Download or read book Holography written by Fouad Sabry and published by One Billion Knowledgeable. This book was released on 2022-02-21 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What Is Holography Holography is a technique that enables a wavefront to be recorded and later re-constructed. Holography is best known as a method of generating three-dimensional images, but it also has a wide range of other applications. In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for any type of wave. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Holography Chapter 2: Diffraction Chapter 3: Microscopy Chapter 4: Interferometry Chapter 5: Photorefractive effect Chapter 6: Particle image velocimetry Chapter 7: Holographic data storage Chapter 8: Interference lithography Chapter 9: Rainbow hologram Chapter 10: Holographic interferometry Chapter 11: Digital holography Chapter 12: Computer-generated holography Chapter 13: Volume hologram Chapter 14: Holographic display Chapter 15: Electronic speckle pattern interferometry Chapter 16: Speckle (interference) Chapter 17: Digital holographic microscopy Chapter 18: Holographic optical element Chapter 19: Common-path interferometer Chapter 20: Physics of optical holography Chapter 21: Time-domain holography (II) Answering the public top questions about holography. (III) Real world examples for the usage of holography in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of holography' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of holography.

Download or read book Lasers and Holography written by Prakash Chandra Mehta and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1993 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a comprehensive book on the fundamental aspects of lasers and holography. It represents a self-contained treatment of the basic and state-of-the-art topics on the two subjects in a single volume. The book covers the latest technological and scientific developments and major advances that have taken place in the last decade and includes recent applications in medicine, information processing, interconnects and nondestructive testing.It is intended to fill the need of both researchers and graduate students for a single source book containing the necessary and relevant material in the areas of lasers and holography.

Download or read book X Ray Near Field Holography Beyond Idealized Assumptions of the Probe written by Johannes Hagemann and published by Göttingen University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All images are flawed, no matter how good your lenses, mirrors etc. are. Especially in the hard X-ray regime it is challenging to manufacture high quality optics due to the weak interaction of multi-keV photons with matter. This is a tremendous challenge for obtaining high resolution quantitative X-ray microscopy images. In recent years lensless phase contrast imaging has become an alternative to classical absorptionbased imaging methods. Without any optics, the image is formed only by the free space propagation of the wave field. The actual image has to be formed posteriori by numerical reconstruction methods. Advanced phasing methods enable the experimentalist to recover a complex valued specimen from a single or a set of intensity measurement. This would be the ideal case - reality teaches us that there are no ideal imaging conditions. Describing, understanding and circumventing these non ideal imaging conditions and their effects on X-ray near-field holographic (NFH) imaging are the leitmotifs for this thesis. In NFH the non ideal conditions manifest themselves in the illuminating wave field or probe. The probe generally does not satisfy the canonical assumptions of fully coherent and monochromatic radiation emitted by a point source. The main results of this thesis are compiled as a collection of publications. An approach is shown to reconstruct the probe of a X-ray nano-focus setup by a series of measurements of the probe at varied Fresnel number. The following chapter presents a study concerning the reconstruction efficiency in terms of resolution for near- and far-field based lensless imaging. In the following, the reconstruction scheme for the probe is extended to incorporate the effects of partial coherence in the near field. This enables the recovery of the modal structure of the probe which yields a full description of its coherence properties. Giving up the assumption of temporal stability due to the stochastic pulses, delivered by X-ray free electron lasers, the reconstruction of probe and specimen must be achieved from a single shot. A suitable scheme for this purpose is proposed in this work.

Download or read book Holography in Medicine and Biology written by G.v. Bally and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Workshop on Holography in Medicine and Biology was held in MUnster, Federal Republic of Germany, on March 14th and 15th, 1979, at the Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology of the Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat within the frame of the Symposium 79 of the Sonderforschungsbereich 88 "Teratology and Rehabilitation of Patients with Multiple Handicaps'' of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. In fact, this workshop was not the first meeting dealing exclusively with biomedical applications of holography and related techniques. The very first symposium in this field was organized by Prof. P. Greguss and took place in New York in 1973. A second one was held in MUnster in 1976 with the objec tive to improve the communication among the at that time rather isolatedly working groups in this research domain. The great response to that meeting gave encouragement to the organization of another one in MUnster, this time on a more extended international base. Thus, this workshop attracted 85 scientists from 13 countries, i.e. Austria, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Fed. Rep. of Germany, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Japan, Norway, Sweden, The Netherlands, USA, Yugoslavia.

