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Book WHEN BRAINS COLLIDE

Download or read book WHEN BRAINS COLLIDE written by Michael D. Lewis MD and published by Lioncrest Publishing. This book was released on 2016-09-24 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is nearly a 20% chance that you or someone close to you will suffer a concussion this year. Whether they are in a car accident, fall off their bike, or suffer a helmet-to-helmet hit at football practice, over 30% of such concussions will lead to long-term, potentially permanent disability. Even worse, many of these concussions are mild and go unnoticed and untreated. However, whether you are a concerned parent or an athlete worried about that recent or long-ago head injury, there is good news. The proper utilization of Omega-3 fatty acids and their nutritional potential to feed and cultivate the brain's biochemical environment can facilitate the concussion healing process, relieve symptoms without pharmaceuticals, and increase the chance for a happy and healthy future. Culminating a career spanning over three decades in the U.S. Army, Dr. Michael Lewis developed The Omega-3 Protocol, the military-grade brain injury treatment process for dealing with the concussive dangers of everyday life. Concussions are not always preventable, but they are treatable. Find out how to give yourself or your loved one the best chance at recovery from brain injuries-large or small-by learning everything about, and becoming ready to apply, The Omega-3 Protocol today.

Book Traumatic Brain Injury

Download or read book Traumatic Brain Injury written by Connie Goldsmith and published by Twenty-First Century Books. This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two soccer players collide on the field. A soldier in Afghanistan is thrown to the ground during a bomb explosion. A teen has an accident while riding her bike—and she isn't wearing her helmet. Each of these incidents can produce a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Of the 1.7 million Americans officially diagnosed with TBI each year, 52,000 die from their injuries. And that doesn't count all the unreported TBIs, which experts estimate range from about two to four million more incidents. TBIs range from concussions to penetrating head injuries to life-threatening brain swelling and coma. And they have countless causes: war, sports, car and motorcycle accidents, falls, and physical violence. The aftereffects can be devastating, including compromised memory and concentration, loss of hearing, physical disabilities, depression, brain disorders, and, in the worst-case scenario, death. Find out about the different types of TBIs, what causes them, and how they are diagnosed and treated. Along the way, you'll learn about National Hockey League player Derek Boogaard and U.S. Representative Gabby Giffords, both of whom sustained TBIs, with dramatically different outcomes. You'll also meet teens and young adults living with TBIs and the doctors who treat them. And you'll learn about amazing medical technologies that help victims recover and promise hope for the future.

Book Sports Related Concussions in Youth

Download or read book Sports Related Concussions in Youth written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-02-04 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past decade, few subjects at the intersection of medicine and sports have generated as much public interest as sports-related concussions - especially among youth. Despite growing awareness of sports-related concussions and campaigns to educate athletes, coaches, physicians, and parents of young athletes about concussion recognition and management, confusion and controversy persist in many areas. Currently, diagnosis is based primarily on the symptoms reported by the individual rather than on objective diagnostic markers, and there is little empirical evidence for the optimal degree and duration of physical rest needed to promote recovery or the best timing and approach for returning to full physical activity. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture reviews the science of sports-related concussions in youth from elementary school through young adulthood, as well as in military personnel and their dependents. This report recommends actions that can be taken by a range of audiences - including research funding agencies, legislatures, state and school superintendents and athletic directors, military organizations, and equipment manufacturers, as well as youth who participate in sports and their parents - to improve what is known about concussions and to reduce their occurrence. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth finds that while some studies provide useful information, much remains unknown about the extent of concussions in youth; how to diagnose, manage, and prevent concussions; and the short- and long-term consequences of concussions as well as repetitive head impacts that do not result in concussion symptoms. The culture of sports negatively influences athletes' self-reporting of concussion symptoms and their adherence to return-to-play guidance. Athletes, their teammates, and, in some cases, coaches and parents may not fully appreciate the health threats posed by concussions. Similarly, military recruits are immersed in a culture that includes devotion to duty and service before self, and the critical nature of concussions may often go unheeded. According to Sports-Related Concussions in Youth, if the youth sports community can adopt the belief that concussions are serious injuries and emphasize care for players with concussions until they are fully recovered, then the culture in which these athletes perform and compete will become much safer. Improving understanding of the extent, causes, effects, and prevention of sports-related concussions is vitally important for the health and well-being of youth athletes. The findings and recommendations in this report set a direction for research to reach this goal.

