Download or read book Vaccine Technologies for Veterinary Viral Diseases written by Alejandro Brun and published by Humana. This book was released on 2022-03-07 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition includes a collection of antigen production and delivery strategies for vaccine development in veterinary species. New and updated chapters guide readers through protocols for antigen production, experimental antigen delivery and the analysis of immune responses upon vaccination. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Vaccine Technologies for Veterinary Viral Diseases: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to be a useful and practical guide to researches to help further their study in this field.
Download or read book Vaccines for Veterinarians E Book written by Ian R Tizard and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both a theoretical text and a practical handbook, Vaccines for Veterinarians is the first of its kind to bring the basic science of animal vaccination and the practical details of vaccine use together in one single volume. From the first chapter on the history of vaccination and the triumph of rinderpest eradication to the last chapter on the rapidly emerging field of cancer vaccines, this book offers a truly comprehensive grounding in established and emerging vaccines for both major and minor species. Specific topics include viral vectored vaccines, DNA-plasmid vaccines, RNA vaccines, reverse vaccinology, the complexities of adjuvant use, vaccine failures and adverse events, vaccine production and regulation, robotic vaccination machines, contraceptive and production-enhancing vaccines, and so much more. At a time when resistance to human vaccination is receiving much publicity, this evidence-based book is the ideal counter to ill-informed speculation — serving as a timely reminder that vaccination is essential for the control of infectious diseases in animals. Well-respected and experienced veterinary author, Ian Tizard, provides expert guidance on the topic of vaccinations and immunology in veterinary medicine. Expert Consult site offers an online version of the book, making it easy to search the entire book electronically. The latest information on viral vectored vaccines keeps you up-to-date on the topic as well as the properties and relative advantages of currently used vectors in animal vaccines. Survey of vaccine responses covers the different mechanisms by which the immune system responds to different types of vaccines. Inclusion of the latest vaccine technologies discusses the advantages and disadvantages of DNA-plasmid vaccines, RNA vaccines, and more. Coverage of adverse events and hypersensitivities includes the best ways to treat them and report them. Coverage of passive immunization discusses the growing use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in veterinary medicine. Coverage of immunotherapy includes recent improvements and new products in both active and passive immunotherapy against animal cancers.
Download or read book Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostics written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-10-27 with total page 875 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of Advances in Veterinary Medicine, derived in part from the First Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostic Conferences, deals with vaccines, an especially active area of veterinary research and controversy.
Download or read book Veterinary Vaccines written by Samia Metwally and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a concise and authoritative reference on the use of vaccines against diseases of livestock Compiled by Senior Animal Health Officers at The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and with contributions from international leading experts, Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications is a concise and authoritative reference featuring easily readable reviews of the latest research in vaccinology and vaccine immune response to pathogens of major economic impact to livestock. It covers advice and recommendations for vaccine production, quality control, and effective vaccination schemes including vaccine selection, specifications, vaccination programs, vaccine handling in the field, application, failures, and assessment of herd protection. In addition, the book presents discussions on the current status and potential future developments of vaccines and vaccination against selected transboundary animal diseases. Provides a clear and comprehensive guide on using veterinary vaccines to protect livestock from diseases Teaches the principles of vaccinology and vaccine immune response Highlights the vaccine production schemes and standards for quality control testing Offers easy-to-read reviews of the most current research on the subject Gives readers advice and recommendations on which vaccination schemes are most effective Discusses the today’s state of vaccines and vaccination against selected transboundary animal diseases as well as possible future developments in the field Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications is an important resource for veterinary practitioners, animal health department officials, vaccine scientists, and veterinary students. It will also be of interest to professional associations and NGO active in livestock industry.
Download or read book Viral Vectors in Veterinary Vaccine Development written by Thiru Vanniasinkam and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-30 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This highly accessible textbook introduces readers to the development of viral vectors and discusses their application in veterinary vaccinology. It offers comprehensive information on the latest advances in this emerging research field, together with a broad overview of the history of veterinary vaccines and viral vectors. The book also addresses issues concerning funding, translational research and ethics that will impact the future development, manufacture and global use of viral vector-based veterinary vaccines. The book addresses the needs of graduate students and researchers in the fields of Veterinary Medicine, Virology and Immunology.
