Download or read book Unsettled Topics Concerning Coating Detection by LiDAR in Autonomous Vehicles written by Cristina P. Magnusson and published by . This book was released on 2021-01-18 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autonomous vehicles (AVs) utilize multiple devices, like high-resolution cameras and radar sensors, to interpret the driving environment and achieve full autonomy. One of these instruments-the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor-functions like radar, but utilizes pulsed infrared (IR) light, typically at wavelengths of 905 nm or 1,550 nm. The LiDAR sensor receives the reflected light from objects and calculates each object's distance and position. In current vehicles, the exterior automotive paint system covers an area larger than any other exterior material. Therefore, understanding how LiDAR wavelengths interact with other vehicles' coatings is extremely important for the safety of future automated driving technologies. Some coatings are more easily detected by LiDAR than others. In general, dark colors can absorb as much as 95% of the incident LiDAR intensity, reducing the amount of signal reflected toward the sensor. White cars are more easily detected as they exhibit high IR reflectivity. Many other factors like gloss level, effect pigments, and refinishes can affect reflectivity and even blind LiDAR sensors. On the other hand, several variables define overall LiDAR and perception system performance, including IR reflectivity of paint but also the target object's geometry, the type of LiDAR technology employed, angle of the target surface, environmental conditions, and sensor fusion software architecture. Sensing Technologies and Materials are two different industries that have not directly interacted in the perception and system sense. With the new applications in the AV industry, approaches need to be taken in a multidisciplinary way to ensure a reliable and safe technology for the future. This report provides a transversal view of the different industry segments from pigment and coating manufacturers to LiDAR component and vehicle system development and integration, and a structured decomposition of the different variables and technologies involved. NOTE: SAE EDGE Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
Download or read book Adding Temporal Information to LiDAR Semantic Segmentation for Autonomous Vehicles written by Mohammed Anany and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Semantic segmentation is an essential technique to achieve scene understanding for various domains and applications. Particularly, it is of crucial importance in autonomous driving applications. Autonomous vehicles usually rely on cameras and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors to gain contextual information from the environment. Semantic segmentation has been employed to process images and point clouds that were captured from cameras and LiDAR sensors respectively. One important research direction to consider is investigating the impact of utilizing temporal information in the domain of semantic segmentation. Many contributions exist in the field with regards to utilizing temporal information for semantic segmentation on 2D images. However, few studies tackled the usage of temporal information for semantic segmentation on 3D point clouds. Recent studies experimented with scan clustering and bayes filters, however, none were conducted using recurrent networks. Various techniques of semantic segmentation of 3D point clouds are explored, and the best fit to serve as baseline was SqueezeSeg V2. In this work, we introduce a Convolutional-LSTM layer in the model and adjust the "skip" connectors in the architecture, resulting in a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 36%, which improves on the baseline by almost 3%. Recently, we repeated the same experiment on SqueezeSeg V3, a recently published network, which achieved a mIoU of 45.3, improving on its baseline by 2.13%. These results were obtained using sequences 00 to 10 of Semantic KITTI dataset.
Download or read book Autonomous Vehicle Lidar written by Kai Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-31 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The largest high-tech companies and leading automobile manufacturers in the world have unleashed torrents of effort and capital to position themselves for the arrival of autonomous vehicles. What is the fuss about? What is at stake? What are the leading sensor technologies? What is meant by "flash lidar" or "time-of-flight" sensors? With no less than 40 - 50 lidar companies vying to create mainstream automotive sensors, the climate is unique for young scientists and engineers to enter the field. What are the alliances forming between the companies, and how are they shifting? Who are current incumbents in the field? This tutorial text aims to introduce a technical but nonspecialist reader to autonomous vehicle lidar, starting from the fundamental physics of lidar and motivation for its application to autonomous vehicle systems. We will then introduce time of flight design concepts, following the light pathway through the source and transmitter optics to the photodetector. Next two distinct timing methods will be introduced, followed up by a brief discussion of beam steering. After finishing this text, the reader should be prepared to enter into laboratory explorations on the topic.
Download or read book ToF LiDAR for Autonomous Driving written by Wei Wei (Ph. D. in electronic science and technology) and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book elaborates the fundamentals, theory and structure of ToF LiDAR, main components used in ToF LiDAR, and driver and processing circuits in ToF LiDAR. This book combines professional and academic knowledge as well as industrial knowledge and experience of LiDAR in autonomous driving. The objective of the book is to give a comprehensive introduction on LiDAR itself from an engineering perspective, rather than its applications which have been elaborated in many LiDAR related book. This book will be useful for graduate students and early-stage researchers who are interested in LiDAR or whose research topics are related to LiDAR and junior engineers in LiDAR companies or in robotic companies who use LiDARs to sense and navigate. Part of IOP Series in Advances in Optics, Photonics and Optoelectronics.
