies (e.g., Greeley & Oei, 1999) by examining the within-person processes between negative experiences and alcohol consumption (Tennen & Affleck, 1996; Tennen, Affleck, Armeli, & Carney, 2000; Mohr et al., 2008). Similarly, these methodologies have been useful to social support researchers in helping to understand social support as a within-person process rather than just an interpersonal event between two individuals. This research was part of a larger study about the influence of alcohol use on daily emotion regulation among 47 moderate-to-heavy drinking adults in the local metropolitan area. Participants carried a personal data assistant (handheld interviewer) for 30 days, responding to surveys three times each day (late afternoon, evening). Each survey probed supportive and negative interpersonal exchanges and drinking behaviors. Prior to the daily diary portion of the study, participants completed the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, a measure of perceived social support. For purposes of analyses, I examined the extent to which exchanges occurring in an earlier interview predicted subsequent solitary drinking at home using data from 2 of the three interviews (predicting evening and late evening drinking only). My analyses revealed that daily socially supportive exchanges had a significant direct effect on subsequent drinking at home alone. Interestingly, the daily supportive exchanges did not buffer the negative exchanges-later drinking relationship. However, my findings revealed that negative exchanges also resulted in a reduction in subsequent consumption, which contrasts previous studies that used similar methodologies but with heavier drinkers (e.g., Mohr et al., 2001). Further, perceived support was not related to solitary consumption. The results of this study indicate that in healthy adults, positively appraised received support directly reduces solitary consumption. This is an important finding given that received support is difficult to document. At the same time, my results showed that among these types of drinkers, negative exchanges may have a stronger direct effect than positive exchanges on solitary consumption. In non-clinical samples, such as this the relationship between social support and drinking is not straightforward. Thus, using a sophisticated methodology (i.e., daily process methods), this study was able to examine the relationship of drinking and social support on a daily basis; thus, further bridging the gap between social support and the drinking literature.

Download or read book Stepping Outside of Yourself written by Matthew Cook and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: OVERVIEW: Social anxiety disorder is the third most prevalent psychiatric disorder in the United States. Dissociation can arise during acute daily social stressors in individuals with social anxiety. This study examined the relationship between social anxiety and functional outcomes (i.e., alcohol-related consequences and relationship satisfaction) as moderated by levels of dissociation (i.e., depersonalization/derealization). It was hypothesized that dissociation would moderate the relationships between social anxiety and alcohol-related consequences and between social anxiety and relationship satisfaction. METHOD: College students who endorsed alcohol use within the past 30 days (n = 320) and college students who reported having been in a romantic relationship lasting 30 or more days (n = 364) were recruited through the Psychology Department's Sona system. All participants completed measures of social anxiety, dissociation, alcohol use motives, alcohol-related consequences, and relationship satisfaction as part of an online questionnaire. RESULTS: Findings indicated no moderation effect in either model; both social anxiety and dissociation predicted alcohol-related consequences via coping-motivated alcohol use. Additionally, there was a negative association between dissociation and relationship satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should include longitudinal research designs or ecological momentary assessment designs and should examine these relationships in clinical samples.

Download or read book The Relationship Between Loneliness Stress and Alcohol Consumption Among College Students written by I’Esha Baber and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the misuse of alcohol among college students remains a public health concern in the United States, students are participating in problematic drinking for various reasons. Loneliness and stress have both been associated with the reasoning behind why some college students participate in heavy drinking. Studies show that students who perceive themselves as under a lot of stress tend to drink more and that students who feel they need to overcome structural and emotional barriers such as loneliness and shyness, use alcohol as a resource. This paper examines the relationship between alcohol consumption, loneliness, and stress. Sixteen students, who attended Abilene Christian University and participated in the Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS), completed three scales to assess their alcohol use, perceived loneliness, and perceived stress. Results indicated that loneliness was not significantly associated with binge drinking, that stress was not significantly associated with binge drinking, and that males did not consume more alcohol, experience more loneliness or more stress than females. Although statistical significance was not found, it was determined that clinical significance was present.