Download or read book Immunology and Vaccination An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice written by Amy Stone and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-02-10 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice focuses on Immunology and Vaccination, with topics including: Recent Advances In Vaccine Technologies; Immune System's Response to Vaccination; Current Vaccine Strategies for Dogs and Cats; Update on Therapeutic Vaccines; Common and Newly Recognized Autoimmune Diseases; Adverse Response to Vaccination; Vaccines in Shelters and Group Settings; Evidence vs Belief in Vaccine Recommendations; Effects of Aging on the Immune Response; and Use of Antibody Titer to Determine the Need for Vaccination.
Download or read book Veterinary Vaccines written by R. Pandey and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vaccines have historically been considered to be the most cost-effective method for preventing communicable diseases. It was a vaccine that enabled global eradication of the dreaded disease smallpox. Mass immunization of children forms the anchor of the strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO) to attain "health for all" status by the year 2000. Vaccinology is undergoing a dimensional change with the advances that have taken place in immunology and genetic engineering. Vaccines that confer short or inadequate immunity or that have side effects are being replaced by better vaccines. New vaccines are being developed for a variety of maladies. Monoclonal antibodies and T cell clones have been employed to delineate the immunodeterminants on microbes, an approach elegantly complemented by computer graphics and molecular imaging techniques. Possibilities have opened for obtaining hitherto scarce antigens of parasites by the DNA recombinant route. Better appreciation of the idiotypic network has aroused research on anti idiotypic vaccines. Solid-phase synthesis of peptides is leading to an array of synthetic vaccines, an approach that is expected to attain its full potential once the sequences activating suppressor cells are discovered and the rules for presentation of antigens to T and B cells are better worked out. A new breed of vaccines is on the horizon that seeks to control fertility. Originally conceived to intercept a step in the reproductive process, they are conceptual models for developing approaches to regulate the body's internal processes.
Download or read book Quality Control of Veterinary Vaccines in Developing Countries written by Noel Mowat and published by Daya Books. This book was released on 1998 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the case of livestock, control of the major epizootic diseases will be a prime requirement for increased production in the developing world. Veterinary vaccines are a major factor in programmes to bring the economically important diseases under control. They must be effective, consistent in performance and economically affordable. The book will help to protect farmers in the developing countries from the effects of poor-quality veterinary vaccines and will contribute to the welfare of livestock as well as the global control of animal diseases. Contents Part I: Overview on Veterinary Vaccines for Developing Countries Chapter 1: Regional Harmonization of Vaccine Quality Standards and Stimulation of Vaccine Technologies in Developing Countries by M M Rweyemamu, D Sylla nad V Palya, Chapter 2: Profiles of Veterinary Vaccine Production and Quality Control in Developing and Less Advanced Countries: Vaccines for Livestock by P C Lefevre, Chapter 3: Profiles of Veterinary Vaccines Production and Quality Control in Developing and Less Advanced Countries: Vaccines for Poultry by A L Ibrahim and L H Seng, Chapter 4: Veterinary Vaccine Production and Quality Control in Developing and Less Advanced Countries by F G Davies, Discussion. Part II: Veterinary Vaccine Production and Qulaity Control Facilities in Different Regions of the World Country Reports: Africa: Chapter 1: Eradication Policy for Foot-and-Mouth Diseases in Botswana by M Mannathoko, Chapter 2: Production and Quality Control of Vaccine at the National Veterinary Laboratory, Garoua (Cameroon) by N Zoyem, Chapter 3: Vaccine Production and Quality Control in Ethiopia by G Y Mebratu, Chapter 4: The Kenya Veterinary Vaccine Production Unit (KEVEVAPI) by R Korir, Chapter 5: Vaccine Production in West Africa: Sengal and Mali by D Sylla nad M Rweyemamu, Chapter 6: Quality Control of Modified Living Viral Vaccines in Libya Somalia and Czechoslovakia by V Rozkosny, Chapter 7: Vaccine Production and Control in Syria by G Khoury. Asia and the Pacific Region; Chapter 8: Production and Quality Control Systems for Veterinary Bioproducts in China by T Guiyun, Chapter 9: Vaccine Production and Quality Control in India by P N Bhat, Chapter 10: The Activities of the Veterinary Drug Assay Laboratories, Gujungsindur, Bogor, Indonesia by S B Siregar, Chapter 11: Vaccine Production and Quality Control in Malaysia by A L Ibrahim and L H Seng. Latin America; Chapter 