Book The Distracted Mind

    Book Details:
  • Author : Adam Gazzaley
  • Publisher : MIT Press
  • Release : 2017-10-27
  • ISBN : 0262534436
  • Pages : 303 pages

Download or read book The Distracted Mind written by Adam Gazzaley and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-10-27 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A “brilliant and practical” study of why our brains aren’t built for media multitasking—and how we can learn to live with technology in a more balanced way (Jack Kornfield, author of The Wise Heart) Most of us will freely admit that we are obsessed with our devices. We pride ourselves on our ability to multitask—read work email, reply to a text, check Facebook, watch a video clip. Talk on the phone, send a text, drive a car. Enjoy family dinner with a glowing smartphone next to our plates. We can do it all, 24/7! Never mind the errors in the email, the near-miss on the road, and the unheard conversation at the table. In The Distracted Mind, Adam Gazzaley and Larry Rosen—a neuroscientist and a psychologist—explain why our brains aren't built for multitasking, and suggest better ways to live in a high-tech world without giving up our modern technology. The authors explain that our brains are limited in their ability to pay attention. We don't really multitask but rather switch rapidly between tasks. Distractions and interruptions, often technology-related—referred to by the authors as “interference”—collide with our goal-setting abilities. We want to finish this paper/spreadsheet/sentence, but our phone signals an incoming message and we drop everything. Even without an alert, we decide that we “must” check in on social media immediately. Gazzaley and Rosen offer practical strategies, backed by science, to fight distraction. We can change our brains with meditation, video games, and physical exercise; we can change our behavior by planning our accessibility and recognizing our anxiety about being out of touch even briefly. They don't suggest that we give up our devices, but that we use them in a more balanced way.

Book Tales from the Blast Factory

Download or read book Tales from the Blast Factory written by Adam Marr and published by Morgan James Publishing. This book was released on 2017-08-01 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A veteran tells his story of suffering from traumatic brain injury—and finally finding relief. Former Green Beret Andrew Marr served multiple tours of duty in Afghanistan—incurring dozens of traumatic brain injuries. It just about destroyed him and his family, and almost cost him his life. After the military medical establishment repeatedly failed him, Marr called upon the initiative and determination that had served him as a warrior—and eventually triumphed with the help of an innovative doctor. As thousands of veterans, athletes, accident victims, and other TBI sufferers wallow in the wake of inadequate treatment—and in many tragic cases, turn to suicide—this book offers new hope and explains the science behind this very specific kind of healing, and why conventional protocols fail. “Takes us from the battlefields of Afghanistan to Andrew’s unrelenting battle to be whole again . . . a raw reminder that even in a brain injured state, the mind can clearly triumph.” —Joe Rogan

Book When Worlds Collide

Download or read book When Worlds Collide written by Edwin Balmer and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientists are building rocket ships for a chosen few to escape planets hurtling toward each other on a direct collision course, leaks out touching off a savage struggle for survival.

