Download or read book Yearbook Commercial Arbitration Volume XLVI 2021 written by Stephan W. Schill and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yearbook Commercial Arbitration continues its longstanding commitment to serving as a primary resource for the international arbitration community, with reports on arbitral awards and court decisions applying the leading arbitration conventions and decisions of general interest to the practice of international arbitration as well as announcements of arbitration legislation and rules. Volume XLVI (2021) includes: * excerpts of arbitral awards made under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (CRCICA), as well as awards rendered in accordance with the rules of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC); * notes on new and amended arbitration rules, including references to their online publication; * notes on recent developments in arbitration law and practice in Belize, Brazil, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Hong Kong SAR, India, Iran, Iraq, Malawi, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan ; * excerpts of 85 court decisions applying the 1958 New York Convention from 28 countries - including, for the first time, cases from Costa Rica, Cuba, and Iran - all indexed by subject matter and linked to the commentaries on the New York Convention published in the Yearbook, authored by former General Editor and leading expert Prof. Dr. Albert Jan van den Berg; * excerpts from three decisions applying the 1965 Washington (ICSID) Convention and three decisions applying the 1975 Panama (Inter-American) Convention, as well as a selection of nine court decisions of general interest; * an extensive Bibliography of recent books and journals on arbitration. The Yearbook is edited by the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), the world's leading organization representing practitioners and academics in the field, under the general editorship of Prof. Dr. Stephan W. Schill and with the assistance of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. It is an essential tool for lawyers, business people and scholars involved in the practice and study of international arbitration.
Download or read book Yearbook Commercial Arbitration Volume XLVI 2021 written by Stephan W. Schill and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yearbook Commercial Arbitration continues its longstanding commitment to serving as a primary resource for the international arbitration community, with reports on arbitral awards and court decisions applying the leading arbitration conventions and decisions of general interest to the practice of international arbitration as well as announcements of arbitration legislation and rules. Volume XLVI (2021) includes: • excerpts of arbitral awards made under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (CRCICA), as well as awards rendered in accordance with the rules of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC); • notes on new and amended arbitration rules, including references to their online publication; • notes on recent developments in arbitration law and practice in Belize, Brazil, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Hong Kong SAR, India, Iran, Iraq, Malawi, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan ; • excerpts of 85 court decisions applying the 1958 New York Convention from 28 countries – including, for the first time, cases from Costa Rica, Cuba, and Iran – all indexed by subject matter and linked to the commentaries on the New York Convention published in the Yearbook, authored by former General Editor and leading expert Prof. Dr. Albert Jan van den Berg; • excerpts from three decisions applying the 1965 Washington (ICSID) Convention and three decisions applying the 1975 Panama (Inter-American) Convention, as well as a selection of nine court decisions of general interest; • an extensive Bibliography of recent books and journals on arbitration. The Yearbook is edited by the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), the world’s leading organization representing practitioners and academics in the field, under the general editorship of Prof. Dr. Stephan W. Schill and with the assistance of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. It is an essential tool for lawyers, business people and scholars involved in the practice and study of international arbitration.
Download or read book Yearbook Commercial Arbitration Volume XLVII 2022 written by Stephan W. Schill and published by . This book was released on 2022-12-13 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yearbook Commercial Arbitration continues its longstanding commitment to serving as a primary resource for the international arbitration community, with reports on arbitral awards and court decisions applying the leading arbitration conventions and decisions of general interest to the practice of international arbitration as well as announcements of arbitration legislation and rules. Volume XLVII (2022) includes: excerpts of arbitral awards made under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC); notes on new and amended arbitration rules, including references to their online publication; notes on recent developments in arbitration law and practice in Bahrain, British Virgin Islands, Canada, PR China, Egypt, Greece, India, Italy, Czech Republic, Malta, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine; excerpts of 82 decisions applying the 1958 New York Convention from 30 countries - including, for the first time, cases from El Salvador - all indexed by subject matter and linked to the commentaries on the New York Convention published in the yearbook, authored by formal General Editor and leading expert Prof. Dr. Albert Jan van den Berg; excerpts from one decision applying the 1965 Washington (ICSID) Convention and one decision applying the 1975 Panama (Inter-American) Convention, as well as a selection of thirteen court decisions of general interest; an extensive Bibliography of recent books and journals on arbitration. The Yearbook is edited by the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), the world's leading organization representing practitioners and academics in the field, under the general editorship of Prof. Dr. Stephan W. Schill and with the assistance of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. It is an essential tool for lawyers, business people and scholars involved in the practice and study of international arbitration.
