Download or read book A High Speed and Multichannel Data Acquisition System for the ARIANNA High Energy Neutrino Detector written by Liang Zou and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ARIANNA (Anarctic Ross Ice-shelf ANtenna Neutrino Array) experiment is designed to detect high energy neutrinos in excess of 1017eV. It will consist of over nine hundred stations deployed on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. Each station includes radio frequency antennas, amplifiers and a data acquisition (DAQ) system. Each DAQ system contains four channel analog transient waveform digitizer (ATWD) circuits, two stages of the FPGA auxiliary circuitry, a 32 bit micro controller and both satellite and local-area wireless networking. Each station is powered by sun and wind. The ATWD circuitry, which is essentially an oscilloscope on a chip, operates with a 2 GHz sampling rate and achieves over 11 bits of dynamic range. The circuits sample continuously over a 128-deep switched capacitor sample and hold analog storage array arranged in a circular fashion. Unlike previous designs, the high-speed sample clocking is synchronous and has very high timing stability due to the use of a phase-locked loop, resulting in about 1 part per million RMS jitter. The core DAQ system comprises four channels of ATWD sampling with extensive supporting electronics. The four ATWD's acquire signals simultaneously and can produce a real-time trigger based on pattern matching of the incoming waveforms. A programmable logic array (PLA) in each chip searches for patterns in the incoming samples to find signals of interest, for example a bipolar impulsive waveform within a certain magnitude and frequency range. Each pattern can be any combination of 8 high (H), low (L), intermediate (I) or don't-care (X) conditions, using two thresholds, one high and one low. Thus, for example, a pattern such as "HILXXXXX" requires the first sample be above the high threshold, the next sample to be between the high and low threshold, the third sample to be below the low threshold, and any condition for the remaining samples. Up to 72 patterns can be searched for in parallel, leading to a great deal of flexibility in the sort of signals that can be searched for. Once an ATWD's trigger indicates that a match has been found, logic in the system's FPGA's can then look for timing coincidences that indicate multiple ATWD's have seen the same radio signal. If a programmed level of coincidence (e.g., three out of four ATWD's) occurs over a preset period of time, a master trigger is delivered and the ATWD's are halted. An on-board 32-bit embedded computer system then supervises the digitization of the ATWD's contents, and saves it in flash memory and/or transmits the resulting data to U.C. Irvine for further processing. This multi-level trigger system has the advantage over what a simple threshold could accomplish. The combination of the high and low thresholds, PLA patterns, and the use of coincidence logic in the system results in a multi-level, real-time smart triggering system, which is designed to positively identify genuine signals, and drastically decrease the number of the false triggers due to noise by perhaps three or more orders of magnitude.
Download or read book A Low Powered Single Board Multichannel Data Acquisition System for the ARIANNA Ultra high Energy Neutrino Detector written by Anirban Samanta and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ARIANNA experiment is an ultra-high energy neutrino detector designed to detect cosmogenic neutrinos. The experiment uses the Ross Ice Shelf to detect RF signals which are generated when the high energy neutrinos interact with the ice. The experiment plans to use a massive deployment of hundreds of antenna array stations to capture neutrino events over a large area. The stations use a data acquisition system to capture and store the data and subsequently transmit the data back to UCI. This thesis describes the design, functioning and results of the newest generation system which was deployed in the field in the 2014 season. The new system utilizes a new data digitization chip developed by the ARIANNA engineering group led by Dr. Stuart Kleinfelder. The new SST chip is a largely simplified and streamlined design compared to the previous generation chip and utilizes advanced circuitry to achieve fully synchronous operation while reducing the power usage by many factors. The new system makes substantial improvements over the previous generation system and introduces a number of new features, while providing a possible design solution for the final design requirements of the ARIANNA array systems.
