Download or read book Two component Signaling Pathways in the Filamentous Fungus Neurospora Crassa written by Carol Ann Jones and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of G Protein Signaling Components in Growth and Development of the Filamentous Fungus Neurospora Crassa written by Ilva Esther Cabrera and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The G protein signaling pathway is very important in relaying information for growth and development. The main objectives of this dissertation are to: 1. Generate novel image processing tools with the aid of video bioinformatics, 2. Decipher the role of G protein signaling on development and growth through phenotypic analysis and localization studies, and 3. Confirm functions amongst proteins implicated in the Erk1/2 MAPK pathways in Neurospora crassa. In Chapter 2, I used video bioinformatics and image processing tools to develop algorithms that allowed for the analysis of vegetative cell compartment size, conidia size, and growth rate. I used the hyphal compartment size program and found that [Delta]gna-1 and [Delta]ric8 had smaller length and diameter, whereas [Delta]rgs-3, [Delta]rgs-4, and [Delta]rgs-5 had larger compartment sizes. Morphological assays were also conducted on the G signaling components. The results in Chapter 2, suggests that [Delta]gna-1 and [Delta]ric8 regulate cell compartment size and growth rate in N. crassa. In Chapter 3, the phenotypic analysis of available G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) mutants were performed in a collaborative manner, with a majority of contributions by undergraduate students at UCR. All available GPCR mutants were phenotyped using classical morphological assays, as well as tested on chemicals for resistance or sensitivity on that tested chemical. Publically available gene expression data was obtained in order to compare expression patterns of the GPCR's during growth and development. The results obtained in Chapter 3 improved our knowledge on GPCRs, especially on the Pth-11 related pathogenic receptors. In Chapter 4, the G[Alpha] subunits were fluorescently tagged, and their subcellular localization assayed during early development. In Chapter 4, my results demonstrated that all three G[Alpha] proteins localize to the plasma membrane in ungerminated conidia and young germlings, with GNA-1 also localizing on septa, and GNA-3 localizing on distinct patches on germlings. Lastly, Chapter 5 examined downstream effectors, specifically the MAK-1 and MAK-2, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in two G protein signaling component mutants, ric8 and ste50. The experiments revealed that ste50 is necessary for phosphorylation of MAK-2 in 16 hr VM liquid cultures and MAK-1 and MAK-2 in 6 day old VM plate cultures. However, MAK-1 and MAK-2 were phosphorylated to wild-type levels in cultures grown on low nitrogen medium (SCM) in [Delta]ste50 mutants. The objective of this dissertation was to shed light and expand the knowledge on G protein signaling components and their effects on growth and development in N. crassa.
Download or read book The Role of the Cross Pathway Control cpc 2 Gene in the Filamentous Fungus Neurospora Crassa written by Amruta Vikas Garud and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous work demonstrated that CPC-2 plays an important role during general amino acid control in N. crassa, along with having a role in overall growth and female fertility. My research investigated a possible role for cpc-2 in the G protein signaling pathway, and also investigated genetic epistasis between cpc-2, gnb-1 and the G[Alpha] genes in N. crassa .
