Download or read book A critical comparison of the main characterization techniques for microplastics identification in an accelerated aging laboratory experiment written by Glaucia Peregrina Olivatto and published by OAE Publishing Inc.. This book was released on 2024-02-06 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many studies have reported the occurrence of microplastics in different environmental compartments, through the description of their morphological characteristics and chemical identification, obtained mainly by spectroscopic techniques. However, the scientific community still lacks the implementation of standardized analytical methods that aim to assess not only the identification of the particle, but also its stage of degradation. It is understood that this information would be extremely useful in helping elucidate the main sources of pollution and contributing to strategies and mitigating measures for the management of solid waste and microplastics in the environment. In this respect, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, carbon elemental analysis coupled with mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry for the characterization of virgin and aged polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics samples. The degraded samples were subjected to accelerated aging in a QUV chamber in accordance with American standard for measuring accelerated weather testing (ASTM G-154). This work discusses the efficiency and limitations of each technique for the detailed chemical characterization of microplastic samples collected from the environment.
Download or read book Marine Anthropogenic Litter written by Melanie Bergmann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-01 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes how man-made litter, primarily plastic, has spread into the remotest parts of the oceans and covers all aspects of this pollution problem from the impacts on wildlife and human health to socio-economic and political issues. Marine litter is a prime threat to marine wildlife, habitats and food webs worldwide. The book illustrates how advanced technologies from deep-sea research, microbiology and mathematic modelling as well as classic beach litter counts by volunteers contributed to the broad awareness of marine litter as a problem of global significance. The authors summarise more than five decades of marine litter research, which receives growing attention after the recent discovery of great oceanic garbage patches and the ubiquity of microscopic plastic particles in marine organisms and habitats. In 16 chapters, authors from all over the world have created a universal view on the diverse field of marine litter pollution, the biological impacts, dedicated research activities, and the various national and international legislative efforts to combat this environmental problem. They recommend future research directions necessary for a comprehensive understanding of this environmental issue and the development of efficient management strategies. This book addresses scientists, and it provides a solid knowledge base for policy makers, NGOs, and the broader public.
Download or read book Characterization and Analysis of Microplastics written by Teresa Rocha-Santos and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Characterization and Analysis of Microplastics, Volume 75, aims to fulfill the gap on the existence of published analytical methodologies for the identification and quantification of microplastics. This overview includes the following main topics: introduction to the fate and behavior of microplastics in the environment, assessment of sampling techniques and sample handling, morphological, physical, and chemical characterization of microplastics, and the role of laboratory experiments in the validation of field data."--
Download or read book Particle Size Analysis Quantification and Identification of Microplastics in Selected Consumer Products written by Kofi Omare Renner and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Freshwater Microplastics written by Martin Wagner and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-21 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This volume focuses on microscopic plastic debris, also referred to as microplastics, which have been detected in aquatic environments around the globe and have accordingly raised serious concerns. The book explores whether microplastics represent emerging contaminants in freshwater systems, an area that remains underrepresented to date. Given the complexity of the issue, the book covers the current state-of-research on microplastics in rivers and lakes, including analytical aspects, environmental concentrations and sources, modelling approaches, interactions with biota, and ecological implications. To provide a broader perspective, the book also discusses lessons learned from nanomaterials and the implications of plastic debris for regulation, politics, economy, and society. In a research field that is rapidly evolving, it offers a solid overview for environmental chemists, engineers, and toxicologists, as well as water managers and policy-makers.
Download or read book Sources and Fate of Microplastics and Nanoplastics written by Laura Hernandez Rodriguez and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Widespread environmental contamination by plastic is an issue of global concern. While governments, companies, and individuals are shifting towards increased sustainability, for instance by reducing the consumption of single-use plastics, the use and mismanagement of plastics remain common. Several studies have confirmed the presence of microplastics in consumer products and other sources, however, nanoplastics 100 nm have rarely been identified. Their small size adds a significant barrier to detection in complex matrices such as natural soils, waters, and foods. The objective of this thesis was to combine existing technologies and explore their detection limits to characterize micro- and nanoplastics in commercial goods and environmental samples. One approach to meet this goal is to analyze products known to contain plastic particles. While the presence of primary microplastics in facial scrubs has been reported; in this work, the presence of nanoplastics was confirmed for the first time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to identify polyethylene nanoparticles. While it may not be surprising to find nanoplastics as part of the size distribution in facial scrubs, this work also shows that micro- and nanoplastics can be produced from products that do not contain plastic particles but are rather packaged in plastic. Teabags made of polyethylene terephthalate and nylon were identified as a direct source of micro- and nanoplastics to humans. It was found that approximately 11.6 billion microplastics and 3.1 billion nanoplastics can be released into a single cup of tea, highlighting the importance of considering the fate of food packagings. While it has been established that bulk plastics can break down and release secondary microplastics, the fragmentation of these particles into nanoplastics has yet to be thoroughly studied. Four types of microplastics were placed in water and under UV-light or thermal degradation stimuli for 18 weeks. The leachate was subsequently analyzed using nanoparticle tracking analysis, SEM, and FTIR and it was found that all four plastics released some fraction of smaller particulate material. This