Download or read book Augmenting Anomaly Detection for Autonomous Vehicles with Symbolic Rules written by Tianye Chen (M.Eng) and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My research investigates the issues in anomaly detection as applied to autonomous driving created by the incompleteness of training data. I address these issues through the use of a commonsense knowledge base, a predefined set of rules regarding driving behavior, and a means of updating the base set of rules as anomalies are detected. In order to explore this problem I have built a hardware platform that was used to evaluate existing anomaly detection developed within the lab and that will serve as an evaluation platform for future work in this area. The platform is based on the open-source MIT RACECAR project that integrates the most basic aspect of an driving autonomous vehicle – lidar, camera, accelerometer, and computer – onto the frame of an RC car. We created a set of rules regarding traffic light color transitions to test the car’s ability to navigate cones (which represent traffic light colors) and detect anomalies in the traffic light transition order. Anomalies regularly occurred in the car’s driving environment and its driving rules were updated as a consequence of the logged anomalies. The car was able to successfully navigate the course and the rules (plausible traffic light color transitions) were updated when repeated anomalies were seen.
Download or read book Interpreting Archaeological Topography written by David Cowley and published by Oxbow Books Limited. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), or lidar, is an enormously important innovation for data collection and interpretation in archaeology. The application of archaeological 3D data deriving from sources including ALS, close-range photogrammetry and terrestrial and photogrammetric scanners has grown exponentially over the last decade. Such data present numerous possibilities and challenges, from ensuring that applications remain archaeologically relevant, to developing practices that integrate the manipulation and interrogation of complex digital datasets with the skills of archaeological observation and interpretation. This volume addresses the implications of multi-scaled topographic data for contemporary archaeological practice in a rapidly developing field, drawing on examples of ongoing projects and reflections on best practice. Twenty papers from across Europe explore the implications of these digital 3D datasets for the recording and interpretation of archaeological topography, whether at the landscape, site or artifact scale. The papers illustrate the variety of ways in which we engage with archaeological topography through 3D data, from discussions of its role in landscape archaeology, to issues of context and integration, and to the methodological challenges of processing, visualization and manipulation. Critical reflection on developing practice and implications for cultural resource management and research contextualize the case studies and applications, illustrating the diverse and evolving roles played by multi-scalar topographic data in contemporary archaeology.
Download or read book Hexagon KH 9 Mapping Camera Program and Evolution written by Maurice G. Burnett and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States developed the Gambit and Hexagon programs to improve the nation's means for peering over the iron curtain that separated western democracies from east European and Asian communist countries. The inability to gain insight into vast "denied areas" required exceptional systems to understand threats posed by US adversaries. Corona was the first imagery satellite system to help see into those areas. Hexagon began as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program with the first concepts proposed in 1964. The CIA's primary goal was to develop an imagery system with Corona-like ability to image wide swaths of the earth, but with resolution equivalent to Gambit. Such a system would afford the United States even greater advantages monitoring the arms race that had developed with the nation's adversaries. The Hexagon mapping camera flew on 12 of the 20 Hexagon missions. It proved to be a remarkably efficient and prodigious producer of imagery for mapping purposes. The mapping camera system was successful by every standard including technical capabilities, reliability, and capacity.
Download or read book Human centered Aircraft Automation A Concept and Guidelines written by Charles E. Billings and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Industrial and Scientific Instruments written by United States. Bureau of International Commerce and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Knowledge Technology Transfer and Foresight written by A. Inzelt and published by Springer. This book was released on 1996-09-30 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Budapest, Hungary, October 12-14, 1995
Download or read book Using Space Resources written by Thomas A. Sullivan and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Machine Learning for Decision Makers written by Patanjali Kashyap and published by Apress. This book was released on 2018-01-04 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Take a deep dive into the concepts of machine learning as they apply to contemporary business and management. You will learn how machine learning techniques are used to solve fundamental and complex problems in society and industry. Machine Learning for Decision Makers serves as an excellent resource for establishing the relationship of machine learning with IoT, big data, and cognitive and cloud computing to give you an overview of how these modern areas of computing relate to each other. This book introduces a collection of the most important concepts of machine learning and sets them in context with other vital technologies that decision makers need to know about. These concepts span the process from envisioning the problem to applying machine-learning techniques to your particular situation. This discussion also provides an insight to help deploy the results to improve decision-making. The book uses case studies and jargon busting to help you grasp the theory of machine learning quickly. You'll soon gain the big picture of machine learning and how it fits with other cutting-edge IT services. This knowledge will give you confidence in your decisions for the future of your business. What You Will Learn Discover the machine learning, big data, and cloud and cognitive computing technology stack Gain insights into machine learning concepts and practices Understand business and enterprise decision-making using machine learning Absorb machine-learning best practices Who This Book Is For Managers tasked with making key decisions who want to learn how and when machine learning and related technologies can help them.
