Download or read book A Fuel Tank Inerting System for Military Aircraft written by John L. Warner and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Overview and History of Aircraft Inerting Systems written by AE-5D Fuel Tank Flammability Reduction Systems Committee and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An airplane fuel tank inerting system provides an inert atmosphere in a fuel tank to minimize explosive ignition of fuel vapor.This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) deals with the three methods of fuel tank inerting systems currently used in operational aircraft: (1) on-board inert gas generation systems (OBIGGS), (2) liquid/gaseous nitrogen systems, and (3) halon systems. The OBIGGS and nitrogen systems generally are designed to provide full-time fuel tank fire protection; the halon systems generally are designed to provide only on-demand or combat-specific protection.This document also addresses other design considerations that affect fuel tank flammability such as fuel tank pressure and other methods for reducing fuel tank flammability.This AIR does not treat the subject of explosion suppression foam (ESF) that has been used for fuel tank explosion protection on some military aircraft. ESF is also available for retrofit for commercial airplanes. The primary disadvantages of foam are weight, reduction of usable fuel, and the added maintenance complexity when the foam must be removed for tank maintenance or inspection. AIR4170 is an excellent reference for the use of ESF for fuel tank explosion protection.Note that across the military and commercial aviation industry, different terminology has been used regarding fuel tank inerting. In military applications, the system is referred to as on-board inert gas generation system (OBIGGS). Regulatory agencies use the term flammability reduction means (FRM). OEMs in commercial applications use several terms: fuel tank inerting system (FTIS), flammability reduction system (FRS), inert gas system (IGS) and nitrogen generation system (NGS). The document is being revised to update the document and to prevent duplication with ARP6078. The document updates include changing the title, the scope, and the rationale of the document.
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting Systems written by AE-5D Fuel Tank Flammability Reduction Systems Committee and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Aerospace Recommended Practices of this document are intended for nitrogen-based Flammability Reduction Means (FRM) implemented on transport category, turbine powered airplanes. The recommended practices herein, therefore, relate only to the transport category aircraft, and focus specifically on contemporary inerting systems equipment. Such systems are referred to a Fuel Tank Inerting Systems (FTIS) in this document. This document does not cover the following: Military aircraft applications Air separation technologies other than hollow fiber membrane (HFM) and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) Inerting of conventional unheated wing tanks or aircraft dry bays Expected future technology solutions for the generation of inert gas.The advice contained in this document is aimed towards providing aircraft manufacturers with guidance on the key issues associated with contemporary aircraft fuel tank inerting systems to supplement the guidance in FAA Advisory Circular AC 25.981-2. This document also provides system and component designers and manufacturers with advice on what aspects must be evaluated and addressed when designing a safe, low risk solution for transport aircraft fuel tank Flammability Reduction Means. As such, the information herein is intended as a guide for some system design aspects, but primarily identifies the issues which must be addressed in designing an inerting system for fuel tank flammability reduction. This document provides recommended practices for developing a non-aircraft specific commercially certifiable nitrogen based Flammability Reduction Means (FRM) including the applicable design considerations supporting Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations part 25, Appendix M, for Transport Category Airplanes" (Reference 14 CFR 25.981).
Download or read book Aircraft Inerting Systems written by AE-5D Fuel Tank Flammability Reduction Systems Committee and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An airplane fuel tank inerting system provides an inert atmosphere in a fuel tank to minimize explosive ignition of fuel vapor.This AIR deals with the three methods of fuel tank inerting systems currently used in operational aircraft: (1) on-board inert gas generation systems (OBIGGS), (2) liquid/gaseous nitrogen systems and (3) Halon systems. The OBIGGS and nitrogen systems generally are designed to provide full-time fuel tank fire protection; the Halon systems generally are designed to provide only on-demand or combat-specific protection.This AIR does not treat the subject of Explosion Suppression Foam (ESF) that has been used for fuel tank explosion protection on a number of military aircraft. ESF is a totally passive, full-time protection system with multiple and simultaneous hit capability up to 23 mm. The primary disadvantages of foam are weight, reduction of usable fuel, and the added maintenance complexity when the foam must be removed for tank maintenance or inspection. AIR4170A is an excellent reference for the use of ESF for fuel tank explosion protection [1]. Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 1903 provides technical information and references for developing an airplane fuel tank inerting system.