Download or read book Cellular Signaling Mechanisms in Neurospora Crassa written by Arit Ghosh and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cellular signal transduction mechanisms are regulated at multiple different stages during an organism's life cycle as well as life span. Environmental stress and starvation responses are extremely well coordinated by cell surface receptors and internal scaffolding molecules that are routing the signal to the effector proteins such as transcription factors. It is through these transcription factors that the cell will then regulate gene expression. With the help of this study, my co-authors and me have tried to elucidate a signal transduction network, which explains various facets of cellular signaling in the model filamentous fungus - Neurospora crassa. The first chapter has elucidated the role of serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphatases in growth and development in Neurospora. In addition, the chapter also shows that deletion of certain phosphatases lead to sensitivities to chemicals inducing osmotic stress, oxidative stress, cytoskeletal defects or ROS accumulation. Nine phosphatase mutants are also listed to have elevated levels of the active phosphorylated form of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (OS-2 in Neurospora) which is a critical regulator for counteraction to osmo-stress as well as an important regulator of female sexual development. Two other interesting genes - NCU04600 (pph-8) and NCU08380 (csp-6) are also described in this chapter for their unique phenotypes. The second chapter deals with the role of the important scaffolding protein and RACK1 homolog - CPC-2 in regulation of amino acid starvation mechanisms in Neurospora known as cross pathway control. CPC-2 is found to regulate the bZIP transcription factor - CPC-1 via modulation of post-translational modifications on CPC-1 during amino acid starvation. This transcription factor is in turn, integral towards de-repression of amino acid biosynthetic genes under amino acid starvation conditions. This chapter provides mechanistic details on how CPC-2 is able to regulate CPC-1 protein and thereby affect cross pathway control. In chapter III, the focus is shifted towards translational regulation via heterotrimeric G proteins and the guanine-exchange factor RIC-8 to build up a novel finding revealing that G proteins and RIC-8 are an integral part of the ribosome. Elevated phospho-eIF2[Alpha] levels in the G protein and ric-8 mutants suggest that global translation is greatly reduced in these strains. Poly-RNA-seq analyses of gna-1, gnb-1 and ric-8 mutants reveal certain ribosomal proteins as well as elongation factors and two serine/threonine kinases - stk-18 and stk-43 are greatly affected in polysomal co-migration by these gene deletions. In addition, deletion of ric-8 leads to loss of PKC protein from the polysomes, which suggests critical translational control of PKC via RIC-8. This thesis has thus aimed to expand on current knowledge on these abovementioned topics and laid the groundwork for future advances in understanding these cellular signaling mechanisms in Neurospora crassa.
Download or read book Cell to Cell Fusion in Neurospora Crassa written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cell fusion plays a vital role in the life cycle of the filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa. During the sexual life cycle, cell fusion is required for the mating between the female mating structure protoperithecia and the asexual spore conidia of the opposite mating type. During the asexual life cycle, cell fusion can occur between conidia and vegetative hyphae cells, which is critical for the formation of an interconnected hyphal network. N. crassa depends on the interconnected hyphal network to transport nutrient within the colony to support both asexual and sexual development. Examination of classical hyphal fusion mutants showed that defect in hyphal fusion usually gives rise to two easily observable morphology defect phenotypes, the lack of female mating structure, the protoperithecium, and a flat conidiation pattern. Hyphal fusion is a general survival strategy for many filamentous fungi, however the mechanism in regulating cell fusion is poorly understood. With well-developed molecular and genetic tools (genome-wide deletion library, gene expression profiling, vast plasmid collections), N. crassa provides a very good platform to study cell fusion. In this study, we took advantage of the available gene deletion library and performed a morphology-based genome-wide screen looking for cell fusion mutants. After examination of over 10,000 single gene deletion mutant strains, we identified 25 cell fusion genes, which, for the first time, allowed us to systematically look at the regulation of cell fusion. Among the 25 genes, 12 genes have been previously shown as needed for cell fusion. The study confirmed the involvement of four signaling modules during cell fusion, the MAK-1 MAP Kinase pathway, the MAK-2 MAP Kinase pathway, a calcium signaling pathway and the STRIPAK complex. This raised interesting questions about how the newly identified cell fusion genes regulate cell fusion. In order to address these questions, we used molecular cloning techniques to label 7 new cell fusion genes with either GFP, RFP or HA tags. We were most interested in their protein expression patterns and their localizations inside the cell. We also looked at MAK-1 and MAK-2 activation in the gene deletion mutants to determine whether the mutants were affected in the activation of these 2 pathways. We demonstrated that HAM-6, HAM-7 and HAM-8 are cell type-specific proteins which function upstream in the MAK-1 pathway regulating cell fusion. The other four proteins provide more general functions in regulating N. crassa growth. Finally, we looked at the GPI-anchored cell wall protein HAM-7. In collaboration with others, we were able to confirm that HAM-7 function as MAK-1 MAP kinase pathway sensor in regulating hyphal fusion.