12: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Production and Control of Vaccines in South America by R A Casas Olascoaga. Europe; Chapter 13: Vaccine Control in Italy by M Tollis, Chapter 14: Vaccine Production and Control in France by R M Lombard, Chapter 15: Vaccine Production and Quality Control in Poland by Z Pejsak and J Gorski, Chapter 16: Vaccine Production and Control in Hungary by V Palya, Discussion. Part III: Some Technical Aspects of Vaccine Production and Quality Control: Chapter 1: Live Viral Vaccines by L E Carmichael, Inactivated Viral Vaccines by L E Carmichael, Chapter 3: Viral Vaccines Produced in Embryonating Eggs by L E Carmichael, Discussion, Chapter 4: Contagious Bovince Pleuropneumonia Vaccine Production and Quality Control by P C Lefevre, Chapter 5: The Quality Control of Vaccines Against Brucellosis by J De Ryke, Chapter 6: Industrial Production and Quality Control of Veterinary Vaccines by L K Nagy, Discussion, Chapter 7: Protozoal and Rickettsial with Special Reference to Quality Control by F L Musisi, J A Lawrence, J C Quiroga, S P Kamwendo and J Malika, Discussion. Part IV: Specific Issues to Veterinary Vaccines Chapter 1: Modern Trends Related to Veterinary Vaccines by T R Doel, Chapter 2: Genetically Engineered Vaccines by T Yilma, Chapter 3: Attenuation of Virulence and Enhancement of Immunogenicity by T Yilma, Discussion. Part V: Major Vaccination Campaigns in Developing Countries Chapter 1: The Role of PANVAC in the Quality Control of Veterinary Vaccines for Major Vaccination Programmes in Africa by D Sylla, M Rweyemamu, V Palya, and J Prandota, Chapter 2: Global Strategies for Rinderpest Eradication by K J Wojciechowski, Discussion, Chapter 3: Office International des Epizooties: Activities Related to Veterinary Vaccines Quality Control by Y Ozawa, Chapter 4: Continental Strategy in the Fight Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Latin America by R Casas Olascoaga, Chapter 5: Newcastle Disease Control in Rural Poultry: Overview on Quality Control of Food Based Newcastle Disease Vaccine by A L Ibrahim, Chapter 6: Rinderpest Vaccine Quality Control by the Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre (PANVAC) by M Rweyemanu, D Sylla, V Palya, J Prandota and K J Wojciechowski, Chapter 7: Seromonitoring of Post Vaccinal Immunity by J M Jeggo. Part VI: Vaccine Banks and Emergency Stocks of Vaccine Against Exotic Diseases Chapter 1: The Plum Island (USA) Model by C A Mebus, Chapter 2: International Vaccine Banks by T R Doel, Discussion. Part VII: Special Presentations Chapter 1: Anti Rabies Vaccines: Feasibility of Joint Control of Medical and Veterinary Vaccines by O Thraenhart, Chapter 2: The Role of Molecular Biology in Quality Control of Veterinary Vaccines and Biologicals by C A Mebus, Chapter 3: Development and Transfer of Vaccine Technology to the Third World: Long Term Challenges and Strategies BIOFORCE 95 by A Atger. Part VIII: Constraints to Vaccine Production Chapter 1: Constraints in Vaccine Production and Quality Control in Developing Countries by F G Davies, Chapter 2: Technical Financail and Socio Economic Constraints on Vaccine Production in Africa by L E Carmichael and D Sylla. Part IX: Licensing and Quality Control Chapter 1: Licensing and Quality Control of DNA Technology Products by C A Mebus, Chapter 2: Licensing of Veterinary Vaccines and Biologicals by J M Rutter, Discussion.
Download or read book Novel Technologies for Vaccine Development written by Igor S Lukashevich and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-13 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a detailed overview of the development of new viral vector-based vaccines before discussing two major applications: preventive vaccines for infectious diseases and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Viral vector-based vaccines hold a great potential for development into successful pharmaceutical products and several examples at the advanced pre-clinical or clinical stage are presented. Nevertheless, the most efforts were focused on novel and very innovative technologies for new generation of vector-based vaccines. Furthermore, specific topics such as delivery and adjuvant and protection strategies for cell-mediated-based vaccines are presented. Given its scope, the book is a “must read” for all those involved in vaccine development, both in academia and industrial vaccine development.
Download or read book Veterinary Vaccines written by Laurel J. Gershwin and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This concise book captures the essence of current and future shifts in vaccine development research that will likely transform our understanding of methods to stimulate specific and protective immune responses to infectious diseases, and to offer improved therapeutic applications for oncology patients. The book opens with a chapter on reverse vaccinology and systems vaccinology approaches that should lead to more effective vaccines with fewer side effects. This is followed by a chapter describing recent developments in cancer immunotherapy and vaccination. Additional chapters provide updates o.
