Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle Biological Response to Blast Overpressure A Summary of Modeling written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A soldier in training is exposed to a variety of blast sources that can adversely affect his auditory and nonauditory systems. While auditory standards have been formulated for many decades, knowledge about nonauditory effects of blast have not been captured in a criteria that can be applied to all circumstances. For the past 15 years, JAYCOR, working together with the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, has been using modeling, simulation, and data analysis to determine the nature of injury in animal models, capture that understanding in physiologically correct mathematical models, and extend the findings to objective criteria that can be used to set exposure limits. This paper summarizes the accomplishments of that effort.

Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle Analysis of RFR Biological Effects written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The avoidance of harmful effects, especially long term effects (cancers, mutations, reproductive disorders, etc.) is one of the dominant concerns for nonlethal weapons generally, and RFR technologies specifically. The need for the participation of policy, legal, and medical organizations at all stages of the research means that familiarity with the scientific basis for the potential occurrence of these effects is critical. All of these organizations recognize that the first step in this assessment is a review of the literature. In order to provide some guidance in this area, a summary of existing, reviewed literature was made. Several comprehensive reviews of the RFR biological effects research have been conducted in the past two years and these reviews provided the basis for this analysis. Our objective is not to make a scholarly assessment of the research, but to analyze trends in the data, as reported.

Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle Blast Overpressure Research Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The advent of nuclear blast caused a renewed interest in blast research in the United States. Thus, was the beginning of the Blast Overpressure Program at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. From the early 1950's through 1997, research on the biomedical, biological and biophysical effects of blast and shock was conducted. During this time, data essential to the understanding of the broad and complex nature of the biological effects of blast overpressure and impulse noise were obtained.

Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle Citation Database Version 1 written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This database contains a comprehensive list of citations that were generated by the Blast Overpressure Program (BOP), Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, from 1951 through 1998. The database was created using Microsoft Access97. The purpose and use of this database is two-fold: 1. To compile a comprehensive bibliography of the documents generated by the researchers at the BOP from 1951 through 1998, and 2. To create a database in a form wherein information could be easily retrieved by a multitude of identifiers, for example, if an individual were interested in only retrieving the documents that used the rat for a model, exposed to a Friedlander wave, single exposure, high explosives, with primary blast as the target injury at a threshold level. A hard-copy is provide & Section I contains a copy of the database sorted alphabetically by author. Section II contains a copy of the database sorted alphabetically by title. Section III is sorted numerically and includes the abstracts of each citation. Finally, Section Iv contains a copy of the Animal Information Report.

Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle NLT Bioeffects Broad Issue Study written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the United States becomes more of a peace broker, its military forces must have the appropriate equipment and training to bring peace to unstable regions. Consequently, the Department of Defense has devoted significant resources to developing weapons that apply an appropriate force against an adversary in order to subdue or repel him, without maiming or killing the intended target or innocent bystanders. The application of these nonlethal weapon (NLW) systems in world hot-spots has the potential to significantly reduce collateral damage, conflict escalation and enemy fatalities, while keeping friendly forces secure. US military and law enforcement agencies are interested in acquiring and technology organizations are interested in developing effective weapons. There are, however, significant questions about the nature of the biological effects that are caused and the amount of harmful effects that can be tolerated by such systems.

Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle Combined Toxic Gas Modeling Phase 4 Blood Chemistry Model Validation written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There currently is no adequate model to assess the toxicity of combined toxic gasses in acute concentrations. To address these shortcomings, a multicompartment model describing the relevant physiological and chemical processes is proposed. The model has been integrated in a stable, accurate computational procedure that rigorously conserves mass and has spatial and temporal numerical convergence. The results of this integrated transport and chemistry model have been compared favorably with experimental data on carbon monoxide exposure in rat and man.

Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle Use of Animal Test Data in the Development of a Human Auditory Hazard Criterion for Impulse Noise written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hearing loss and sensory cell loss data, obtained from 909 chinchillas exposed to one of 137 different impulse noise or blast wave exposure paradigms, were statistically analyzed. The objective was to extract relations between the effects of the exposure on the auditory system (effects metrics) and metrics used to characterize the blast wave exposure. Specifically the following two questions were asked: (a) What is the best indicator of the amount of hazard associated with an impulse noise exposure? (b) How does the hazard of an impulse noise exposure accumulate with increasing numbers of impulses? Two analytical approaches were used. Both approaches indicated that the P-weighting functions or one of its derivatives (P1-, P2- or R-weighting) best organized the effects metrics. Depending on the analytical approach, either an energy trading rule of 10 log10 N or 6 log10 N; where N is the number of impulses, best organized the data for N between 10 and 100. For exposures of between 1 and 10 impulses, a region of the parametric space that is of considerable practical significance, there is insufficient data to form any conclusions. For this region the limited data suggest that an energy trading rule i.e., 10 log N, does not work.

Download or read book Die Chemotherapie der Tuberkulose written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes the status of research to develop a biomechanically-based health hazard assessment for blast overpressure.

Download or read book Health Hazards Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Army needs to set blast overpressure exposure standards that will protect soldiers in training against adverse effects from blast coming from a variety of weapons in a variety of surroundings. JAYCOR is developing biomechanical models that compute the tissues level response due to external blast loading and correlations of that response to pathology and lethality. To validate the models, animal test data has been organized into a database. Trends in the data have been determined that are independent of the models and agreement between the correlations and observations have been good for all level of blasts and animal species. The future work will refine the pathology prediction by location and provide a probabilistically-based methodology for making health hazards assessment.

Download or read book A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposure written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes progress toward understanding and quantifying injury arising from impact or impulsive loading to the body from blast, projectiles, or vehicle restraint systems.