study contributes to our understanding of the breakdown of microplastics into smaller micro- and nanoplastics. The most commonly used techniques for identifying microplastics are Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy and Raman microscopy. Unfortunately, characterization using such techniques is costly, time-consuming, and limited to larger particles. There is a need for rapid on-site identification of microplastics, as governments move towards requiring the screening of drinking water for microplastic presence. One potential alternative to the laborious and time-intensive methods is Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Py-GC-MS). Py-GC-MS was used for a fast and qualitative screening of microplastics ( 1.5 æm) in drinking water and Arctic water. The analysis of Py-GC-MS spectra is ambiguous as different scientists have different benchmarks to confirm the presence of plastics in samples. In this study, a scoring system was proposed with which the presence of plastics can be evaluated. This system in combination with FTIR and Nile red dye were used to propose a fast, low-cost, screening method for microplastics in bottled water. Overall, this work identified micro- and nanoplastics released from consumer goods using conventional characterization techniques, while acknowledging their limitations. Findings illustrate the importance of monitoring micro- and nanoplastics in consumer goods, as they lead to direct contact with humans and in some cases ingestion. This work also contributes to the field of microplastic identification by developing rapid and low-cost methods to identify microplastics in environmental samples"--
Download or read book Characterization and Analysis of Microplastics written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-03-19 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Characterization and Analysis of Microplastics, Volume 75 presents the latest information on new and published analytical methodologies for the identification and quantification of microplastics. This series focuses on a variety of interesting topics surrounding the field of microplastics, with this new release in the series covering sampling and sample handing, the characterization of microplastics by raman spectroscopy, and techniques for assessing the chemical compounds related to microplastics. Users will find a variety of useful information that includes morphological, physical and chemical characterizations, along with analytical techniques and future perspectives of analytical methodologies in this rapidly advancing field. - Concise, comprehensive coverage of analytical techniques and applications - Clear diagrams adequately support important topics - Includes real examples that illustrate applications of the analytical techniques on the sampling, characterization, and analysis of microplastics
Download or read book Polymer Characterization written by Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 1996-12-31 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides an overview of polymer characterization test methods. The methods and instrumentation described represent modern analytical techniques useful to researchers, product development specialists, and quality control experts in polymer synthesis and manufacturing. Engineers, polymer scientists and technicians will find this volume useful in selecting approaches and techniques applicable to characterizing molecular, compositional, rheological, and thermodynamic properties of elastomers and plastics.
Download or read book Microplastic Pollutants written by Christopher Blair Crawford and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-11-29 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microplastic Pollutants introduces the reader to the growing problem of microplastic pollution in the aquatic environment and is the first ever book dedicated exclusively to the subject of microplastics. Importantly, this timely full-colour illustrated multidisciplinary book highlights the very recent realization that microplastics may transport toxic chemicals into food chains around the world. Microplastic pollutants is currently an important topic in both industry and academia, as well as among legislative bodies, and research in this area is gaining considerable attention from both the worldwide media and scientific community on a rapidly increasing scale. Ultimately, this book provides an excellent source of reference and information on microplastics for scientists, engineers, students, industry, policy makers and citizens alike.
Download or read book Microplastic in the Environment Pattern and Process written by Michael S. Bank and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-10-09 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book examines global plastic pollution, an issue that has become a critical societal challenge with implications for environmental and public health. This volume provides a comprehensive, holistic analysis on the plastic cycle and its subsequent effects on biota, food security, and human exposure. Importantly, global environmental change and its associated, systems-level processes, including atmospheric deposition, ecosystem complexity, UV exposure, wind patterns, water stratification, ocean circulation, etc., are all important direct and indirect factors governing the fate, transport and biotic and abiotic processing of plastic particles across ecosystem types. Furthermore, the distribution of plastic in the ocean is not independent of terrestrial ecosystem dynamics, since much of the plastic in marine ecosystems originates from land and should therefore be evaluated in the context of the larger plastic cycle. Changes in species size, distribution, habitat, and food web complexity, due to global environmental change, will likely alter trophic transfer dynamics and the ecological effects of nano- and microplastics. The fate and transport dynamics of plastic particles are influenced by their size, form, shape, polymer type, additives, and overall ecosystem conditions. In addition to the risks that plastics pose to the total environment, the potential impacts on human health and exposure routes, including seafood consumption, and air and drinking water need to be assessed in a comprehensive and quantitative manner. Here I present a holistic and interdisciplinary book volume designed to advance the understanding of plastic cycling in the environment with an emphasis on sources, fate and transport, ecotoxicology, climate change effects, food security, microbiology, sustainability, human exposure and public policy.
Download or read book Raman Imaging written by Arnaud Zoubir and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-07-27 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Raman imaging has long been used to probe the chemical nature of a sample, providing information on molecular orientation, symmetry and structure with sub-micron spatial resolution. Recent technical developments have pushed the limits of micro-Raman microscopy, enabling the acquisition of Raman spectra with unprecedented speed, and opening a pathway to fast chemical imaging for many applications from material science and semiconductors to pharmaceutical drug development and cell biology, and even art and forensic science. The promise of tip-enhanced raman spectroscopy (TERS) and near-field techniques is pushing the envelope even further by breaking the limit of diffraction and enabling nano-Raman microscopy.