Download or read book The State of the Laboratory written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Study on New Approaches in Coherent X ray Microscopy of Biological Specimens written by Klaus Giewekemeyer and published by Universitätsverlag Göttingen. This book was released on 2011 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of coherent x rays for microscopic imaging has seen a rapid and ongoing development within the past decade, driven by an increasing availability of highly brilliant and coherent sources worldwide. Accordingly, novel methods have been developed, which replace the microscope‘s objective lens by a numerical reconstruction scheme. The aim of the present work is to study how very recent experimental and algorithmic developments in the field can be implemented towards a highly sensitive and fully quantitative microscopy method for imaging of biological cells. To this end, different experimental approaches are studied, based on coherent far-field as well as near-field diffraction. At first, an application of the novel ptychographic imaging method to single biological cells is presented. In particular, it is demonstrated how weakly scattering biological specimens can be imaged with fully quantitative density contrast. Alongside, a sueccessful extension of the method towards soft x-ray energies is described.In the second part of the work it is shown how x-ray waveguides can be used as a point source for propagation-based microscopy of single cells in the hard x-ray regime. The specifically devised iterative reconstruction scheme allows for full quantitativity and high sensitivity and thus enables an application to single biological cells. The work contains a thorough introduction into the x-ray optical methods applied and aims at a useful and self-contained overview on aspects of signal and Fourier theory relevant for the used numerical propagation schemes.

Download or read book Investigating Cellular Nanoscale with X rays written by Clément Hémonnot and published by Göttingen University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The advances and technical improvements of X-ray imaging techniques, taking advantage of X-ray focussing optics and high intensity synchrotron sources, nowadays allow for the use of X-rays to probe the cellular nanoscale. Importantly, X-rays permit thick samples to be imaged without sectioning or slicing. In this work, two macromolecules, namely keratin intermediate filament (IF) proteins and DNA, both essential components of cells, were studied by X-ray techniques. Keratin IF proteins make up an integral part of the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells and form a dense intracellular network of bundles. This network is built from monomers in a hierarchical fashion. Thus, the keratin structure formation spans a large range of length scales from a few nanometres (monomers) to micrometres (networks). Here, keratin was studied at three different scales: i) filaments, ii) bundles and iii) networks. Solution small-angle X-ray scattering revealed distinct structural and organisational characteristics of these highly charged polyelectrolyte filaments, such as increasing radius with increasing salt concentration and spatial accumulation of ions depending on the salt concentration. The results are quantified by employing advanced modelling of keratin IFs by a core cylinder fl anked with Gaussian chains. Scanning micro- diffraction was used to study keratin at the bundle scale. Very different morphologies of keratin bundles were observed at different salt conditions. At the network scale, new imaging approaches and analyses were applied to the study of whole cells. Ptychography and scanning X-ray nano-diffraction imaging were performed on the same cells, allowing for high resolution in real and reciprocal space, thereby revealing the internal structure of these networks. By using a fitting routine based on simulations of IFs packed on a hexagonal lattice, the radius of each fi lament and distance between fi laments were retrieved. In mammalian cells, each nucleus contains 2 nm-thick DNA double helices with a total length of about 2 m. The DNA strands are packed in a highly hierarchical manner into individual chromosomes. DNA was studied in intact cells by visible light microscopy and scanning X-ray nano-diffraction, unveiling the compaction und decompaction of DNA during the cell cycle. Thus, we obtained information on the aggregation state of the nuclear DNA at a real space resolution on the order of few hundreds nm. To exploit to the reciprocal space information, individual diffraction patterns were analysed according to a generalised Porod’s law at a resolution down to 10 nm. We were able to distinguish nucleoli, heterochromatin and euchromatin in the nuclei and follow the compaction and decompaction during the cell division cycle.

Download or read book Fiscal Year 1987 Department of Energy Authorization Basic research programs written by Fusion Advisory Panel (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 1336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Coherent Sources of XUV Radiation written by Pierre Jaeglé and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extreme ultraviolet radiation, also referred to as soft X-rays or XUV, offers very special optical properties. The X-UV refractive index of matter is such that normal reflection cannot take place on polished surfaces whereas beam transmission through one micrometer of almost all materials reduces to zero. Therefore, it has long been a difficult task to imagine and to implement devices designed for complex optics experiments in this wavelength range. Thanks to new sources of coherent radiation - XUV-lasers and High Order Harmonics - the use of XUV radiation, for interferometry, holography, diffractive optics, non-linear radiation-matter interaction, time-resolved study of fast and ultrafast phenomena and many other applications, including medical sciences, is ubiquitous.

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book X Ray Microscopy in Biology and Medicine written by Kunio Shinohara and published by Springer. This book was released on 1990-04-18 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers presented review recent progress in X-ray microscopy both in methodology and in biomedical applications, they compare characteristics of X-ray microscopy with other related forms of microscopy, and they discuss activities of X-ray microscopy in Japan in particular. This review will surely encourage engineers and physicists to accelerate further development of X-ray microscopes to provide even more useful tools to solve biological and medical questions.