Download or read book Yearbook Commercial Arbitration Volume XLVII 2022 written by Stephan W. Schill and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2022-12-13 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yearbook Commercial Arbitration continues its longstanding commitment to serving as a primary resource for the international arbitration community, with reports on arbitral awards and court decisions applying the leading arbitration conventions and decisions of general interest to the practice of international arbitration as well as announcements of arbitration legislation and rules. Volume XLVII (2022) includes: excerpts of arbitral awards made under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC); notes on new and amended arbitration rules, including references to their online publication; notes on recent developments in arbitration law and practice in Bahrain, British Virgin Islands, Canada, PR China, Egypt, Greece, India, Italy, Czech Republic, Malta, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine; excerpts of 82 decisions applying the 1958 New York Convention from 30 countries - including, for the first time, cases from El Salvador - all indexed by subject matter and linked to the commentaries on the New York Convention published in the yearbook, authored by formal General Editor and leading expert Prof. Dr. Albert Jan van den Berg; excerpts from one decision applying the 1965 Washington (ICSID) Convention and one decision applying the 1975 Panama (Inter-American) Convention, as well as a selection of thirteen court decisions of general interest; an extensive Bibliography of recent books and journals on arbitration. The Yearbook is edited by the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), the world's leading organization representing practitioners and academics in the field, under the general editorship of Prof. Dr. Stephan W. Schill and with the assistance of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. It is an essential tool for lawyers, business people and scholars involved in the practice and study of international arbitration.
Download or read book Yearbook Commercial Arbitration Volume XLVIII 2023 written by Stephan W. Schill and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2023-12-11 with total page 825 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yearbook Commercial Arbitration continues its longstanding commitment to serving as a primary resource for the international arbitration community. With arbitral awards being published in the newly founded ICCA Awards Series as of 2023, the Yearbook now focuses on court decisions that either apply the principal arbitration conventions or are of general interest to the practice of international arbitration and comes with the addition of new indexes to facilitate research. Volume XLVIII (2023) includes: • excerpts of fifty-three decisions applying the 1958 New York Convention from 21 countries indexed by Convention topics • excerpts from eight decisions applying the 1965 ICSID Convention and the 1975 Panama Convention • excerpts from fifty-nine decisions of general interest to the practice of international arbitration: forty-nine recent decisions of the Singapore International Commercial Court, as well as ten decisions rendered by the courts of Canada, France, Germany, and India, and by the European Court of Human Rights • two new indexes covering all reported decisions: a Table of Instruments and an Index by Subject Matter • announcements of new and amended arbitration rules, and recent developments in arbitration law and practice • an extensive Bibliography of recent books and journals on arbitration • a Compendium of Arbitral Awards Published in the Yearbook 1976 – 2022, concluding the Yearbook cycle of awards publication. The Yearbook is edited by the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), the world’s leading organization representing practitioners and academics in the field of international arbitration, under the general editorship of Prof. Dr. Stephan W. Schill and with the assistance of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. It is an essential tool for lawyers, businesspeople and scholars involved in the practice and study of international arbitration.
Download or read book Stockholm Arbitration Yearbook 2023 written by Patrik Scholdstrom and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2024-01-16 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year, Stockholm is the arbitration seat of choice for numerous parties endeavouring to resolve international disputes. It is the second most used venue for investment disputes, and it is often the venue for disputes arising from the Energy Charter Treaty. This annual publication, launched under the auspices of the Stockholm Centre for Commercial Law, is designed to meet the information needs of arbitration practitioners and parties from all over the world. The present edition’s topics include: arbitration and EU sanctions against Russia; the ins and outs of arbitrator selection; the divide between lawful and unlawful expropriation in investment arbitration; tactical misuse of GDPR in arbitration; court-assisted preservation of evidence; and the distinction between jurisdiction and admissibility. The Yearbook provides both perspective and detailed analyses that will be welcomed by arbitration practitioners, counsel and judges deciding arbitration cases. It will also provide valuable insights for arbitration academics, in-house counsel at multinational companies and arbitral institutions worldwide.
