Download or read book Wet dry Cooling Systems for Fossil fueled Power Plants written by M. C. Hu and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The technical and economic feasibilities of wet/dry cooling towers for water conservation and vapor plume abatement are studied. Results of cost optimizations of wet/dry cooling for 1000-MWe fossil-fueled power plants are presented. Six sites (five in the western coal region and one in New York) are evaluated for water conservation, and four urban sites (Seattle, Cleveland, Newark, and Charlottle) are used in the plume abatement analyses. Results are given as the total evaluated cost (TEC) of the cooling system. Separate cost ccomponents include initial capital cost, operating expenses and penalties for the cooling system operation over a plant life of forty years. The plant start-up date is 1985. For the water conservation analyses, optimized wet and dry cooing towers are the reference systems. The wet/dry system has separated wet and dry mechanical draft towers. Costs are related to the make-up water requirement expressed as a percentage of the water required by a wet system. Parametric and sensitivity analyses show the effect of changing the system design and economic factors. A parallel air-flow hybrid wet/dry tower is used in the plume abatement studies. Costs are presented for an allowable number of hours of fogging. A wet system, optimized solely for cost, serves as the reference.

Download or read book Economics of the Use of Surface Condensers with Dry type Cooling Systems for Fossil fueled and Nuclear Generating Plants written by John Paul Rossie and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Dry and Wet dry Cooling Towers for Power Plants written by Ralph L. Webb and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Computer Optimization of Dry and Wet dry Cooling Tower Systems for Large Fossil and Nuclear Power Plants written by Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Energy Laboratory and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effect of Alternate Cooling Systems and Beneficial Use of Waste Heat on Power Plant Performance written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The performance and cost of alternate closed-cycle cooling systems for steam--electric power plants are discussed. Included are cooling ponds, spray canals and mechanical- and natural-draft wet cooling towers. Besides equipment, operational and maintenance costs, loss of generating capacity is determined on a seasonal basis in order to determine life-cycle costs relative to once-through cooling. In addition, two beneficial uses of waste heat are similarly analyzed: once-through discharge of condenser coolant into a municipal water supply and interaction of a conventional cooling system with a wastewater treatment plant. Both typical nuclear- and fossil-fueled power plants are considered throughout. Meteorological and system parameters were taken for the Chicago area as an example. Plant heat rates, availability and unit costs were selected from the literature. A new unified analysis of closed-cycle-cooling system performance is developed in order to facilitate computation of loss of generating capacity. The order of cooling systems in terms of increasing cost is: once-through, pond, natural-draft wet tower, spray canal and mechanical-draft wet tower. Alternatively, once-through discharge into a municipal water supply would save 1 to 2% of power-plant fuel and 14 to 22% of residential water-heater energy. Or, the interactive wastewater plant would save 2 to 15% of treatment costs, favoring larger facilities.

Download or read book Research on Dry type Cooling Towers for Thermal Electric Generation written by John Paul Rossie and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy Penalty Analysis of Possible Cooling Water Intake Structurerequirements on Existing Coal fired Power Plants written by D. N. Smith and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act requires that cooling water intake structures must reflect the best technology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact. Many existing power plants in the United States utilize once-through cooling systems to condense steam. Once-through systems withdraw large volumes (often hundreds of millions of gallons per day) of water from surface water bodies. As the water is withdrawn, fish and other aquatic organisms can be trapped against the screens or other parts of the intake structure (impingement) or if small enough, can pass through the intake structure and be transported through the cooling system to the condenser (entrainment). Both of these processes can injure or kill the organisms. EPA adopted 316(b) regulations for new facilities (Phase I) on December 18, 2001. Under the final rule, most new facilities could be expected to install recirculating cooling systems, primarily wet cooling towers. The EPA Administrator signed proposed 316(b) regulations for existing facilities (Phase II) on February 28, 2002. The lead option in this proposal would allow most existing facilities to achieve compliance without requiring them to convert once-through cooling systems to recirculating systems. However, one of the alternate options being proposed would require recirculating cooling in selected plants. EPA is considering various options to determine best technology available. Among the options under consideration are wet-cooling towers and dry-cooling towers. Both types of towers are considered to be part of recirculating cooling systems, in which the cooling water is continuously recycled from the condenser, where it absorbs heat by cooling and condensing steam, to the tower, where it rejects heat to the atmosphere before returning to the condenser. Some water is lost to evaporation (wet tower only) and other water is removed from the recirculating system as a blow down stream to control the building up of suspended and dissolved solids. Makeup water is withdrawn, usually from surface water bodies, to replace the lost water. The volume of makeup water is many times smaller than the volume needed to operate a once-through system. Although neither the final new facility rule nor the proposed existing facility rule require dry cooling towers as the national best technology available, the environmental community and several States have supported the use of dry-cooling technology as the appropriate technology for addressing adverse environmental impacts. It is possible that the requirements included in the new facility rule and the ongoing push for dry cooling systems by some stakeholders may have a role in shaping the rule for existing facilities. The temperature of the cooling water entering the condenser affects the performance of the turbine--the cooler the temperature, the better the performance. This is because the cooling water temperature affects the level of vacuum at the discharge of the steam turbine. As cooling water temperatures decrease, a higher vacuum can be produced and additional energy can be extracted. On an annual average, once-through cooling water has a lower temperature than recirculated water from a cooling tower. By switching a once-through cooling system to a cooling tower, less energy can be generated by the power plant from the same amount of fuel. This reduction in energy output is known as the energy penalty. If a switch away from once-through cooling is broadly implemented through a final 316(b) rule or other regulatory initiatives, the energy penalty could result in adverse effects on energy supplies. Therefore, in accordance with the recommendations of the Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group (better known as the May 2001 National Energy Policy), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through its Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), has studied the energy penalty resulting from converting plants with once-through cooling to wet towers or indirect-dry towers. Five locations--Delaware River Basin (Philadelphia), Michigan/Great Lakes (Detroit), Ohio River Valley (Indianapolis), South (Atlanta), and Southwest (Yuma)--were modeled using an ASPEN simulator model. The model evaluated the performance and energy penalty for hypothetical 400-MW coal-fired plants that were retrofitted from using once-through cooling systems to wet- and dry-recirculating systems. The modeling was initially done to simulate the hottest time of the year using temperature input values that are exceeded only 1 percent of the time between June through September at each modeled location. These are the same temperature inputs commonly used by cooling tower designers to ensure that towers perform properly under most climatic conditions.