Download or read book Veterinary Vaccinology written by Paul-Pierre Pastoret and published by Elsevier Science & Technology. This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardbound. Vaccination is widely recognised as one of the most efficient tools in public health, showing obvious cost-benefit advantages for all target populations involved.Vaccines in the veterinary field can contribute greatly to the welfare of domestic and wild animals and, indirectly, to environmental protection. The aim of animal vaccination will increasingly be to prevent dissemination of zoonoses (such as rabies, taeniosis, salmonellosis, etc.) rather than to protect the animal itself, especially when infection or infestation is not harmful to the reservoir (cysticercosis)At present there is insufficient overall understanding of some important aspects of veterinary vaccines. Literature on the subject exists, but often consists of either research communications or 'catalogue-type' descriptive works. This unique book fills a gap within the already available literature. The scope is broad and covers all aspects of vaccines and vaccination in the
Download or read book Miller Fowler s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy Volume 9 E Book written by Eric R. Miller and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-05-07 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together a globally diverse range of timely topics related to zoo and wild animals, Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 9 is an invaluable tool for any professional working directly with wildlife and zoo animals. The text’s user-friendly format guides readers through biology, anatomy, and special physiology; reproduction; restraint and handling; housing requirements; nutrition and feeding; surgery and anesthesia; diagnostics, and therapeutics for each animal. Two new co-editors and a globally diverse group of expert contributors each lend their expertise on a wide range of new topics — including a new section on emerging wildlife diseases covering topics like MERS, Equine Herpesvirus, and Ebola in great apes. Other new topics integrated into this ninth volume include: stem cell therapy in zoo medicine, cardiac disease in great apes, disease risk assessment in field studies, Tasmanian devil tumors, and the latest information on the elephant herpes virus. With all its synthesized coverage of emerging trends, treatment protocols, and diagnostic updates new to the field, Fowler’s is a reference you don’t want to be without. Current therapy format ensures that each CT volume in the series covers all new topics that are relevant at the time of publication. Synthesized topics offer the right amount of depth — often fewer than 10 pages — to maintain an accessible format. General taxon-based format covers all terrestrial vertebrate taxa plus selected topics on aquatic and invertebrate taxa. Updated information from the Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS) has been incorporated to keep readers up to date on this worldwide system. Globally diverse panel of expert contributors each incorporate the latest research and clinical management of captive and free-ranging wild animals throughout the world. NEW! Two new co-editors (for a total of three editors) each lend their expertise on a wide range of new wild and zoo animal topics. NEW! Section on emerging wildlife diseases includes chapters on MERS, SARS, Ebola in great apes, and a variety of other emerging wildlife diseases.
Download or read book New Vaccine Technologies written by Ronald W. Ellis and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-06-01 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book systematically addresses all the major available direct and enabling technologies which have contributed to the revolutionized research and development, thus improvements to existing vaccines. Its target audience is both research and development workers in the field, as well as health-care personnel who use vaccines. It should serve as an invaluable source-book in the vaccine field.
Download or read book Vaccines for Veterinarians written by Ian R. Tizard and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-03-12 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mucosal Vaccines written by Hiroshi Kiyono and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1996-10-23 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive, authoritative treatise covers all aspects of mucosal vaccines including their development, mechanisms of action, molecular/cellular aspects, and practical applications. The contributing authors and editors of this one-of-a-kind book are very well known in their respective fields. Mucosal Vaccines is organized in a unique format in which basic, clinical, and practical aspects of the mucosal immune system for vaccine development are described and discussed. This project is endorsed by the Society for Mucosal Immunology. Provides the latest views on mucosal vaccines Applies basic principles to the development of new vaccines Links basic, clinical, and practical aspects of mucosal vaccines to different infectious diseases Unique and user-friendly organization
Download or read book Emerging Viral Diseases written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past half century, deadly disease outbreaks caused by novel viruses of animal origin - Nipah virus in Malaysia, Hendra virus in Australia, Hantavirus in the United States, Ebola virus in Africa, along with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), several influenza subtypes, and the SARS (sudden acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses - have underscored the urgency of understanding factors influencing viral disease emergence and spread. Emerging Viral Diseases is the summary of a public workshop hosted in March 2014 to examine factors driving the appearance, establishment, and spread of emerging, re-emerging and novel viral diseases; the global health and economic impacts of recently emerging and novel viral diseases in humans; and the scientific and policy approaches to improving domestic and international capacity to detect and respond to global outbreaks of infectious disease. This report is a record of the presentations and discussion of the event.