Download or read book CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CELL WALL OF THE FILAMENTOUS FUNGUS NEUROSPORA CRASSA written by Abhiram Maddi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cell wall is a critical organelle for a fungus. Being the outermost structure it bears the brunt of the environmental stresses, and most importantly is involved in generating intracellular signals in response to environmental changes. Some of these signals regulate the phenotypic changes that occur in fungal life cycles. The cell wall is a three dimensional matrix composed of two major components, the polysaccharides and the cell wall proteins. A large number of cell wall studies have been focused on the yeast form fungi, Saccharromyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Information regarding the cell walls of filamentous fungi has been particularly lacking. The work done for this thesis comprises a detailed characterization of the cell wall of the model filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa. An in depth analysis of the cell wall proteome was performed using a novel cell wall solubulization technique that uses trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMS).^TFMS cleaves the glycosidic linkages found in the chitin and glucan cell wall polymers and releases the cell wall proteins. Following TFMS digestion, the cell wall proteins can be isolated and identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Using this analysis, a total of 26 integral cell wall proteins have been identified in the cell walls of vegetative hyphae and conidia, the asexual phases of the N. crassa life cycle. Nine secreted proteins were also identified in the culture media that included cell wall proteins. NCBI BLAST searches of the aminoacid sequences of the identified cell wall proteins indicated that many were unique to the filamentous fungi and highly conserved in filamentous fungi. To characterize the functions of individual N. crassa cell wall proteins, an extensive screening of knockout mutants of 65 cell wall proteins was performed.^Knockout mutants lacking six cell wall proteins were found to have a cell wall phenotype or morphological phenotype that genetically co-segregated with the knockout mutation. Three of these cell wall proteins GEL-1, GEL-3 and WSC-2 have homologs in yeast, but the other three proteins, CCG-6, ACW-13 and HAM-7, are unique to filamentous fungi and their functions are yet to be characterized. This mutational analysis, the first for filamentous fungi, showed that some cell wall proteins play critical roles in the life cycles of filamentous fungi. Though a substantial amount of information is available on the structures of the cell wall polysaccharides, very little is known about how the cell wall is synthesized and how the various components, especially the proteins, are covalently cross-linked into the cell wall matrix. To this end, a characterization of the N. crassa OCH-1 knockout mutant was carried out.^OCH-1 is a Golgi based enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the addition of the N-linked galactomannan modification to cell wall proteins. The cell wall from the och-1 knockout mutant had a reduction in the amount of cell wall-associated galactomannan. The mutant was also found to release large amounts of cell wall proteins into the medium and the cell wall was deficient in integrated cell wall protein. The results demonstrated that the N-linked galactomannan modification on cell wall proteins was critical for cell wall protein incorporation into the cell wall matrix.
Download or read book Photomorphogenesis written by W.Jr. Shropshire and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 848 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions by numerous experts
Download or read book Fungal Pathology written by J.W. Kronstad and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together twelve chapters on fungal pathogens with the goal of presenting an overview of the current areas of activity and the common themes that pervade research on these important organisms. The timing of the book is appropriate because we have gained sufficient insight from molecular genetic analyses to begin to make some comparisons between different fungal pathogens and to discuss the key advances that have been made. The chapters provide a broad survey of the important topics in fungal pathogenesis including morphogenesis, virulence, avirulence, and signaling. The reader also will fmd clear discussions of parasitism, mutualism, symbiosis, evolution, phylogeny and ecology for those fungi where these issues are especially important. Finally, many of the chapters in this book illustrate the fact that we are on the verge of a revolution in our understanding of fungal pathogens because of the application of genomics to these organisms and their hosts. The fungi included in this book represent many of the most intensively investigated fungal pathogens of plants; in this regard, a chapter is also included for pathogens in the Phytophthora group, even though these organisms are no longer classified as fungi. It is appropriate to include Phytophthora for historical reasons and, in addition, the insights in terms of pathogenesis and host-specific interactions are important to keep in mind when considering fungal pathogens. Chapters are also included on pathogens of insects and humans, as well as endophytic fungi.