Download or read book Report of the Visit of the United States of America Delegation of the U S U S S R Coordinating Committee on Scientific Technical Cooperation in the Field of Thermal Power Plant Heat Detection Systems to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics November 11 21 1978 written by John Wilson Neal and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book User s Guide for the BNW III Optimization Code for Modular Dry wet cooled Power Plants written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This user's guide describes BNW-III, a computer code developed by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) as part of the Dry Cooling Enhancement Program sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE). The BNW-III code models a modular dry/wet cooling system for a nuclear or fossil fuel power plant. The purpose of this guide is to give the code user a brief description of what the BNW-III code is and how to use it. It describes the cooling system being modeled and the various models used. A detailed description of code input and code output is also included. The BNW-III code was developed to analyze a specific cooling system layout. However, there is a large degree of freedom in the type of cooling modules that can be selected and in the performance of those modules. The costs of the modules are input to the code, giving the user a great deal of flexibility.

Download or read book Electric Power and Thermal Discharges written by Merril Eisenbud and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Perspective on Use of Fresh Water for Cooling Systems of Thermoelectric Powerplants in Florida written by Gilbert H. Hughes and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Large Scale Solar Thermal Power written by Werner Vogel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-03-30 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important contribution to the issue of renewable energy describes the technical and economical requirements of mass-produced solar thermal power plants, from the different types of power plants to the development needs and a massive development program. The authors - renowned and experienced experts in the field - show that solar thermal power plants, because of their simple technology, are easy to build with high production rates and therefore can play a substantial role in the rapid substitution of fossil fuels. On the basis of solar thermal power (using long distance transmission) and coal from substituted coal plants, a future energy system is described supplying gas and liquid fuels. This is the first discussion of a complete concept, of a crash-strategy, for the partial replacement of oil and natural gas.

Download or read book Arthur Kill Fossil Fueled Power Plant Permit written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Overview of Issues Affecting the Demand for Dry and Wet dry Cooling for Thermal Power Plants written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Dry Cooling Enhancement Program was initiated to: develop economic and performance models for cost optimization of total heat rejection systems using dry and dry/wet cooling; analyze and disseminate operating experience on existing dry-cooled plant performance; and demonstrate certain features of existing technology equipment to provide confidence for specification by utilities. The ultimate objective was to promote water conservation through industry use of dry cooling by developing and demonstrating the reliability of lower-cost systems. The economic, legal, and water availability factors that will contribute to future selection of dry and wet/dry cooling and thus influence the projected market for these types of cooling systems in the next 20 years are considered.

Download or read book Fossil Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Wet dry Cooling and Cooling Tower Blowdown Disposal in Synthetic Fuel and Steam electric Power Plants written by Harris Gold and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Comparative Cost Study of Four Wet dry Cooling Concepts that Use Ammonia as the Intermediate Heat Exchange Fluid written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The projected costs of five alternative wet/dry power plant heat rejection concepts were studied under conditions imposed by hypothetical use in association with the San Juan Unit 3 plant, a fossil-fuel 550-MWe facility currently under construction near the ''Four Corners'' area of New Mexico. Four of the cooling systems use ammonia as a heat transfer medium between the steam condenser and the heat rejection tower, while the fifth uses the condenser cooling water for heat transport. The four alternative concepts were: the HOTERV plate fin with deluge augmented cooling (vertical round towers); the HOTERV plate fin with deluge augmented cooling (horizontal configuration); the separate channel augmented tower (SCAT); a Curtiss-Wright extruded tube with integral fins, augmented with water flowing internally through separate channels, and the augmenting ammonia condenser (AAC); Curtiss-Wright tube augmented with a separate water-cooled condenser close-coupled to a conventional wet tower. The state-of-the-art method was the integrated wet/dry tower currently being constructed at the San Juan Unit 3 station. The comparable capital cost of each of the five concepts was calculated. Fuel savings resulting from using each of the advanced concepts vis-a-vis the reference integrated wet-dry cooling towers, expressed in barrels of oil per year, were calculated. The study indicates that the ammonia system with either the deluge scheme for wet/dry cooling, using the HOTERV plate fin heat exchange, or the Curtiss-Wright chipped-fin surface, (using either the SCAT arrangement or the separate water-cooled ammonia condenser for augmentation) are potentially more cost-effective than the state-of-the-art system for use in a power plant heat rejection system. This has been shown specifically only under conditions imposed by the site at the San Juan plant.