Download or read book Vaccine Manual The Production and Quality Control of Veterinary Vaccines for Use in Developing Countries written by Noel Mowat and published by Daya Books. This book was released on 1999 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In December 1991, at FAO Headquarters in Rome, the Animal Production and Health Division held an Expert Consultation in the Quality Control of Veterinary Vaccines in Developing Countries. The purpose of the consultation was to bring together experts in various aspects of vaccine production and quality control, to consider existing problems and likely future developments in the application of vaccines for the control of animal disease and to make recommendations in this important field. The consultation recommended that FAO lead the way in forging a closer cooperation among international organizations in the development of a more coherent approach to vaccine quality control; this manual is FAO s response to that recommendation. Written by some of the most highly regarded international experts in the field, the manual is principally concerned with providing guidelines and recommendations for the application of modern methods of vaccine production and evaluation, and also presents information on the state of veterinary vaccine development. Contents: Part I: Overview: The Present State of Veterinary Vaccine Development Chapter 1: The Introduction of Immunity by Veterinary Immunoprophylactics by W I Morrison, Chapter 2: Genetically Engineered Vaccines by B W J Mahy, Chapter 3: Viral Vaccines by F Brown, Chapter 4: Bacterial Vaccines by P D Walker, Chapter 5: Mycoplasmal Vaccines by A Provost, Chapter 6:Protozoal and Rickettsial Vaccines by A J DeVos, E Pipano, F Muissi and W K Jorgenesn, Chapter 7: Multicellular Parasite Vaccines by J B McKeand and D P Knox, Poultry Vaccines (1) Chapter 8: Conventional Vaccines by J B McFerran, Poultry Vaccines (2) Chapter 9: Special Requirements for Village Chickens by R P Spradbrow, Chapter 10: Fish Vaccines by A Adams, K D Thompson and R J Roberts, Chapter 11: Role of the Office International des Epizooties and International Organizations in Vaccine Quality Standardization by M Truszcynski and J Blancou. Part II: Planning and Management of Vaccine Production Chapter 12: Registration, Licensing, Controls and Practical Issues Related to Veterinary Vaccines by P Vannier, Chapter 13: The Role of Private Industry in the Transfer of Vaccine Tecnology to Developing Countries by A J B Haigh, Chapter 14: General Design and Operating Requirements for Vaccine Manufacturing Establishments by P J Radlett, Chapter 15: Design, Repair and Maintenance of Vaccine Manufacturing Establishments and Equipment by J Estefanell and L Mesopir, Chapter 16: Aspects of Financial Management of Vaccine Manufacturing Operations in Developing Countries by P deGreve, Chapter 17: The Logistics of Vaccine Manufacture in Developing Countries by P Hunter. Part III: Production Operations Chapter 18: Basic Laboratory Services and Media Preparation for Vaccine Production by E E Worrall, Chapter 19: Modern Cell Culture Technology for Vaccine Manufacture by P J Radlett, Chapter 20: Fermentation Technology for the Production of Bacterial Vaccines by F Bover, Chapter 21: The Use of Lyophilization in the Manufacture of Vaccines by J C Mariner, Inactivation of Antigents for Veterinary Vaccines (1) Chapter 22: Viral Vaccines by H G Bahnemann, Inactivation of Antigents for Veterinary Vaccines (2) Chapter 23: Bacterial Vaccines, Chapter 24: Adjuvants in Veterinary Vaccines by R Bomford, Chapter 25: Bottling, Labelling and Packaging of Vaccines by V A Srinivasan, A P Kariath and P B V P Bangar Raju. Part IV: Quality Assurance and Quality Control Chapter 26: Quality Assurance and Good Manufacturing Practice by J P Soulebot, V J Palya, M Rweyemamu and D Sylla, Chapter 27: The Principles of Good Laboratory Practices, Including Safety in Vaccines Production and Quality Control by C A Mebus, Chapter 28: The Role of Reference and Regional Laboratories by A I Donaldson and V Astudillo, Chapter 29: Description and Documentation of Production and Quality Control of Veterinary Vaccines by S Ullah and G Blocks, Chapter 30: Assessment of Potency in Bacterial Vaccines by P A Knight, Chapter 31: Potency Control of Modified Live Viral Vaccines by C Terpstra, Chapter 32: Potency Assessment of Inactivated Viral Vaccines by T R Doel, Chapter 33: In Vitro Potency Testing of Inactivated Biologics: Current Situation in the European Union by J P Soulebot, F Milward and P Prevost, Chapter 34: Sterility Management and Testing of Vaccines and Raw Materials for Adventitious Agents by G Blocks.