Download or read book Wartime Rape Sexual Terrorism in the Eastern Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo written by Stefan Kirchner and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2008-11-17 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Document from the year 2008 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV) , language: English, abstract: About 5.4 million people have been killed in the wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C.), the former Zaire. 45,000 die every month and hundreds of thousands of women have been raped here in recent years. Wartime rapes are anything but new and have been employed not only to terrorize the population but also as weapon of genocide in Rwanda, Bosnia and Darfur. The Eastern Congolese provinces of North and South Kivu have been affected by particular gruesome acts of violence and thousands of victims suffer from rape-induced fistulae, ruptures of the walls which separate the victim's vagina from her rectum. According to UN staff and doctors in the region, all armed groups in the region are involved in rapes and despite the 2002 Pretoria Accord which put an official end to the war, attacks and rapes continue to this very day. Many survivors are forced out of their homes and their families abandoned and left to fend for themselves. Therefore, apart from medical treatment and psychological counseling, there is a strong demand for justice. But due to the weak position of women in Congolese society, justice is much harder to get by than medical treatment. Although the Congolese Penal Code and Military Penal Code penalize these crimes, the reaction by the Congolese government to the atrocities remains insufficient, making a solution based on Congolese criminal law unlikely. The practical application of the D.R.C.'s domestic laws is found wanting and the law does not have the deterrent effect which is required to prevent future atrocities, also due to the traditional position of women in Congolese society continues to be reflected in the law: According to Art. 448 of the D.R.C.'s family code, a married woman has to obtain her husband's permission to bring a case to court – which provides a major obstacle on the road to justice. This book deals with the multidimensional aspects of the problem, which range from medicine and psychology to social issues and the quest for justice. In the latter part we will examine not only the background by looking at relevant rules of International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law but also look at legal responses to these crimes both on a national level in the D.R.C. as well as on an international level and with the question of how justice can be achieved for rape victims in a country ravaged by war in which women continue to be second class citizens.
Download or read book Sexual Violence in Conflict Zones written by Elizabeth D. Heineman and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2011-04-15 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1990s, sexual violence in conflict zones has received much media attention. In large part as a result of grassroots feminist organizing in the 1970s and 1980s, mass rapes in the wars in the former Yugoslavia and during the Rwandan genocide received widespread coverage, and international organizations—from courts to NGOs to the UN—have engaged in systematic efforts to hold perpetrators accountable and to ameliorate the effects of wartime sexual violence. Yet many millennia of conflict preceded these developments, and we know little about the longer-term history of conflict-based sexual violence. Sexual Violence in Conflict Zones helps to fill in the historical gaps. It provides insight into subjects that are of deep concern to the human rights community, such as the aftermath of conflict-based sexual violence, legal strategies for prosecuting it, the economic functions of sexual violence, and the ways perceived religious or racial difference can create or aggravate settings of sexual danger. Essays in the volume span a broad geographic, chronological, and thematic scope, touching on the ancient world, medieval Europe, the American Revolutionary War, precolonial and colonial Africa, Muslim Central Asia, the two world wars, and the Bangladeshi War of Independence. By considering a wide variety of cases, the contributors analyze the factors making sexual violence in conflict zones more or less likely and the resulting trauma more or less devastating. Topics covered range from the experiences of victims and the motivations of perpetrators, to the relationship between wartime and peacetime sexual violence, to the historical background of the contemporary feminist-inflected human rights moment. In bringing together historical and contemporary perspectives, this wide-ranging collection provides historians and human rights activists with tools for understanding long-term consequences of sexual violence as war-ravaged societies struggle to achieve postconflict stability.
Download or read book Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict written by Janie L. Leatherman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-26 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every year, hundreds of thousands of women become victims of sexual violence in conflict zones around the world; in the Democratic Republic of Congo alone, approximately 1,100 rapes are reported each month. This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the causes, consequences and responses to sexual violence in contemporary armed conflict. It explores the function and effect of wartime sexual violence and examines the conditions that make women and girls most vulnerable to these acts both before, during and after conflict. To understand the motivations of the men (and occasionally women) who perpetrate this violence, the book analyzes the role played by systemic and situational factors such as patriarchy and militarized masculinity. Difficult questions of accountability are tackled; in particular, the case of child soldiers, who often suffer a double victimization when forced to commit sexual atrocities. The book concludes by looking at strategies of prevention and protection as well as new programs being set up on the ground to support the rehabilitation of survivors and their communities. Sexual violence in war has long been a taboo subject but, as this book shows, new and courageous steps are at last being taken Ð at both local and international level - to end what has been called the “greatest silence in history”.
Download or read book Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict written by Megan Bastick and published by Dcaf. This book was released on 2007 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In it's first part, the Global Overview, the report profiles documented conflict-related sexual violence in 51 countries - in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Middle East - that have experienced armed conflict over the past twenty years. The second part of the report, entitled Implications for the Security Sector, explores strategies for security and justice actors to prevent and respond to sexual violence in armed conflict and post-conflict situations"--P. 4 of cover.