Download or read book Pharmacoepigenetics written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-06-04 with total page 983 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pharmacoepigenetics, Volume Eleven provides a comprehensive volume on the role of epigenetics and epigenomics in drug discovery and development, providing a detailed, but accessible, view of the field, from basic principles, to applications in disease therapeutics. Leading international researchers from across academia, clinical settings and the pharmaceutical industry discuss the influence of epigenetics and epigenomics in human pathology, epigenetic biomarkers for disease prediction, diagnosis, and treatment, current epigenetic drugs, and the application of epigenetic procedures in drug development. Throughout the book, chapter authors offer a balanced and objective discussion of the future of pharmacoepigenetics and its crucial contribution to the growth of precision and personalized medicine. Fully examines the influence of epigenetics and epigenomics in human pathology, epigenetic biomarkers for disease prediction, diagnosis, treatment, current epigenetic drugs and the application of epigenetic procedures in drug development Features chapter contributions from leading international researchers in academia, clinical settings and the pharmaceutical industry Instructs researchers, students and clinicians on how to better interpret and employ pharmacoepigenetics in drug development, efficiency and safety Provides a balanced and objective discussion of the future of pharmacoepigenetics and its crucial role in precision medicine
Download or read book Characterization of the Neurospora Crassa Cell Wall and Glycosylphosphatidylinositol GPI anchor Biosynthetic Pathways written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cell wall plays a vital role in the physiology of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, but its synthesis, structure, and remodeling dynamics have not been well defined. To this end, N. crassa mutants affected in two biosynthetic pathways involved in cell wall formation, protein mannosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor addition, have been isolated and characterized. These pathways are important for the production of cell wall glycoproteins, which are involved in the synthesis, assembly, organization, and remodeling of the cell wall. The mutants exhibit reduced rates of growth, altered hyphal and gross colony morphologies, and pronounced cell wall defects. In addition, these cell wall mutants are unable to produce many of the characteristic cell types formed as part of the normal N. crassa life cycle. In chapter 2, a novel genetic mapping and PCR-based sequencing assay was used to the clone the mnt-1 gene, which encodes an alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase. The mnt-1 gene was shown to be required for the synthesis of the galactomannan component present on glycoproteins in the cell wall. Mnt-1 mutants have altered cell wall carbohydrate composition and are unable to repress the onset of the asexual developmental program. The work in chapter 3 details the identification of the gpip-1, gpip-2, gpip-3, and gpit-1 genes, which are involved in the addition of the GPI-anchor to select cell wall glycoproteins. The gpip-1, gpip-2, and gpip-3 genes encode phosphoethanolamine transferases that function in the addition of phosphoethanolamine groups to the GPI-anchor during anchor biogenesis. The gpit-1 gene encodes a component of the GPI transamidase complex involved in the transfer of the completed anchor structure to the target protein. The GPI-anchor mutants experience a significant degree of cell lysis, have altered cell wall carbohydrate and protein compositions, and are deficient in the production of a number of putative GPI-anchored cell wall proteins. The characterization of the protein component in the mutant and wild-type cell walls allowed for the identification of several GPI-anchored and non-anchored cell wall proteins. Overall, the results of this doctoral work demonstrate that the addition of galactomannan to cell wall proteins is an important element of cell wall biogenesis. The work also highlights the significance of the GPI-anchor in directing GPI-anchored proteins to the cell wall and the importance of those proteins for cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling. The addition of galactomannans and GPI-anchors are required for the normal morphology and development of N. crassa.