Download or read book Handbook of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration written by Franco Ferrari and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2022-04-07 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In arbitration, evidence provides the basis for almost every decision, be it procedural, jurisdictional, or substantive. However, users from different legal traditions may not share the same understanding as to how an arbitral tribunal ought to proceed in this regard. Therefore, it is important for lawyers to know how to collect, develop, and present evidence in arbitration proceedings, not only from a legal perspective but also from a cultural point of view. It is against this backdrop that the editors have invited a diverse group of distinguished arbitration practitioners and academics to contribute to this matchless Handbook of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration. Key concepts and issues related to evidence in arbitration covered include the following: the normative framework on evidence in arbitration proceedings; the burden and standard of proof; means of evidence, including documents, experts, and witnesses; questions of admissibility, including issues of privilege and confidentiality; the assessment of evidence and its probative value; court assistance and sanctions. With its systematic analysis of the key concepts of evidence, holistic discussion of the applicable normative framework, cross-cultural perspectives on the taking of evidence in arbitration, and reference to case law from major arbitration hubs, this book will become an undisputed point of reference for academics and practitioners alike. Critical acclaim: “This handbook elegantly captures the range of issues that arises regarding evidence in international arbitration. Bringing together the foremost experts in the field, each contribution offers a thoughtful analysis on these issues and the compilation deserves a prominent spot in every practitioner’s arbitral library.” Chiann Bao, Independent Arbitrator (Arbitration Chambers) and Vice President of the ICC Court of Arbitration “This publication well deserves recognition as a landmark handbook on evidence in international commercial arbitration. It comprehensively discusses the whole evidentiary process from its foundations taking a comparative and harmonizing perspective as well as the burden and standards of proof to the various evidentiary means up to the assessment of evidence. Written by leading academics and practitioners from all over the world, it will be a safe haven for anyone facing discrete evidentiary issues and looking for answers to fundamental or actual questions including as to privileges, confidentiality, virtual hearings or data protection.” Professor Filip De Ly, Chair of the ILA International Commercial Arbitration Committee
Download or read book Deference in International Commercial Arbitration written by Franco Ferrari and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2023-05-12 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In international arbitration, deference entails that one decision-maker does not make an autonomous assessment but limits its decision-making power out of respect for the decision or authority of another actor. For example, a court exercising post-award review might refrain from reviewing a question of procedure de novo but instead defer to a prior determination made by the arbitral tribunal. In this book, prominent arbitration practitioners and academics offer the first systematic analysis of such deference in international arbitration. With abundant reference to case law from major arbitration hubs, the analysis is organized around the three relationships in which questions of deference arise: public-private relationships in which a State actor (e.g., a court) must decide whether it should pay deference to determinations made by a private actor (e.g., a tribunal or an arbitral institution); public-public relationships in which a State actor (e.g., a court at the place of recognition and enforcement) must decide whether it should pay deference to another State actor (e.g., a court at the seat); and private-private relationships in which a private actor (e.g., an arbitral tribunal) must decide whether it should pay deference to another private actor (e.g., another arbitral tribunal or an arbitral institution). The book makes an important contribution to tracing the boundaries of the multiple layers of control over arbitration proceedings. It takes a giant step towards establishing the right equilibrium between the different layers of authority and thus meeting a pivotal challenge for the viability of arbitration as a form of dispute resolution.
Download or read book International Commercial Arbitration written by Franco Ferrari and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2021-06-25 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This indispensable book offers a concise comparative introduction to international commercial arbitration (ICA). With reference to recent case law from leading jurisdictions and up-to-date rules revisions, International Commercial Arbitration offers a thorough overview of the issues raised in arbitration, from the time of drafting of the arbitration clause to the rendering of the arbitral award and the post-award stage.
Download or read book Cambridge Compendium of International Commercial and Investment Arbitration written by Stefan Kröll and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-03-02 with total page 3006 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Compendium, like an encyclopedia, contains entries for most of the foundational principles and concepts underlying arbitration. Each entry takes a holistic view of international arbitration, as they tackle core concepts from both a commercial and an investment arbitration perspective, focusing on the fundamental issues underlying the various topics rather than on the solutions adopted in any particular jurisdiction, thus making the Compendium a truly cross-border, transnational resource. This innovative approach will allow readers to identify the commonalities as well as the differences between commercial and investment arbitration, whether and where cross-fertilization has taken place and what consequences it can have. This approach allows the Compendium to be a tool in promoting the creation of a culture of international arbitration that considers commercial arbitration and investment arbitration as part of a whole but with certain distinct features particular to each.