Download or read book Countering Sexual Violence in Conflict written by Jamille Bigio and published by Council on Foreign Relations. This book was released on 2017-10-01 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sexual violence in conflict is not simply a gross violation of human rights—it is also a security challenge.
Download or read book Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War written by Maria Eriksson Baaz and published by Zed Books Ltd.. This book was released on 2013-05-09 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All too often in conflict situations, rape is referred to as a 'weapon of war', a term presented as self-explanatory through its implied storyline of gender and warring. In this provocative but much-needed book, Eriksson Baaz and Stern challenge the dominant understandings of sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict settings. Reading with and against feminist analyses of the interconnections between gender, warring, violence and militarization, the authors address many of the thorny issues inherent in the arrival of sexual violence on the global security agenda. Based on original fieldwork in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as research material from other conflict zones, Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War? challenges the recent prominence given to sexual violence, bravely highlighting various problems with isolating sexual violence from other violence in war. A much-anticipated book by two acknowledged experts in the field, on an issue that has become an increasingly important security, legal and gender topic.
Download or read book Cascades of Violence written by John Braithwaite and published by ANU Press. This book was released on 2018-02-01 with total page 707 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As in the cascading of water, violence and nonviolence can cascade down from commanding heights of power (as in waterfalls), up from powerless peripheries, and can undulate to spread horizontally (flowing from one space to another). As with containing water, conflict cannot be contained without asking crucial questions about which variables might cause it to cascade from the top-down, bottom up and from the middle-out. The book shows how violence cascades from state to state. Empirical research has shown that nations with a neighbor at war are more likely to have a civil war themselves (Sambanis 2001). More importantly in the analysis of this book, war cascades from hot spot to hot spot within and between states (Autesserre 2010, 2014). The key to understanding cascades of hot spots is in the interaction between local and macro cleavages and alliances (Kalyvas 2006). The analysis exposes the folly of asking single-level policy questions like do the benefits and costs of a regime change in Iraq justify an invasion? We must also ask what other violence might cascade from an invasion of Iraq? The cascades concept is widespread in the physical and biological sciences with cascades in geology, particle physics and the globalization of contagion. The past two decades has seen prominent and powerful applications of the cascades idea to the social sciences (Sunstein 1997; Gladwell 2000; Sikkink 2011). In his discussion of ethnic violence, James Rosenau (1990) stressed that the image of turbulence developed by mathematicians and physicists could provide an important basis for understanding the idea of bifurcation and related ideas of complexity, chaos, and turbulence in complex systems. He classified the bifurcated systems in contemporary world politics as the multicentric system and the statecentric system. Each of these affects the others in multiple ways, at multiple levels, and in ways that make events enormously hard to predict (Rosenau 1990, 2006). He replaced the idea of events with cascades to describe the event structures that 'gather momentum, stall, reverse course, and resume anew as their repercussions spread among whole systems and subsystems' (1990: 299). Through a detailed analysis of case studies in South Asia, that built on John Braithwaite's twenty-five year project Peacebuilding Compared, and coding of conflicts in different parts of the globe, we expand Rosenau's concept of global turbulence and images of cascades. In the cascades of violence in South Asia, we demonstrate how micro-events such as localized riots, land-grabbing, pervasive militarization and attempts to assassinate political leaders are linked to large scale macro-events of global politics. We argue in order to prevent future conflicts there is a need to understand the relationships between history, structures and agency; interest, values and politics; global and local factors and alliances.
Download or read book Campus Sexual Violence written by Sarah Prior and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-09-27 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Campus Sexual Violence: A State of Institutionalized Sexual Terrorism conceptualizes sexual violence on college campuses as a form of sexual terrorism, arguing that institutional compliance and inaction within the neoliberal university perpetuate a system of sexual terrorism. Using a sexual terrorism framework, the authors examine a myriad of examples of campus sexual violence with an intersectional lens and explore the role of the institution and the influence of neoliberalism in undermining sexual violence prevention efforts. The book utilizes Carole Sheffield’s five components of sexual terrorism (ideology, propaganda, amorality, perceptions of the perpetrator, and voluntary compliance) to describe how the "ivory tower stereotype" and adoption of neoliberal values into education contribute to an environment where victimization is painfully common. Cases such as those from Michigan State University and Baylor University are used as examples to highlight institutional culpability and neoliberal value systems within higher education, as well as illustrating the pervasiveness of rape culture that contributes to a system of sexual terrorism. Crucially, the book focuses on systems of inequality and oppression, and uses an intersectional perspective that recognizes victimization experienced by multiple marginalized groups including women, LGBTQ+, and racially minoritized people. Building on campus violence research and institutional harm research, the authors define campus sexual violence as a serious social problem based in structural inequality and advocate for civic responsibility at the institutional level and the development of institutional advocates. Weaving together theoretical and practical perspectives, the book will be of great interest to students and scholars of sociology, criminal justice, women’s and gender studies, social/political policy, victimology, and education. It will also be of use to those working in higher education administration and other student life and student health professions.