Download or read book Advanced Pattern matching Trigger System Design for the ARIANNA High Energy Neutrino Detector written by Mahshid Roumi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A neutrino is one of the universe's essential ingredients. Neutrinos are very hard to detect because they have no electrical charges and interact little with other particles. Thus, extremely large and sensitive detectors are required to detect neutrinos. The Antarctic Ross Ice shelf ANtenna Neutrino Array (ARIANNA) is a proposed detector for Ultra High Energy (UHE) astrophysical neutrinos. It consists of a surface array of radio receivers and can observe 1 ns radio pulses generated by UHE neutrino interactions with oxygen and hydrogen nuclei in the ice of the Ross Ice Shelf. Each ARIANNA station has four radio frequency antennas, four amplifiers, and a data acquisition system (DAQ). The DAQ of each station has four acquisition channels consisting of four daughter cards and a motherboard. Each daughter card has a custom CMOS digitization and real-time triggering circuitry (ATWD chip), and a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device. The Motherboard has four slots to connect with acquisition cards, another FGPA device for trigger control and data buffering, an embedded CPU with solid-state data storage, and interfaces to an Iridium satellite short burst data transceiver and a long-range wireless communications module. Each acquisition card includes an Advanced Transient Waveform Digitizer (ATWD) chip; a high speed analog sampling, real time pattern matching triggering and digitizing integrated circuit. It has the ability to acquire the incoming waveforms at 2 GHz with over 11-bits of dynamic range. In each station, the acquisition cards receive detected amplified RF signals simultaneously and store them into 128 samples. In addition, the ATWD has the ability to compensate for the fixed pattern noise (FPN) of the sampling and trigger circuitry, which are generated by variations in the gate to drain capacitance in the chip, or variations in the input offsets of the trigger comparators. If left uncorrected, FPN causes variations in trigger thresholds, effectively adding noise in the trigger. Calibration and cancellation of FPN is accomplished by programming per-comparator digital to analog converters to null the FPN at each comparator. After calibration, the RMS trigger noise is reduced by a factor of 3 to 4. The data acquisition system is capable of accepting three types of triggers: external, forced, and thermal. An external trigger acts upon an external electrical input signal much like an oscilloscope's trigger and is used in the laboratory or in the field during experimental studies. A forced trigger is one that is caused by the acquisition system's CPU, and is typically used to force the periodic collection of data that is unbiased by the system's thermal trigger. These "thermal" triggers are the most interesting: they are generated by the signals that the data acquisition system is collecting. Noise - or the rare neutrino events ARIANNA is searching for - will at times cause input signals to exceed trigger thresholds. To allow for low thresholds while keeping trigger rates from being swamped by noise, the thermal trigger system is set up to accept only signal-like events rather than mere noise. This includes requiring bipolar triggers on a per-channel basis over a very brief (~4 ns) time period, plus a requirement that a majority of data acquisition channels (e.g., any 3 out of 4 channels) must all trigger within a brief time window (e.g., 64 ns). These more stringent requirements are expected to capture the vast majority of neutrino events while limiting the rate of "events" due solely to noise. After any triggering event, the sampling of incoming signal is halted, digitized data is read out from the acquisition cards and is stored locally in a solid-state memory card, and then it is transmitted to UC Irvine for further processing over Iridium satellite modem or long-distance wireless communication. This dissertation focuses on the data acquisition system for ARIANNA, most particularly on the design and performance of its trigger system, including FPN calibration and correction and trigger efficiency.
Download or read book Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis written by Michael F. L'Annunziata and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-03-07 with total page 1076 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis: Radiation Physics and Detectors, Volume One, and Radioanalytical Applications, Volume Two, Fourth Edition, constitute an authoritative reference on the principles, practical techniques and procedures for the accurate measurement of radioactivity - everything from the very low levels encountered in the environment, to higher levels measured in radioisotope research, clinical laboratories, biological sciences, radionuclide standardization, nuclear medicine, nuclear power, and fuel cycle facilities, and in the implementation of nuclear forensic analysis and nuclear safeguards. It includes sample preparation techniques for all types of matrices found in the environment, including soil, water, air, plant matter and animal tissue, and surface swipes.Users will find the latest advances in the applications of radioactivity analysis across various fields, including environmental monitoring, radiochemical standardization, high-resolution beta imaging, automated radiochemical separation, nuclear forensics, and more. - Spans two volumes, Radiation Physics and Detectors and Radioanalytical Applications - Includes a new chapter on the analysis of environmental radionuclides - Provides the latest advances in the applications of liquid and solid scintillation analysis, alpha- and gamma spectrometry, mass spectrometric analysis, Cherenkov counting, flow-cell radionuclide analysis, radionuclide standardization, aerosol analysis, high-resolution beta imaging techniques, analytical techniques in nuclear forensics, and nuclear safeguards - Describes the timesaving techniques of computer-controlled automatic separation and activity analysis of radionuclides - Provides an extensive table of the radiation characteristics of most radionuclides of interest for the radioanalytical chemist
Download or read book Neutrino Mass written by Guido Altarelli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2004-02-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews the current state of knowledge of neutrino masses and the related question of neutrino oscillations. After an overview of the theory of neutrino masses and mixings, detailed accounts are given of the laboratory limits on neutrino masses, astrophysical and cosmological constraints on those masses, experimental results on neutrino oscillations, the theoretical interpretation of those results, and theoretical models of neutrino masses and mixings. The book concludes with an examination of the potential of long-baseline experiments. This is an essential reference text for workers in elementary-particle physics, nuclear physics, and astrophysics.