Download or read book Alcohol Use Across the Life Course written by Kaye Middleton Fillmore and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World Health Organization commissioned this review of longitudinal studies of drinking patterns and alcohol-related problems to evaluate the contributions, needs and limitations of longitudinal research. The review also develops guidelines and recommendations for future longitudinal studies of human alcohol use in different regions of the world. In addition, it identifies the lack of cross-study comparison to epidemiological description and demonstrates ways in which individual longitudinal studies can contribute to epidemiological description across historical periods, cultures and age cohorts. It then examines three diverse explanations of longitudinal drinking patterns and problems from the perspectives of biology, sociology and psychology, addressing how concretely replicated they are and how they are confounded by methodological problems. Finally, it develops strategies for future research.

Download or read book Perceived Stress and Sexual Risk Behavior written by Heather L. Sapere and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examined the relationship between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior in undergraduate college students. Alcohol use was also studied as a mediator of the relationship between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior, and social support was studied as a moderator of the relationship between perceived stress and alcohol use. Hypothesis one of this study was that there would be a significant relationship between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior. More specifically, it was predicted that individuals who have higher perceived stress would engage in more sexual risk behaviors. Hypothesis two of this study was that alcohol use would significantly mediate the relationship between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior. Hypothesis three was that social support would moderate the relationship between perceived stress and alcohol use. Results were obtained through four brief questionnaires which were administered online; The Sexual Risk Survey (Turchik & Garske, 2009), the Perceived Stress Scale, (Cohen & Williamson, 1988) The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley, 1988), and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) (Saunders, Aasland, Babor, de la Fuente, & Grant, 1993). The main hypotheses of this study were not supported; a positive association between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior was found, but the finding was not statistically significant. A significant main effect of alcohol use on sexual risk behavior was found, but the hypothesized mediation analysis was not statistically significant. Hypothesis three was also not supported; results showed that there was not a significant interaction effect of perceived stress and perceived social support on alcohol use. In addition, results of an exploratory analysis which examined social support as a moderator of the relationship between perceived stress and sexual risk behavior were not statistically significant. Results of this study did show a strong, positive correlation between alcohol use and sexual risk behavior. There was a significant difference in sexual risk behavior and alcohol use for white and non-white participants; white participants reported engaging in more sexual risk behaviors compared to non-white participants, which supports findings from other studies. A significant difference in alcohol use for males and females was also found; males scored higher on the alcohol use measure compared to females, which also supports findings from other studies. In addition, findings indicated a moderate, positive correlation between perceived stress and perceived social support, which was measured as the degree of social support received. Conclusions of this study indicate that further research needs to be conducted on perceived stress (appraisal of stress) and sexual risk behavior, since most of the previous research has examined the relationship using other conceptions of stress, such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and negative life events. Further research should also be conducted on race, alcohol use, and sexual risk behavior, as well as gender and alcohol use.

Download or read book Partners Perceptions Regarding Problematic Alcohol Use and the Effects with Romantic Relationships written by Meghan E. Wilson and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Potential Effects that Alcohol Use and Depression Severity Have on the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation written by Xin Lv and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and suicidal ideation (SI) are both relatively common among people who have experienced traumatic events, including veterans, survivors from natural disasters and violent events, etc. Researchers have proposed and tested several hypotheses to explain the relationship between PTSD and both SI and suicide attempt (SA). Two other common mental disorders, alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), are variables that may play an important role in the relationship between PTSD and SI/SA. Alcohol use disorder and major depressive disorder are variables that are common among people who have concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidal ideation (SI). This study aimed at examining the effect of depression severity and alcohol use symptoms can have on the relationship between PTSD and SI. A sample of 339 participants from Amazon's Mechanical Turk labor-market reporting previous trauma exposure were included in the study. Both direct and indirect relationships were assessed using PTSD total scores and cluster scores based on the DSM-5 four-factor model. Path analysis results revealed that severity of PTSD and SI was both directly and indirectly related through alcohol use. In addition, each PTSD cluster score was found both directly and indirectly related through alcohol use. Regarding depression, significant indirect relationships were also found between suicidal ideation and both PTSD total and cluster scores through depression severity. Reversed path analyses demonstrated both significant direct and indirect relationships between alcohol misuse and suicidal ideation through PTSD. However, a non-significant indirect relationship was found between depression and suicidal ideation when specifying PTSD as the mediator. After including both depression and alcohol misuse as mediators in the same model, significant indirect relationships for both mediators, but non-significant direct effects, were found between PTSD severity and suicidal ideation severity.