Download or read book Understanding and Proving International Sex Crimes written by Morten Bergsmo and published by Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher. This book was released on 2012-04-25 with total page 918 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "[This anthology] addresses the gap betwen international standard-setting prohibiting international sex crimes and actual accountability for individuals who are responsible for such crimes. The book provides detailed analysis of the legal requirements of international sex crimes and types of fact that can be used to meet these requirements. It includes a unique knowledge-base that digests international case law on such crimes. The anthology also contains several studies of institutional and evidentiary challenges in the prosecution of international sex crimes"--Series pref.
Download or read book Soldiers who Rape Commanders who Condone written by Juliane Kippenberg and published by Human Rights Watch. This book was released on 2009 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), tens of thousands of girls and women have suffered horrific acts of sexual violence. The government army is one of the main perpetrators. Commanders, even when confronted with abuses, have frequently failed to stop sexual violence and may themselves be guilty of war crimes or crimes against humanity as a consequence. In this report, Human Rights Watch looks at sexual violence committed by the army and more specifically the 14th brigade whose case illustrates the failure to enforce respect for humanitarian law. The Congolese government and international agencies have taken some measures to deal with the army's poor human rights record, sometimes as part of broader security sector reform. These efforts have so far seen only limited success. For example, while some foot soldiers have been brought to justice, commanders are usually spared prosecution. To end impunity for the military, the Congolese government should strengthen the weak military justice system; establish clear chains of command, remove army officers with responsibility for past crimes, train military of all ranks on protection of women and girls, and improve pay and living conditions for soldiers. The government should also consider establishing a mixed chamber composed of international and Congolese judges and prosecutors to prosecute military and civilian leaders responsible \ for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including sexual crimes, beyond the few individuals who will be tried by the International Criminal Court.
Download or read book World Report 2019 written by Human Rights Watch and published by Seven Stories Press. This book was released on 2019-02-05 with total page 847 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The best country-by-country assessment of human rights. The human rights records of more than ninety countries and territories are put into perspective in Human Rights Watch's signature yearly report. Reflecting extensive investigative work undertaken by Human Rights Watch staff, in close partnership with domestic human rights activists, the annual World Report is an invaluable resource for journalists, diplomats, and citizens, and is a must-read for anyone interested in the fight to protect human rights in every corner of the globe.
Download or read book The War Within the War written by Joanne Csete and published by Human Rights Watch. This book was released on 2002 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To the United Nations
Download or read book Extracting Accountability from Non State Actors in International Law written by Lee James McConnell and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-11-10 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The human rights of communities in many resource-rich, weak governance States are adversely affected, not only by the acts of States and their agents, but also by powerful non-State actors. Contemporary phenomena such as globalisation, privatisation and the proliferation of internal armed conflict have all contributed to the increasing public influence of these entities and the correlative decline in State power. This book responds to the persistent challenges stemming from non-State actors linked to extractive industries. In light of the intersecting roles of multinational enterprises and non-State armed groups in this context, these actors are adopted as the primary analytical vehicles. The operations of these entities highlight the practical flaws of existing accountability regimes and permit an exploration of the theoretical challenges that preclude their direct legal regulation at the international level. Drawing insights from discursive democracy, compliance theories and the Pure Theory of Law, the book establishes a conceptual foundation for the creation of binding international obligations addressing non-State actors. Responding to the recent calls for a binding business and human rights treaty at the UN Human Rights Council, and the growing influence of armed non-State actors, the book makes a timely contribution to debates surrounding the direction of future developments in the field of international human rights law.
Download or read book Stronger Than Justice written by Angela Muvumba Sellström and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Conflict written by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors focus on the multidimensionality of gender in conflict, yet they also prioritise the experience of women given both the changing nature of war and the historical de-emphasis on women's experiences.
Download or read book The Political Psychology of War Rape written by Inger Skjelsbæk and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-02-13 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a conceptual framework for understanding sexual violence in war, and its impact focussing in particular on the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. It situates Bosnian war-rape in relation to subsequent conflicts; outlines how sexual violence in war can be studied from a political psychological perspective; and examines the effect of war- rape on victims and communities in the aftermath of armed conflict.
Download or read book Freedom in the World 2006 written by Freedom House and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2006 with total page 924 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Freedom in the World, the Freedom House flagship survey whose findings have been published annually since 1972, is the standard-setting comparative assessment of global political rights and civil liberties. The survey ratings and narrative reports on 192 countries and a group of select territories are used by policy makers, the media, international corporations, and civic activists and human rights defenders to monitor trends in democracy and track improvements and setbacks in freedom worldwide. Press accounts of the survey findings appear in hundreds of influential newspapers in the United States and abroad and form the basis of numerous radio and television reports. The Freedom in the World political rights and civil liberties ratings are determined through a multi-layered process of research and evaluation by a team of regional analysts and eminent scholars. The analysts used a broad range of sources of information, including foreign and domestic news reports, academic studies, nongovernmental organizations, think tanks, individual professional contacts, and visits to the region, in conducting their research. The methodology of the survey is derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and these standards are applied to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic or religious composition, or level of economic development.