Download or read book Radioglaciology written by V.V. Bogorodsky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antarctica, the sixth continent, was discovered more than 160 years ago. Since then this large, mysterious continent of ice and penguins has attracted world interest. Scientific expeditions from various countries have begun to study the geographical and natural conditions of the icy continent. Systematic and comprehensive inves tigations in the Antarctic started in the middle of our century. In 1956 the First Soviet Antarctic Expedition headed to the coast of Antarctica. Their program included studies of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere. Thirty years have since passed. Scientists have unveiled many secrets of Antarctica: significant geophysical processes have been investigated, and a large body of new information on the Antarctic weather, Southern Ocean hydrology and Antarctic glaciers has been obtained. We can now claim that the horizons of polar geo physics, oceanology, and particularly glaciology, have expanded. Scientific inves tigators have obtained new information about all Antarctic regions and thus have created the opportunity to use the Antarctic in the interests of mankind.
Download or read book Space Plasma Simulation written by Jörg Büchner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-04-09 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is twofold: to provide an introduction for newcomers to state of the art computer simulation techniques in space plasma physics and an overview of current developments. Computer simulation has reached a stage where it can be a highly useful tool for guiding theory and for making predictions of space plasma phenomena, ranging from microscopic to global scales. The various articles are arranged, as much as possible, according to the - derlying simulation technique, starting with the technique that makes the least number of assumptions: a fully kinetic approach which solves the coupled set of Maxwell’s equations for the electromagnetic ?eld and the equations of motion for a very large number of charged particles (electrons and ions) in this ?eld. Clearly, this is also the computationally most demanding model. Therefore, even with present day high performance computers, it is the most restrictive in terms of the space and time domain and the range of particle parameters that can be covered by the simulation experiments. It still makes sense, therefore, to also use models, which due to their simp- fying assumptions, seem less realistic, although the e?ect of these assumptions on the outcome of the simulation experiments needs to be carefully assessed.
Download or read book Phonetics Theory and Application written by William R. Tiffany and published by McGraw-Hill Humanities, Social Sciences & World Languages. This book was released on 1977 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Measurements of Neutrino Mass written by Fernando Ferroni and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This volume offers a valuable insight into various aspects of the ongoing work directed at measuring neutrino mass. It took twenty years to refute the assertions of Bethe and Peierls that neutrinos were not observable, but it has since been realised that much can be learnt from these particles. The moral is, as Fiorini argues here, that the study of neutrinos was and remains demanding but rewarding. Subjects addressed in this volume include: clarifying the meaning of the Klapdor-Kleingrothaus results, probing the Majorana nature of neutrinos, observing lepton number violating effects for the first time, studying the end point of the spectrum in the search for neutrino masses and speculating whether it is possible to measure neutrino masses in cosmology. Lectures are enriched with rich historical overviews and valuable introductory material. Attention is also given to theoretical topics such as the evolution of the concept of mass in particle physics, a status report on neutrino oscillations and current discussion on neutrino masses. The reader is further reminded that neutrino masses may also have some bearing on the very origin of the matter among us, and have many deep links with other important lines of current physics research." --Book Jacket.
Download or read book China s Program for Science and Technology Modernization written by Micah Springut and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Commission asked CENTRA to 1) examine and assess national-level programs from the 1980s to the present; 2) assess linkages between China's science policy and its industrial policy; 3) assess the methods commonly employed by the PRC to support its scientific modernization through interactions with the United States and other Western entities; and 4) analyze identifiable policy linkages between the Chinese government's broader science and technology efforts and the capacities of China's defense-industrial complex. The report addresses the implications for US competitiveness by speculating on the potential for PRC science policies and programs to promote the development of an internationally-competitive national innovation system. Case studies on the semiconductor, nuclear energy, and nanotechnology sectors in China address these questions in areas relevant to the Commission's interests, while avoiding overlaps with previous and ongoing USCC research.