Download or read book Smart Materials and Devices for Energy Harvesting written by Daniele Davino and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2022-02-18 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to energy harvesting from smart materials and devices. It focusses on the latest available techniques recently published by researchers all over the world. Energy Harvesting allows otherwise wasted environmental energy to be converted into electric energy, such as vibrations, wind and solar energy. It is a common experience that the limiting factor for wearable electronics, such as smartphones or wearable bands, or for wireless sensors in harsh environments, is the finite energy stored in onboard batteries. Therefore, the answer to the battery "charge or change" issue is energy harvesting because it converts the energy in the precise location where it is needed. In order to achieve this, suitable smart materials are needed, such as piezoelectrics or magnetostrictives. Moreover, energy harvesting may also be exploited for other crucial applications, such as for the powering of implantable medical/sensing devices for humans and animals. Therefore, energy harvesting from smart materials will become increasingly important in the future. This book provides a broad perspective on this topic for researchers and readers with both physics and engineering backgrounds.
Download or read book Liquid Acquisition Devices for Advanced In Space Cryogenic Propulsion Systems written by Jason William Hartwig and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-11-21 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquid Acquisition Devices for Advanced In-Space Cryogenic Propulsion Systems discusses the importance of reliable cryogenic systems, a pivotal part of everything from engine propulsion to fuel deposits. As some of the most efficient systems involve advanced cryogenic fluid management systems that present challenging issues, the book tackles issues such as the difficulty in obtaining data, the lack of quality data and models, and the complexity in trying to model these systems. The book presents models and experimental data based on rare and hard-to-obtain cryogenic data. Through clear descriptions of practical data and models, readers will explore the development of robust and flexible liquid acquisition devices (LAD) through component-level and full-scale ground experiments, as well as analytical tools. This book presents new and rare experimental data, as well as analytical models, in a fundamental area to the aerospace and space-flight communities. With this data, the reader can consider new and improved ways to design, analyze, and build expensive flight systems. Presents a definitive reference for design ideas, analysis tools, and performance data on cryogenic liquid acquisition devices Provides historical perspectives to present fundamental design models and performance data, which are applied to two practical examples throughout the book Describes a series of models to optimize liquid acquisition device performance, which are confirmed through a variety of parametric component level tests Includes video clips of experiments on a companion website
Download or read book A History of Satellite Reconnaissance written by James D. Outzen and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Up by Roots written by James Urban and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Up By Roots is a manual for landscape architects, architects, urban foresters, and planners who are designing, specifying, installing and managing trees in the built environment. Part One discusses basic soil science and tree biology and their relationship to healthy trees. Part Two explains the process of planning and implementing landscape designs to ensure healthy trees that can improve the quality of places where people live, work and play. The book contains numberous illustrations and data in graphic form to provide guidance in the design of healthy soils and trees."--Pub. desc.
Download or read book Quantitative Modeling of Earth Surface Processes written by Jon D. Pelletier and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-08-07 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook describes some of the most effective and straightforward quantitative techniques for modeling Earth surface processes. By emphasizing a core set of equations and solution techniques, the book presents state-of-the-art models currently employed in Earth surface process research, as well as a set of simple but practical research tools. Detailed case studies demonstrate application of the methods to a wide variety of processes including hillslope, fluvial, aeolian, glacial, tectonic, and climatic systems. Exercises at the end of each chapter begin with simple calculations and then progress to more sophisticated problems that require computer programming. All the necessary computer codes are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521855976. Assuming some knowledge of calculus and basic programming experience, this quantitative textbook is designed for advanced geomorphology courses and as a reference book for professional researchers in Earth and planetary science looking for a quantitative approach to Earth surface processes.