Download or read book Arbitrability written by Fabien Gélinas and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2023-11-17 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As simple as the arbitrability question might appear (namely, what types of issues may and may not be submitted to arbitration), for a legal system to set a clear and consistent approach to arbitration, it must consider many complicated factors that relate to public policy and economic priorities as well as international relations. This comprehensive, precise, and practical book identifies and analyzes the fundamentals of, and major approaches to, arbitrability in the current international context. The authors focus on nine major arbitration jurisdictions—the United States, Canada, France, England and Wales, Switzerland, Germany, China (Mainland), Hong Kong, and Singapore—with meticulous attention to each jurisdiction’s pertinent case law and legislative framework as well as relevant commentary. For each jurisdiction, the arbitrability of disputes in the following fields of law is discussed: antitrust/competition; bankruptcy/insolvency; consumer; corporate; family/domestic relations; intellectual property (copyright, patent, and trademark); labor/employment; securities; and torts. Based on the jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction analysis, the authors identify key areas in which the selected jurisdictions share similarities and evince differences with respect to each of the above-mentioned fields. With a structure that enables readers to easily locate what they are looking for and gives clear-cut answers, this unique book fully elucidates the notion of arbitrability by identifying the key concepts, the applicable rules, and different criteria for arbitrability and by explaining how different jurisdictions deal with specific types of disputes. It will be welcomed by counsel, arbitrators, judges, students, and academics active in international arbitration and the enforcement of arbitral awards.
Download or read book Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in Russia and Former USSR States written by Roman Zykov and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2021-04-22 with total page 599 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 15 sovereign states that emerged from the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991, having all adopted the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, today are drawing increasing attention from international law firms and global arbitral institutions. This book, compiled under the editorship of the Secretary General of the Russian Arbitration Association, is the first full-scale commentary in English on the application of the New York Convention in Russia and the other 14 former USSR states, with attention also to the various relevant national laws and procedures. A total of 71 contributors, all leading experts on arbitration and litigation in the covered jurisdictions, provide in-depth research encompassing the following approaches: article-by-article commentary on the New York Convention with emphasis on the practice of Russian state commercial (arbitrazh) courts; commentary on the relevant provisions of the Russian International Commercial Arbitration Law and the Code of Commercial Procedure; analysis of law and practice on setting aside, recognition, and enforcement of arbitral awards in all non-Russian former USSR states, state by state, written by experts in each jurisdiction; and a unique statistical study of all international commercial arbitration cases under the New York Convention conducted in Russia between 2008 and 2019, showing which grounds of the New York Convention are widely used by the Russian courts in different instances. With this detailed information, practitioners will be able to understand how judicial developments in the covered jurisdictions have impacted the enforceability of arbitral awards, and how parties can take steps to ensure that they secure enforceable awards. In addition, they will clearly discern the enforcement track record for arbitral awards in Russia and former USSR states and how each jurisdiction treats enforcement applications, greatly clarifying decisions on choices by parties and determination of seat of arbitration. Because this book makes arbitration law and procedure in Russia and the former USSR states accessible for the first time in English – thus assisting evaluation of prospects of enforcing foreign arbitral awards in that part of the world – it will be warmly welcomed by in-house counsel, arbitrators, arbitral institutes, judges, researchers, and academics focused on international arbitration.
Download or read book The Environment Through the Lens of International Courts and Tribunals written by Edgardo Sobenes and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together leading and emerging scholars and practitioners to present an overview of how regional, international and transnational courts and tribunals are engaging with the environment. With the natural world under unprecedented pressure, the book highlights the challenges and opportunities presented by international dispute resolution for the protection of the environment and the further development of international environmental law. Presented in three parts, it addresses how individual courts and tribunals engage with environmental matters (Part I); how courts and tribunals are resolving key issues common to environmental litigation (Part II); and future opportunities and developments in the field (Part III). The book is an essential one-stop-shop for students, practitioners and academics alike interested in international litigation and the protection of our global environment. Edgardo Sobenes is an international lawyer and consultant in international law (ESILA), Sarah Mead is a lawyer specialising in international environmental and human rights law, and Benjamin Samson is a researcher at the Université Paris Nanterre and consultant in international law.