Book Recovering from Your Car Accident

Download or read book Recovering from Your Car Accident written by Dr. James F. Zender and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2020-10-30 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Road traffic injuries are a neglected global pandemic. Up to 50 million people a year worldwide are injured or disabled in car accidents. The deleterious impact on the global economy is immense. Thousands of those injured die of opiate overdoses, trying to deal with chronic pain. The post-accident life of a survivor is all too often devastated by spinal or severe orthopedic injuries, depression, anxiety, PTSD, sleep disturbances, mild episodic or chronic pain, and/or a traumatic brain injury that can cause personality changes, cognitive and memory impairments, and debilitating fatigue. A substantially reduced quality of life with career changes and setbacks, broken and overstressed relationships, and financial hardships that continue for many years, often ensue. First Responders, healthcare providers, the survivors’ community and to the largest degree, the survivors’ family, are forced to deal with the staggering impacts. Auto accidents can dramatically alter lives, forever. Where do survivors and their families go for help? How do survivors heal and get their lives back? Everyone is desperate for hope and evidence-based solutions to manage disabling conditions and ultimately reclaim their lives. Thisis the first book to offer comprehensive, evidence-based information to both the survivors and their caregivers on understanding, managing, and healing physical and emotional traumas sustained in auto accidents. Based on James Zender's more than fifteen years’ experience as a clinical psychologist specializing in auto-accident trauma care, Recovering From Your Car Accident leads survivors and their families through the extensive process of emotional and physical recovery. With empathy and compassion, Dr. Zender explains how to conquer the multitude of challenges that often result from auto accidents, including managing pain, depression, and anxiety, addressing concerns about the future and finances, personality changes, emotional and cognitive dysfunction, post-traumatic stress, traumatic brain injury, and strained personal relationships. Through stories recounted by Dr. Zender's patients, survivors will learn that they are not alone and that there is hope for a better tomorrow. Policymakers will gain insight into accident prevention and will be inspired to implement policy improvements to better meet the needs of the auto accident community. Helpful tips throughout this book and a resource section featuring the best online and community support options will aid survivors and their families with rehabilitation. Recovering from Your Car Accident willassist survivors with rebuilding their lives and discovering new ways to thrive.

Book Black and White Thinking

Download or read book Black and White Thinking written by Kevin Dutton and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This book was released on 2021-01-05 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking and timely book about how evolutionary biology can explain our black-and-white brains, and a lesson in how we can escape the pitfalls of binary thinking. Several million years ago, natural selection equipped us with binary, black-and-white brains. Though the world was arguably simpler back then, it was in many ways much more dangerous. Not coincidentally, the binary brain was highly adept at detecting risk: the ability to analyze threats and respond to changes in the sensory environment—a drop in temperature, the crack of a branch—was essential to our survival as a species. Since then, the world has evolved—but we, for the most part, haven’t. Confronted with a panoply of shades of gray, our brains have a tendency to “force quit:” to sort the things we see, hear, and experience into manageable but simplistic categories. We stereotype, pigeon-hole, and, above all, draw lines where in reality there are none. In our modern, interconnected world, it might seem like we are ill-equipped to deal with the challenges we face—that living with a binary brain is like trying to navigate a teeming city center with a map that shows only highways. In Black-and-White Thinking, the renowned psychologist Kevin Dutton pulls back the curtains of the mind to reveal a new way of thinking about a problem as old as humanity itself. While our instinct for categorization often leads us astray, encouraging polarization, rigid thinking, and sometimes outright denialism, it is an essential component of the mental machinery we use to make sense of the world. Simply put, unless we perceived our environment as a chessboard, our brains wouldn’t be able to play the game. Using the latest advances in psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology, Dutton shows how we can optimize our tendency to categorize and fine-tune our minds to avoid the pitfalls of too little, and too much, complexity. He reveals the enduring importance of three “super categories”—fight or flight, us versus them, and right or wrong—and argues that they remain essential to not only convincing others to change their minds but to changing the world for the better. Black-and-White Thinking is a scientifically informed wake-up call for an era of increasing extremism and a thought-provoking, uplifting guide to training our gray matter to see that gray really does matter.