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Systems written by Roy Langton and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-05-18 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All aspects of fuel products and systems including fuel handling, quantity gauging and management functions for both commercial (civil) and military applications. The fuel systems on board modern aircraft are multi-functional, fully integrated complex networks. They are designed to provide a proper and reliable management of fuel resources throughout all phases of operation, notwithstanding changes in altitude or speed, as well as to monitor system functionality and advise the flight crew of any operational anomalies that may develop. Collates together a wealth of information on fuel system design that is currently disseminated throughout the literature. Authored by leading industry experts from Airbus and Parker Aerospace. Includes chapters on basic system functions, features and functions unique to military aircraft, fuel handling, fuel quantity gauging and management, fuel systems safety and fuel systems design and development. Accompanied by a companion website housing a MATLAB/SIMULINK model of a modern aircraft fuel system that allows the user to set up flight conditions, investigate the effects of equipment failures and virtually fly preset missions. Aircraft Fuel Systems provides a timely and invaluable resource for engineers, project and programme managers in the equipment supply and application communities, as well as for graduate and postgraduate students of mechanical and aerospace engineering. It constitutes an invaluable addition to the established Wiley Aerospace Series.
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting System written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The program successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using permeable-membrane, hollow fibers to generate an inert gas to protect the aircraft fuel system against fire and explosion induced by natural sources or combat. The initial contract requirements included a flight demonstration of an onboard inert gas generator system (OBIGGS) using an Air Force KC-135A aircraft. The design of an inert gas generator (IGG) is highly dependent on the flight profile, engine characteristics, and fuel system designs. Mission analysis translated these parameters into an 8 lb/min inert gas generator that produced less than 9-percent oxygen. A life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis compared the state- of-the-art liquid nitrogen (LN2) system utilized on the C-5A aircraft against the IGG system designed for the KC-135A. Results showed the IGG system reduced LCC by 60 percent. Further, the IGG system eliminates the logistic constraints imposed by the use of LN2, thus allowing unrestricted deployment of the aircraft. A second LCC analysis was conducted in which the permeable-membrane system was compared against the blue foam design used on the C-130 aircraft. The LCC analysis shows great advantage for OBIGGS over blue foam. The externally pressurized polymethylene hollow fiber bundles are expected to exceed the 20- year life expectancy of the aircraft.
Download or read book Design Criteria for Application of Membrane Nitrogen Inerting Systems to Army Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Utilization of Ammonia as an Alternate Fuel in Army Aircraft Engines written by Nicholas C. Kailos and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molecular Sieve Inerting System for Aircraft Fuel Tank Part Number 3261021 0101 written by D. Hankins and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The elimination of fire and explosion hazards in aircraft fuel tanks has been investigated. DOD and FAA tests have shown that a reduction of the oxygen concentration in the ullage gas to under 12 percent will prevent rapid propagation of the flame front and subsequent overpressure explosion. One means of providing the required reduction in oxygen concentration is to provide a source of inert (nitrogen-rich) gas which would replace fuel used, and flush out atmospheric oxygen and dissolved oxygen which may be released from the fuel. Molecular sieve pressure swing adsorption technology could be used to generate inert (nitrogen-rich) gas. A Molecular Sieve Inert Gas Generator (MSIGG) was designed, fabricated, and delivered to the U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio where it will undergo extensive laboratory testing to establish the feasibility of using the molecular sieve pressure swing adsorption technology to provide fuel tank inerting protection for large fixed wing aircraft. In preliminary testing prior to delivery the developed system met performance goals and predictions. (Author).