Download or read book X Ray Microscopy written by Chris Jacobsen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-12-19 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete introduction to x-ray microscopy, covering optics, 3D and chemical imaging, lensless imaging, radiation damage, and applications.

Download or read book X Ray Microscopy II written by David Sayre and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-06-05 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is based on papers presented at the International Symposium on X-Ray Microscopy held at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, August 31-September 4, 1987. Previous recent symposia on the sub ject were held in New York in 1979, Gottingen in 1983 and Taipei in 1986. Developments in x-ray microscopy continue at a rapid pace, with im portant advances in all major areas: x-ray sources, optics and components, and microscopes and imaging systems. Taken as a whole, the work pre sented here emphasizes three major directions: (a) improvements in the capability and image-quality of x-ray microscopy, expressed principally in systems attached to large, high-brightness x-ray sources; (b) greater access to x-ray microscopy, expressed chiefly in systems employing small, often pulsed, x-ray sources; and (c) increased rate of exploration of applications of x-ray microscopy. The number of papers presented at the symposium has roughly dou bled compared with that of its predecessors. While we are delighted at this growth as a manifestation of vitality and rapid growth of the field, we did have to ask the authors to limit the length of their papers and to submit them in camera-ready form. We thank the authors for their con tributions and for their efforts in adhering to the guidelines on manuscript preparation.

Download or read book X ray Microscopy written by Ping-chin Cheng and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1979, a conference on x-ray microscopy was organized by the New York Academy of Sciences, and in 1983, the Second Interna tional Symposium on X-ray Imaging was organized by the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany. This volume contains the contributions to the symposium "X-ray Microscopy '86", held in Taipei, Taiwan, the Republic of China in August 1986. This is the first volume which intends to provide up-to date information on x-ray imaging to biologists, therefore, emphasis was given to specimen preparation techniques and image interpreta tion. Specimen preparation represents a major part of every microscopy work, therefore, it should be strongly emphasized in this emerging field of x-ray microscopy. Theoretically, x-ray microscopy offers the potential for the study of unfixed, hydrated biological ma terials. Since very few biological system can be directly observed without specimen preparation, we would like to emphasize that new information on biological specimens can only be obtained if the speci men is properly prepared. In the past decade, many of the published x-ray images were obtained from poorly prepared biological speci mens, mainly air-dried materials. Therefore, one of the goals of this conference is to bring the importance of specimen preparation to the attention of x-ray microscopy community. X-ray microscopy can be subdivided into several major areas. They are the classic x-ray projection microscope, x-ray contact imag ing (microradiography) and the more recent x-ray scanning micro scope, x-ray photoelectron microscope and x-ray imaging microscope.

Download or read book X Ray Optics and Microanalysis 1992 Proceedings of the 13th INT Conference 31 August 4 September 1992 Manchester UK written by P.B. Kenway and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first ICXOM congress held in Cambridge was the brain-child of Dr. Ellis Cosslett, founder of the Electron Optics Section of the Cavendish Laboratory. Dr. Cosslett pioneered research in x-ray optics and microanalysis and retained a close interest in all subject applications for this area of research, including physics, materials science, chemistry, and biology. X-Ray Optics and Microanalysis 1992 was held in his memory. At a special symposium, friends and colleagues reviewed the present status of research in x-ray optics and microanalysis. S.J. Pennycook of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, D.B. Williams of Lehigh University, J.A. Venables et al. of Arizona State University and Sussex University, and C. Jacobsen et al. of SUNY, Stony Brook are among the researchers whose papers are included in this volume.

Download or read book Multidimensional Microscopy written by P.-C. Cheng and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern cell biology is being revolutionized by the wedding of microscopy and computers. This book describes the new instrumentation and methods which allow three-dimensional reconstruction of specimens. Multidimensional Microscopy will be of interest to cell biologists, microscopists, and basic biomedical researchers whose work involves microscopic techniques. This book presents current results on a very active field in modern biology: methods in light and electron microscopy that allow the reconstruction of three-dimensional objects with the aid of computers. The book emphasizes the methods that can be used and examples of biological systems to which they have been applied. It includes extensive descriptions of confocal microscopy and its applications, as well as chapters on X-ray microscopy, low-voltage electron microscopy, and image reconstruction. This is an impressive summary of state-of-the-art methods in microscopy, in which microscopes and computers are being joined to permit specimens to be examined and reconstructed in three dimensions. Will be of interest to cell biologists, biomedical researchers, and microscopists.