Download or read book Yearbook Commercial Arbitration Volume XLV 2020 written by Stephan W. Schill and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 589 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yearbook Commercial Arbitration continues its longstanding commitment to serving as a primary resource for the international arbitration community, with reports on arbitral awards and court decisions applying the leading arbitration conventions and decisions of general interest to the practice of international arbitration as well as announcements of arbitration legislation and rules. Volume XLV (2020) includes: excerpts of arbitral awards made under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the Milan Chamber of Arbitration (CAM), as well as twelve awards reflecting the practice of tribunals constituted under the auspices of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC); notes on new and amended arbitration rules, including references to their online publication; notes on recent developments in arbitration law and practice in Ethiopia, Lithuania, Macao SAR, Palau, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, and Tonga; excerpts of 87 court decisions applying the 1958 New York Convention from 27 countries – including, for the first time, a selection of seven cases from Egypt, and cases from Tanzania and Uzbekistan – all indexed by subject matter and linked to the commentaries on the New York Convention published in the Yearbook, authored by former General Editor and leading expert Prof. Dr. Albert Jan van den Berg; excerpts from two decision applying the 1965 Washington (ICSID) Convention and seven decisions applying the 1975 Panama (Inter-American) Convention, as well as a selection of four court decisions of general interest; an extensive Bibliography of recent books and journals on arbitration. The Yearbook is edited by the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), the world’s leading organization representing practitioners and academics in the field, under the general editorship of Prof. Dr. Stephan W. Schill and with the assistance of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. It is an essential tool for lawyers, business people and scholars involved in the practice and study of international arbitration.
Download or read book International Arbitration and EU Law written by José R. Mata Dona and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2021-03-26 with total page 643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the intersection of EU law and international arbitration based on the experience of leading practitioners in both commercial and investment treaty arbitration law. It expertly illustrates the depth and breadth of EU law’s impact on party autonomy and on the margin of appreciation available to arbitral tribunals.
Download or read book Expedited International Arbitration written by Alan Anderson and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2024-06-11 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasingly, international commercial arbitration has come to resemble the judicial process it was intended to replace, especially in terms of speed, costs and efficiency. Arbitration institutions worldwide have adopted rules or procedures to expedite the arbitral process to address these concerns. This book brings together thirty-one distinguished practitioners, academics and experts in the field from around the world to consider in nineteen chapters how these policies and procedures, including the 2021 UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules, operate and affect international commercial arbitration, investor-State arbitration and mediation. This book presents diverse and rich perspectives on the variety of methods adopted to provide an expeditious and cost-effective means for dispute resolution while recognizing the due process risks involved. Its comprehensive analysis of the case for expedited arbitration and the principles underpinning it covers such aspects as: expedited arbitration rules adopted by major arbitration institutions; expedited arbitration rules in the ‘ad hoc’ (non-institutional) context, including the UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules and UNCITRAL model clauses; expedited arbitration rules in various geographic regions, including China, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the Middle East, focusing on specific jurisdictions in each region; new ICSID rules on mediation of investor-State disputes; and expedited arbitration-mediation (Arb-Med) in the Far East, focusing on Macau. Arbitrators and parties to international agreements will gain a greater understanding of the issues, options, and consequences that may result from expedited arbitration. Practitioners will benefit from guidance in drafting arbitration clauses and in weighing the advantages and disadvantages of expedited arbitration procedures in various jurisdictions. The insights in this book will benefit international commercial arbitration as its stakeholders seek to return international commercial arbitration to its foundational underpinnings: a prompt, efficacious and cost-effective means of resolving commercial disputes.
Download or read book The Principles and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration written by Margaret L. Moses and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-03-17 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title provides the reader with immediate access to understanding the world of international arbitration. Arbitration has become the dispute resolution method of choice in international transactions. This book explains how and why arbitration works. It provides the legal and regulatory framework for international arbitration, as well as practical strategies to follow and pitfalls to avoid. It is short and readable, but comprehensive in its coverage of the basic requirements, including changes in arbitration laws, rules, and guidelines. In the book, the author includes insights from numerous international arbitrators and counsel, who tell firsthand about their own experiences of arbitration and their views of the best arbitration practices. Throughout the book, the principles of arbitration are supported and explained by the practice, providing a concrete approach to an important means of resolving disputes.