Download or read book Service Experience with Liquid Nitrogen Fuel Tank Inerting System in FAA DC 9 Aircraft written by Joseph Haddad and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this project is to determine the nitrogen consumption, system reliability, and maintenance burden and costs which are associated with the installation and operation of a liquid nitrogen fuel tank inerting system installed in the FAA DC-9 airplane, N119. The data can be extrapolated to a typical airline type of operation of a DC-9 and other jet transport aircraft. The FAA installed a liquid nitrogen inerting system in the DC-9 to demonstrate the availability of a practical system to provide improved protection against fuel system fire and explosion. The effectiveness of this system in controlling the oxygen concentration at below 9%, under all conditions for the prevention or suppression of fire and explosion within the fuel tanks and venting systems in the event of an accidental occurrence of an ignition source, was demonstrated during a flight test program. (Modified author abstract).
Download or read book Sorbent Based Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting System written by Gilbert E. Limberg and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analytical study of a new concept for inerting aircraft fuel tanks was performed. The Sorbent-Based Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting System studied makes use of the solid sorbent fluomine to inert air by the absorption of oxygen. Various pressure and temperature conditioning schemes are considered to obtain a high inerting performance capability. A vapor cycle refrigerator (heat pump) system is used to thermally condition the sorbent beds, a bootstrap turbocompressor is employed to boost the engine bleed air pressure to the absorbing bed, and stripping air at near-ambient pressure accomplishes the desorption process. The system meets the desired performance and weight objectives for application to the B-1 aircraft. In addition, the system compares favorably with the stored liquid nitrogen and the catalytic reactor inerting concepts. The basic concept is so similar to the sorbent-based oxygen generator systems for crew breathing that it is advantageous to integrate the two concepts into a single system. (Author).
Download or read book Passive Fuel Tank Inerting Systems for Ground Combat Vehicles written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many flammable materials are carried aboard combat vehicles, including fuel, hydraulic fluid, and munitions. A fire involving any of these can lead to destruction of the vehicle and injury to the crew. Ground combat vehicles have relied on fire extinguishing systems to protect the vehicles and crew, while aircraft use passive inerting techniques as well as fire extinguishing systems. The apparent disparity between ground combat vehicles and aircraft has caused the U.S. Congress to direct the Secretary of the Army to examine the use of passive, multiple-hit, fuel tank inerting systems in tracked and wheeled vehicles. This report examines passive fuel tank inerting techniques and provides an assessment of their applicability to ground combat vehicles. The extent of the hazard posed by the combat vehicle fuel tanks has been defined. The adequacy of the technology in reducing this hazard is evaluated for each technique considered. The current technology for the suppression of fires in and from vehicle fuel tanks available to and in use by the armed services, other government agencies, the private sector, and foreign armed services has also been examined. Attention was restricted to passive systems (systems which do not require any mechanical or electrical activation) which can suppress multiple occurrences of fire. Both fuel tank fillers and systems which surround the fuel tanks were considered. Proper fuel system and vehicle design, in conjunction with fire extinguishing systems, are still the most effective means available to limit the damage caused by combat and peacetime fuel fires. (sdw).
Download or read book Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-09-18 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reduction of the fire hazard of fuel is critical to improving survivability in impact-survivable aircraft accidents. Despite current fire prevention and mitigation approaches, fuel flammability can overwhelm post-crash fire scenarios. The Workshop on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety was held November 19-20, 1996 to review the current state of development, technological needs, and promising technology for the future development of aviation fuels that are most resistant to ignition during a crash. This book contains a summary of workshop discussions and 11 presented papers in the areas of fuel and additive technologies, aircraft fuel system requirements, and the characterization of fuel fires.