Book Game Change

Download or read book Game Change written by Ken Dryden and published by Signal. This book was released on 2017-10-17 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shortlisted for the BC National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction A Globe and Mail Best Book From the bestselling author and Hall of Famer Ken Dryden, this is the story of NHLer Steve Montador—who was diagnosed with CTE after his death in 2015—the remarkable evolution of hockey itself, and a passionate prescriptive to counter its greatest risk in the future: head injuries. Ken Dryden’s The Game is acknowledged as the best book about hockey, and one of the best books about sports ever written. Then came Home Game (with Roy MacGregor), also a major TV-series, in which he explored hockey’s significance and what it means to Canada and Canadians. Now, in his most powerful and important book yet, Game Change, Ken Dryden tells the riveting story of one player’s life, examines the intersection between science and sport, and expertly documents the progression of the game of hockey—where it began, how it got to where it is, where it can go from here and, just as exciting to play and watch, how it can get there.

Book Emergence

    Book Details:
  • Author : Steven Johnson
  • Publisher : Simon and Schuster
  • Release : 2012-09-11
  • ISBN : 0743218264
  • Pages : 288 pages

Download or read book Emergence written by Steven Johnson and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-09-11 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the tradition of Being Digital and The Tipping Point, Steven Johnson, acclaimed as a "cultural critic with a poet's heart" (The Village Voice), takes readers on an eye-opening journey through emergence theory and its applications. A NEW YORK TIMES NOTABLE BOOK A VOICE LITERARY SUPPLEMENT TOP 25 FAVORITE BOOKS OF THE YEAR AN ESQUIRE MAGAZINE BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR Explaining why the whole is sometimes smarter than the sum of its parts, Johnson presents surprising examples of feedback, self-organization, and adaptive learning. How does a lively neighborhood evolve out of a disconnected group of shopkeepers, bartenders, and real estate developers? How does a media event take on a life of its own? How will new software programs create an intelligent World Wide Web? In the coming years, the power of self-organization -- coupled with the connective technology of the Internet -- will usher in a revolution every bit as significant as the introduction of electricity. Provocative and engaging, Emergence puts you on the front lines of this exciting upheaval in science and thought.

Book When Stars Collide

    Book Details:
  • Author : Susan Elizabeth Phillips
  • Publisher : HarperCollins
  • Release : 2021-06-29
  • ISBN : 006297310X
  • Pages : 384 pages

Download or read book When Stars Collide written by Susan Elizabeth Phillips and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2021-06-29 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 New York Times bestseller Susan Elizabeth Phillips returns to her beloved Chicago Stars series with a romance between a Chicago Stars quarterback and one of the world’s greatest opera singers—and a major diva. “Re-entering the world of the Chicago Stars is like a beloved friend come to call.” — #1 New York Times bestselling author Robyn Carr Thaddeus Walker Bowman Owens, the backup quarterback for the Chicago Stars, is a team player, talented sideline coach, occasional male underwear model, and a man with a low tolerance for Divas. Olivia Shore, international opera superstar, is a driven diva with a passion for perfection, a craving for justice, too many secrets—and a monumental grudge against the egotistical, lowbrow jock she’s been stuck with. It’s Mozart meets Monday Night Football as the temperamental soprano and stubborn jock embark on a nationwide tour promoting a luxury watch brand. Along the way, the combatants will engage in soul-searching and trash talk, backstage drama and, for sure, a quarterback pass. But they’ll also face trouble as threatening letters, haunting photographs, and a series of dangerous encounters complicate their lives. Is it the work of an overzealous fan or something more sinister? This is the emotional journey of a brilliant woman whose career is everything and a talented man who’ll never be happy with second place. Tender and funny, passionate and insightful, this irresistible romantic adventure proves that anything can happen…when two superstars collide.