Download or read book Studies in Nuclear Physics written by and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nano Semiconductors written by Krzysztof Iniewski and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions from top international experts from both industry and academia, Nano-Semiconductors: Devices and Technology is a must-read for anyone with a serious interest in future nanofabrication technologies. Taking into account the semiconductor industry’s transition from standard CMOS silicon to novel device structures—including carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene, quantum dots, and III-V materials—this book addresses the state of the art in nano devices for electronics. It provides an all-encompassing, one-stop resource on the materials and device structures involved in the evolution from micro- to nanoelectronics. The book is divided into three parts that address: Semiconductor materials (i.e., carbon nanotubes, memristors, and spin organic devices) Silicon devices and technology (i.e., BiCMOS, SOI, various 3D integration and RAM technologies, and solar cells) Compound semiconductor devices and technology This reference explores the groundbreaking opportunities in emerging materials that will take system performance beyond the capabilities of traditional CMOS-based microelectronics. Contributors cover topics ranging from electrical propagation on CNT to GaN HEMTs technology and applications. Approaching the trillion-dollar nanotech industry from the perspective of real market needs and the repercussions of technological barriers, this resource provides vital information about elemental device architecture alternatives that will lead to massive strides in future development.
Download or read book Titanium Zirconium Thorium written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Neutrino Mixing written by Samoil Mikhelevich Bilenʹkiĭ and published by World Scientific Publishing Company Incorporated. This book was released on 2000 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of neutrino oscillations was suggested in 1957 by B Pontecorvo, immediately after the discovery of parity violation in b-decay. It took more than 40 years and the efforts of many experimental teams before the first convincing evidence that neutrinos are massive and mixed particles came to light. A central figure in this enthusiastic endeavour to unravel neutrino properties is Samoil M Bilenky, from his early collaboration (in Dubna) with Pontecorvo to his most recent attempts at analyzing and reconciling, in a coherent theoretical framework, the results of many difficult experiments. These aim at the measurement of neutrino masses and oscillations: from the various solar neutrino experiments, via the LSND accelerator experiment, to the most suggestive atmospheric neutrino experiments. This book, which celebrates the seventieth birthday of Samoil M Bilenky, offers a fairly complete overview of theoretical issues and experimental facts about our present understanding of neutrino physics and its implications for astrophysical and cosmological problems. Indeed, some contributions are devoted to more general topics within and beyond the Standard Model, from lattice QCD to dark matter and supersymmetric models.
Download or read book Electromagnetic Interactions of Hadrons written by Sandy Donnachie and published by Springer. This book was released on 1978 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Micro and Nanotechnology of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors written by Anna B Piotrowska and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2021-12-20 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Owing to their unique characteristics, direct wide bandgap energy, large breakdown field, and excellent electron transport properties, including operation at high temperature environments and low sensitivity to ionizing radiation, gallium nitride (GaN) and related group III-nitride heterostructures proved to be enabling materials for advanced optoelectronic and electronic devices and systems. Today, they are widely used in high performing short wavelength light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs), high performing radar, wireless telecommunications, as well 'green' power electronics. Impressive progress in GaN technology over the last 25 years has been driven by a continuously growing need for more advanced systems, and still new challenges arise and need to be solved. Actually, lighting industry, RF defene industry, and 5G mmWave telecommunication systems are driving forces for further intense research in order to reach full potential of GaN-based semiconductors. In the literature, there is a number of review papers and publications reporting technology progress and indicating future trends. In this Special Issue of Electronics, eight papers are published, the majority of them focusing materials and process technology of GaN-based devices fabricated on native GaN substrates. The specific topics include: GaN single crystalline substrates for electronic devices by ammonothermal and HVPE methods, Selective - Area Metalorganic Vapour - Phase Epitaxy of GaN and AlGaN/GaN hetereostructures for HEMTs, Advances in Ion Implantation of GaN and Related Materials including high pressure processing (lattice reconstruction) of ion implanted GaN (Mg and Be) and III-Nitride Nanowires for electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Download or read book Radio Detection of High Energy Particles written by David Saltzberg and published by American Institute of Physics. This book was released on 2001-08-09 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many physicists and astrophysicists are searching for information about the highest energy and therefore rarest cosmic rays. This has motivated efforts to instrument larger and larger volumes of material, leading to a resurgence of radio detection techniques. Particle-astrophysicists from around the world gathered to share recent results, simulations, hardware techniques, and historical reminiscences.