Download or read book An Introduction to Aircraft Thermal Management written by Mark Ahlers and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2019-04-14 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aircraft Thermal Management (ATM)focuses on how to manage heat in an aircraft to meet the temperature requirements for passengers and vehicle. This primarily involves removing heat and protecting equipment, systems, and structure from heat sources that could raise their temperature beyond design limits. Crew and passengers must be neither too hot nor too cold during airplane operations. Thus, maintaining thermal comport is critically important, and not a trivial operation. Written by Mark F. Ahlers, a retired Boeing Technical Fellow and its first Thermal Marshal, An Introduction to Aircraft Thermal Management is the ultimate source of knowledge concerning: Temperature and thermal related requirements Airplane-generated heat sources External heat sources Aircraft heat sinks Fire and Failures Environmental control systems Thermal design Analytical modeling Analytical software Testing Military aircraft thermal management Fully illustrated and amply referenced, An Introduction to Aircraft Thermal Management provides a very balanced approach between theory and practice, best practices and technical insights. It is a must-have reference for both young engineers starting in the filed and for seasoned professionals willing to re-sharpen their skills.
Download or read book Performance of a DC 9 Aircraft Liquid Nitrogen Fuel Tank Inerting System written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen inerting protection for the fuel systems in commercial aircraft has been proposed to reduce fire and explosion hazards associated with refueling, electrical and mechanical failures, engine failures, in-flight fires, lightning strikes, and survivable crashes. A liquid nitrogen fuel tank inerting system was developed and installed on an FAA DC-9-15 aircraft. Instrumentation equipment and measurement techniques for evaluating the installed fuel tank inerting system performance were developed. A flight test program was conducted to demonstrate compliance of the DC-9 inerting system with applicable airworthiness standards, to evaluate oxygen concentration measurement techniques, and to verify that the installed inerting system maintained an explosion safe mixture in the fuel tanks over the entire flight envelope.
Download or read book Aircraft Fuel Tank Inerting by Means of Fuel Cell Fuel Fogging written by E. W. Wiggins and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inerting of aircraft fuel tanks to eliminate fires and explosions can be accomplished by a number of methods. Oxygen dilution with inert gases, flame arresting with open cell foam and chemical quenching using halogenated hydrocarbons are some of the more successful methods. Another approach, the subject of this report, is to maintain the ullage fuel rich by employing some of the liquid fuel itself in the form of a fog. The fuel fog system works on the principle that finely divided liquid fuel (fog) acts as if it were in the vapor state, adding to the natural fuel vapor concentration. The system consists of a distribution manifold with fog nozzles located to produce a uniform fog throughout the fuel cells under all degrees of ullage and dynamic flight conditions. Since the fuel itself is the inerting material; weight, volume and logistic penalties are low. The first phase of the program was to define the fuel fog concentration and distribution with respect to various nozzle configurations, grouping and flow rates. Qualitatively, it was concluded that a uniform fog distribution is no problem due to the high turbulence observed in the visualization chamber. Ignition studies have defined the dynamic flammability zones for JP-4 using the most effective fog inerting nozzle with three ignition sources; 14 joule capacitance spark, 23 joule induction spark, and incendiary, equivalent in weight and energy to a .50 caliber A.P.I. Pre- termination of the gunfire tests and the comparison of the subject system with other candidate systems was mutually agreed upon due to the limited inerting capabilities shown by the fuel fog system.
Download or read book Influence of Fuel Slosh Upon the Effectiveness of Nitrogen Inerting for Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by Edwin E. Ott and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tests were conducted to determine the influence of sloshing fuel within an aircraft fuel tank upon the effectiveness of nitrogen inerting. These tests were performed in a closed combustion chamber partially filled with JP-8 fuel. The fuel was severely agitated by a rocking motion of the chamber. The flammability of the tank ullage at various concentrations of air, nitrogen, and fuel vapor was tested by exposure to an electric arc. The sloshing fuel did not alter the maximum concentration of oxygen that could be allowed for inerting of all fuel vapor concentrations. For JP-8 fuel vapor exposed to an electric arc this maximum allowable oxygen concentration was found to be 12% by volume. Slosh did extend the flammable region for oxygen concentrations greater than the maximum allowable for inerting. These conclusions, it is believed, are valid for any mode or level of fuel agitation that may be experienced by aircraft fuel tanks.