Book Love on the Brain

    Book Details:
  • Author : Ali Hazelwood
  • Publisher : Penguin
  • Release : 2022-08-23
  • ISBN : 0593336852
  • Pages : 369 pages

Download or read book Love on the Brain written by Ali Hazelwood and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2022-08-23 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An Instant New York Times Bestseller A #1 LibraryReads and Indie Next Pick! From the New York Times bestselling author of The Love Hypothesis comes a new STEMinist rom-com in which a scientist is forced to work on a project with her nemesis—with explosive results. Like an avenging, purple-haired Jedi bringing balance to the mansplained universe, Bee Königswasser lives by a simple code: What would Marie Curie do? If NASA offered her the lead on a neuroengineering project—a literal dream come true after years scraping by on the crumbs of academia—Marie would accept without hesitation. Duh. But the mother of modern physics never had to co-lead with Levi Ward. Sure, Levi is attractive in a tall, dark, and piercing-eyes kind of way. And sure, he caught her in his powerfully corded arms like a romance novel hero when she accidentally damseled in distress on her first day in the lab. But Levi made his feelings toward Bee very clear in grad school—archenemies work best employed in their own galaxies far, far away. Now, her equipment is missing, the staff is ignoring her, and Bee finds her floundering career in somewhat of a pickle. Perhaps it’s her occipital cortex playing tricks on her, but Bee could swear she can see Levi softening into an ally, backing her plays, seconding her ideas…devouring her with those eyes. And the possibilities have all her neurons firing. But when it comes time to actually make a move and put her heart on the line, there’s only one question that matters: What will Bee Königswasser do?

Book Smarter Tomorrow

    Book Details:
  • Author : Elizabeth R. Ricker
  • Publisher : Little, Brown Spark
  • Release : 2021-08-17
  • ISBN : 0316535087
  • Pages : 352 pages

Download or read book Smarter Tomorrow written by Elizabeth R. Ricker and published by Little, Brown Spark. This book was released on 2021-08-17 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What if you could upgrade your brain in 15 minutes a day? Let Elizabeth Ricker, an MIT and Harvard-trained brain researcher turned Silicon Valley technologist, show you how. Join Ricker on a wild and edifying romp through the cutting-edge world of neuroscience and biohacking. You'll encounter Olympic athletes, a game show contestant, a memory marvel, a famous CEO, and scientists galore. From Ricker’s decade-long quest, you will learn: ● The brain-based reason so many self-improvement projects fail . . . But how a little-known secret of Nobel Prize winning scientists could finally unlock success ● Which four abilities—both cognitive and emotional—can predict success in work and relationships . . . and a new system for improving all four ● Which seven research-tested tools can supercharge mental performance. They range from low-tech (a surprising new mindset) to downright futuristic (an electrical device for at-home brain stimulation) Best of all, you will learn to upgrade your brain with Ricker’s 20 customizable self-experiments and a sample, 12-week schedule. Ricker distills insights from dozens of interviews and hundreds of research studies from around the world. She tests almost everything on herself, whether it’s nicotine, video games, meditation, or a little-known beverage from the Pacific islands. Some experiments fail hilariously—but others transform her cognition. She is able to sharpen her memory, increase her attention span, boost her mood, and clear her brain fog. By following Ricker’s system, you’ll uncover your own boosts to mental performance, too. Join a growing, global movement of neurohackers revolutionizing their careers and relationships. Let this book change 15 minutes of your day, and it may just change the rest of your life!

Book Brain Neurotrauma

    Book Details:
  • Author : Firas H. Kobeissy
  • Publisher : CRC Press
  • Release : 2015-02-25
  • ISBN : 1466565993
  • Pages : 718 pages

Download or read book Brain Neurotrauma written by Firas H. Kobeissy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-02-25 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the contribution from more than one hundred CNS neurotrauma experts, this book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account on the latest developments in the area of neurotrauma including biomarker studies, experimental models, diagnostic methods, and neurotherapeutic intervention strategies in brain injury research. It discusses neurotrauma mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and neurocognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Also included are medical interventions and recent neurotherapeutics used in the area of brain injury that have been translated to the area of rehabilitation research. In addition, a section is devoted to models of milder CNS injury, including sports injuries.