Download or read book Explosion and Blast Related Injuries written by Nabil M. Elsayed Ph.D. and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-07-26 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explosion and Blast-Related Injuries is an authoritative text that brings together diverse knowledge gained from both the experience of clinicians treating blast casualties and the insights of scientists obtained from research and modeling of blast exposures. By providing information on explosion and blast injury patterns, as well as the mechanism of blast-induced injuries, it is a useful reference for both physicians and researchers. With contributions by experts from around the globe, the book covers topics such as the epidemiology of blast and explosion injury, pathology and pathophysiology, and the modeling and mechanism of injury. Finally, this book might stimulate additional studies into ways to improve our current mass casualty response systems.* Contains contributions from experts who had first hand experience dealing with explosion and blast injuries. * Provides a diverse global experience derived from both military operations and terrorist attacks in civilian settings from the US, Europe and the Middle East. * Covers such topics as epidemiology of blast and explosion injury, pathology and pathophysiology, modeling and mechanism of injury, and finally presents the global experiences of blast injury and mass casualty management.

Download or read book Modeling of the Non Auditory Response to Blast Overpressure Considerations in Developing a Mechanistically Based Model of Blast Induced Injury to Air Containing Organs written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to anticipate the potential for injury in a wide variety of blast environments, without the excessive use of animal tests, it is necessary to develop a mechanistic understanding that can be used reliably. The process by which the blast wave produces injury is conceived to have the following intermediate steps. The external blast creates a pressure load distribution on the body that sets it in mechanical motion. That motion is transmitted through the body structure to the air-containing organs, where rapid distortions cause stresses within the organ tissue. The combination of stress and motion does work on the tissue and, when certain material limits are exceeded, results in injury. Multiple, isolated exposures lead to a nonlinear accumulation of damage. This paper discusses the non-organ-specific aspects of modeling this process and demonstrates that the general characteristics of injury observed in animal field tests can be explained. Injury to the larynx is used to make a quantitative validation and a simple-wave, multiple-short Damage-Risk Criterion (DRC) is developed. Keywords: RA 3, Non-auditory response, Blast overpressure, Protective equipment, Weapons effects(Biological), DRC, Larynx, Air-containing organs, Stress(Physiology).

Download or read book Modeling of the Non Auditory Response to Blast Overpressure Summary of Blast Overpressure Field Data written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is a compilation of blast overpressure field data taken at the Blast Overpressure Test Site in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The work was conducted under the direction of Dr. D.R. Richmond and a complete list of source documents is contained in the Reference section. Most of the field tests involved sheep placed in the blast environment. The purpose was to empirically correlate injury to blast wave parameters. This report summarizes the test data compiled to date, but is by no means all inclusive. Corresponding to each test are plots of the associated incident pressure field. The purpose of this report is to provide a convenient summary of these tests for use by all researchers. This report is organized into seven sections, each devoted to a different blast study. They are: Armored Personnel Carrier (APC); Bunker Summer Studies of 85, 86, 87; Double Peak; and Iso-Impulse. Within each section, a separate page describes each combination of charge type, charge weight, height of burst, and range. Keywords: RA 3, Weapons effects (Biological), Non-auditory responses, Blast overpressure, Explosions, Blast injuries, Field data, Tables(Data).

Download or read book Explosions in the Process Industries written by Major Hazards Assessment Panel. Overpressure Working Party and published by IChemE. This book was released on 1994 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This booklet provides a summary of the information on which estimation of the injuries and damage caused by the blast and consequent missile effects of large explosions can be made for planning and design purposes.

Download or read book Modeling of the Non Auditory Response to Blast Overpressure written by James H. Stuhmiller and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this project is to develop mathematical models of the physical processes that cause blast injury so that the results of tests using animals in simple blast environments can be safely translated to estimating hazard to man exposed to blast both in the free field and within enclosures. The present project builds upon earlier work to develop models of the mechanics of the thorax and lung exposed to simple blast waves. The scope of activity has been expanded to include the lung, the gastro-intestinal track, the upper respiratory tract, and the tympanic organs. In addition, the work now addresses occupational and combat level exposures. This report covers the second year of the contract. A considerable amount of progress has been made in understanding the basic mechanisms of injury and in providing practical tools for the measurement and prediction of blast effects. Keywords: Blast overpressure, Injury, Modeling.

Download or read book Human Variability in Response to Chemical Exposures Measures Modeling and Risk Assessment written by David A. Eckerman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-08-25 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: and for those interested in toxic effects of chemicals on humans, Human Variability in Response to Chemical Exposures: Measures, Modeling, and Risk Assessment recognizes and addresses the increasing awareness that individual biological differences be reflected when assessing human health risks associated with exposure to chemicals. Eight original manuscripts, commissioned by the ILSI Risk Science Institute, address the evidence for variability in human response to chemicals associated with reproductive and developmental effects, effects on the nervous system and lungs, and cancer. Their reports convey both the current state of scientific understanding of response variability and the genetic basis for such observations. This book recognizes that understanding of variability in response is critical in accounting for interindividual variability in susceptibility and, hence, risk, if the regulatory community and others are expected to characterize human health risks associated with exposure to chemicals. Models for incorporating measures of response variability in the risk assessment process are critically reviewed and illustrated with published data. This authoritative work indicates that, in the case of certain chemicals and in the context of certain specific toxic effects, we have considerable ability to predictively and quantitatively characterize human variability, but, in the majority of cases, our ability to do so is limited. If we improve both quantity and quality of information available on response variability and increase our understanding of target tissue dosimetry, we should be better able to account for variability in human susceptibility to the toxic effects of chemicals.