Download or read book Two Component Signaling Systems Part C written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-03-01 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multicellular organisms must be able to adapt to cellular events to accommodate prevailing conditions. Sensory-response circuits operate by making use of a phosphorylation control mechanism known as the "two-component system." This volume, the third in a three-volume treatment edited by the same group of editors, includes a wide range of methods, including those dealing with the Sln-1 kinase pathway, triazole sensitivity in C. albicans, and histidine kinases in cyanobacteria circadian clock. Includes time-tested core methods and new innovations applicable to any researcher studing two-component signaling systems or histidine kinases Methods included are useful to both established researchers and newcomers to the field Relevant background and reference information given for procedures can be used as a guide to developing protocols in a number of disciplines
Download or read book The Genetics of Circadian Rhythms written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-09-16 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This latest volume in Advances in Genetics covers the genetics of Circadian rhythms. With an international group of authors this volume is the latest offering in this widely praised series.
Download or read book Fungal Metabolites written by Jean-Michel Mérillon and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Two component Systems in Bacteria written by Roy Gross and published by Caister Academic Press Limited. This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current information on two-component systems in bacteria including structure-function analysis, sensing mechanisms, atypical two-component systems, stress responses, developmental processes, virulence and symbiosis.
Download or read book Nematode Trapping Fungi written by Ke-Qin Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business. This book was released on 2014-04-22 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These chapters provide up-to-date information on nematophagous fungi, particularly those of the Orbiliaceae in Ascomycota, whose asexual states produce nematode-trapping devices. The authors consider fungal-nematode interactions, fossil fungi, the biodiversity, ecology and geographical distribution of nematode-trapping fungi, and their potential use in biocontrol of nematodes, all in detail. Nematode-trapping fungi with adhesive or mechanical hyphal traps are the main focus of this book which begins with an overview of the data on nematode-trapping fungi, including their taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution. Subsequent chapters expand upon the methods and techniques used to study these fascinating fungi. Keys for genera of Arthrobotrys, Drechslerella and Dactylellina, which include all reported species of predatory orbiliaceous fungi are presented and numerous species from these genera are morphologically described and illustrated. The ecology of nematode-trapping fungi is expertly presented: their occurrence and habitats, their geographical and seasonal distribution and the effects of soil conditions and nematode density on their distribution all feature amongst the relevant themes. Further chapters examine the use of nematode-trapping fungi in biological control and the authors consider nematicidal activities in detail, exploring the many compounds from fungi that feature in nematicidal activities and of course useful paths for further study on this topic. This is a highly informative and carefully presented book, providing scientific insight for scholars with an interest in fungi and in biological control of nematodes.
Download or read book Growing Fungus written by N.A. Gow and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-28 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about the growth and differentiation processes underlying the growth and differentia of filamentous fungi. The impetus for this work tion of fungi and that it provides the reader with stems from our perception that the coverage of adequate source references for further information. this highly diverse and important group of organ It is estimated conservatively that there are more isms has been neglected in recent years, despite than 1. 5 million species of fungi - more than five many significant advances in our understanding of times the number of vascular plants and second the underlying mechanisms of growth. This situ only in diversity to the insects. The extreme ation contrasts with the treatment of Saccharomyces diversity of form in the fungi has always been a cerevisiae, for example, which because of its ideal source of inspiration for mycologists. This book is properties for genetic analyses, has established concerned mainly with those systems that have itself as the model eukaryote for the analysis of the been well characterized from the biochemical, cell cycle, and basic studies of biochemical and physiological or genetic points of view. Although genetic regulation. This book does not deal with it has not been possible to illustrate the breadth of the detailed growth phYSiology of S.
Download or read book The Fungal Kingdom written by Joseph Heitman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-07-10 with total page 1136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fungi research and knowledge grew rapidly following recent advances in genetics and genomics. This book synthesizes new knowledge with existing information to stimulate new scientific questions and propel fungal scientists on to the next stages of research. This book is a comprehensive guide on fungi, environmental sensing, genetics, genomics, interactions with microbes, plants, insects, and humans, technological applications, and natural product development.