Book Back in the Game

    Book Details:
  • Author : Jeffrey S. Kutcher
  • Publisher : Oxford University Press
  • Release : 2017
  • ISBN : 0190226609
  • Pages : 273 pages

Download or read book Back in the Game written by Jeffrey S. Kutcher and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The word concussion was unheard of in youth sports a decade ago. The injury was indeed occurring, but youth athletes were often told to "shake it off" after "getting their bell rung". Science and increased awareness about concussion and brain health have transformed the way youth parents, coaches, and players pursue athletics. Fear of incurring concussions, as well as incomplete or incorrect information, is leading some parents to keep their children out of contact sports, such as football and soccer, where concussion is more prevalent. Back in the Game: Why Concussion Doesn't Have to End Your Athletic Career does not dwell on perpetuating fears but, rather, provides the most up-to-date understanding of the condition. This is a real-world discussion of what science and medicine know, what parents and coaches need to understand about concussion, evaluation and treatment, and what possible post-concussive issues exist. The expertise and experiences of noted sports neurologist Jeffrey S. Kutcher, MD, along with reporting and interviews by award-winning sports journalist Joanne C. Gerstner, make this book a timely, relevant, and real discussion about concussions in youth sports. Athletes and professional coaches who have participated in the formation of this book include two-time Olympic gold medalist soccer player Kate Markgraf, former NHL/Team Canada head coach Andy Murray, champion X-Games snowboarder Ellery Hollingsworth, along with an array of youth parents, coaches, and athletes from across the country.

Book This is Your Brain on Sports

Download or read book This is Your Brain on Sports written by L. Jon Wertheim and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The executive editor of "Sports Illustrated" and a psychologist join forces to examine the behavior of those involved in professional sports, explaining how athletes can successfully put aside personal trauma on game day and why people love to root for aloser.

Book The Brain

    Book Details:
  • Author : Jean-Pierre Changeux
  • Publisher : Routledge
  • Release : 2017-11-30
  • ISBN : 1351305182
  • Pages : 291 pages

Download or read book The Brain written by Jean-Pierre Changeux and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the vastly exciting areas in modern science involves the study of the brain. Recent research focuses not only on how the brain works but how it is related to what we normally call the mind, and throws new light on human behavior. Progress has been made in researching all that relates to interior man, why he thinks and feels as he does, what values he chooses to adopt, and what practices to scorn. All of these attributes make us human and help to explain art, philosophy, and religions. Motion, sight, and memory, as well as emotions and the sentiments common to humans, are all given new meaning by what we have learned about the brain. In an introductory essay, Vernon B. Mountcastle traces the progress made in brain science during this century. Gerald M. Edelman touches upon features of the brain that challenge the picture of the brain as a machine. Semir Zeki discusses artists and artistic expression as an extension of the function of the brain. Richard S. J. Frackowiak probes the functional architecture of the brain. Mark F. Bear and Leon N Cooper explore whether complex neural systems can be illuminated by theoretical structures. Jean-Pierre Changeux sheds light on the knowledge gained in recent years concerning the neurobiology and pharmacology of drug action and addiction. Alexander A. Borbuly and Giulio Tononi ponder the quest for the essence of sleep, illuminating its complex dynamic process. George L. Gabor Miklos examines variations in neuroanatomies and sensory systems between individuals of the same species as well as variations across the evolutionary spectrum. Emilio Bizzi and Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi explain how scientists have approached the study of movement, the problems encountered, and the solutions proposed. Marcel Kinsbourne explores the unity and diversity in the human brain. In the concluding essay, Andy Clark points to recent work in neuroscience, robotics, and psychology that stresses the unexpected intimacy of brain, body, and world, supporting his belief that the mind is best understood as a brain at home in its proper bodily cultural and environmental niche. The breadth and scope of subjects covered in this volume attest to the extraordinary progress taking place in the study of the brain. This brilliant collection of essays by those at the forefront of research in this area will be of interest to all those interested in human behavior. Gerald M. Edelman is director of the Neurosciences Institute and chairman of the Department of Neurobiology at the Scripps Research Institute. Jean-Pierre Changeux is professor at the Collbge de France and the Institute Pasteur.