Download or read book Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments written by Eddy Y Zeng and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-11-10 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments: An Emerging Matter of Environmental Urgency presents 14 chapters, through which a team of global, expert contributors cover a full range of microplastic research. The first chapter describes the general patterns for sources, occurrence, and transport of microplastics to lead off the book. The next batch of chapters covers sampling analytical methods for quantifying microplastics in the environment, followed by chapters addressing the association of chemicals with microplastics. A large cluster of chapters focus on the fate and transport of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants, freshwater systems, marine environment, terrestrial settings, and riverine runoff that connects terrestrial and marine systems. The next few chapters examine biotransport and effects of microplastics in organisms. The last two chapters are dedicated to two emerging research areas: nanoplastics in the environment and management strategies for global plastic pollution. Outlooks for future research to better understand the situation and further improvements of microplastic research are also covered. In the 6 years since the previous edition published, this fast-moving area has evolved, and the contents of this revision reflect that. There are numerous brand-new chapters, chapters that have been revised, and chapters that have been completely refocused. This book provides an overview of microplastics research. It is a guide for researchers to better understand the occurrence of microplastics. Ideally, this book provides basic background knowledge of microplastics for oceanographers, ecologists, and climatologists. Provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of different methods for sampling, identification, and enumeration of microplastics Contains contributions from world experts with a diverse range of backgrounds, all brought together by a well-known, experienced editor Presents information on microplastics in a unified place, with easy access for the reader
Download or read book Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments written by Defu He and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-21 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on microplastics as emerging persistent contaminants in terrestrial environments. Scientists from around the globe review recent advances in multi-disciplinary research on micro(nano)plastics, including analytical methods; the sources, fate and distribution of microplastics; ecological risks; toxicity and health risks; and control and countermeasures for microplastics in terrestrial environments. Offering a comprehensive overview of microplastics in terrestrial environments, the book is a valuable resource for environmental researchers, ecologists and toxicologists, as well as for policymakers and non-experts.
Download or read book Compound specific Stable Isotope Analysis written by Maik A Jochmann and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015-11-09 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis (CSIA) is increasing in many areas of science and technology for source allocation, authentication, and characterization of transformation reactions. Until now, there have been no textbooks available for students with an analytical chemical background or basic introductory books emphasising the instrumentation and theory. This book is the first to focus solely on stable isotope analysis of individual compounds in sometimes complex mixtures. It acts as both a lecture companion for students and a consultant for advanced scientists in fields including forensic and environmental science. The book starts with a brief history of the field before going on to explain stable isotopes from scratch. The different ways to express isotope abundances are introduced together with isotope effects and isotopic fractionation. A detailed account of the required technical equipment and general procedures for CSIA is provided. This includes sections on derivatization and the use of microextraction techniques in GC-IRMS. The very important topic of referencing and calibration in CSIA is clearly described. This differs from approaches used in quantitative analysis and is often difficult for the newcomer to comprehend. Examples of successful applications of CSIA in food authenticity, forensics, archaeology, doping control, environmental science, and extraterrestrial materials are included. Applications in isotope data treatment and presentation are also discussed and emphasis is placed on the general conclusions that can be drawn from the uses of CSIA. Further instrumental developments in the field are highlighted and selected experiments are introduced that may act as a basis for a short practical course at graduate level.
Download or read book The Metamorphosis of Prime Intellect written by Roger Williams and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2003-10-14 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a time not far from our own, Lawrence sets out simply to build an artifical intelligence that can pass as human, and finds himself instead with one that can pass as a god. Taking the Three Laws of Robotics literally, Prime Intellect makes every human immortal and provides instantly for every stated human desire. Caroline finds no meaning in this life of purposeless ease, and forgets her emptiness only in moments of violent and profane exhibitionism. At turns shocking and humorous, "Prime Intellect" looks unflinchingly at extremes of human behavior that might emerge when all limits are removed. An international Internet phenomenon, "Prime Intellect" has been downloaded more than 10,000 times since its free release in January 2003. It has been read and discussed in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Slovenia, South Africa, and other countries. This Lulu edition is your chance to own "Prime Intellect" in conventional book form.
Download or read book YOUMARES 9 the Oceans Our Research Our Future written by Simon Jungblut and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book summarizes peer-reviewed articles and the abstracts of oral and poster presentations given during the YOUMARES 9 conference which took place in Oldenburg, Germany, in September 2018. The aims of this book are to summarize state-of-the-art knowledge in marine sciences and to inspire scientists of all career stages in the development of further research. These conferences are organized by and for young marine researchers. Qualified early-career researchers, who moderated topical sessions during the conference, contributed literature reviews on specific topics within their research field. .
Download or read book Blown to Bits written by Harold Abelson and published by Addison-Wesley Professional. This book was released on 2008 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Blown to Bits' is about how the digital explosion is changing everything. The text explains the technology, why it creates so many surprises and why things often don't work the way we expect them to. It is also about things the information explosion is destroying: old assumptions about who is really in control of our lives.
