Download or read book Trade Trade Barriers and Trade Deficits written by Craig Kent Elwell and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International trade is a means to a higher standard of living for all trading nations. The post-war era has seen a rapid expansion of trade and the U.S. has been a major participant in this process both as a trading nation and as a leader in the steady lowering of barriers to trade worldwide. The significant benefit of trade does not come without disruption and cost, however. Gaining the benefit of trade and also treating those hurt by trade equitably is often a difficult public policy issue. There is recurring congressional concern about the effect of trade on U.S. economic welfare. Current issues include: "fast-track", steel dumping, export controls, and the rapidly growing trade deficit. This report provides a brief overview of the economic case for free trade, the economic perspective on common arguments for trade barriers, and the cause and economic significance of persistent large trade deficits. The economic benefit of specialization and trade is a fundamental aspect of economic life whether for the individual, region, or nation. Arguments for trade barriers come in many forms but none is on economic grounds greatly compelling. The trade deficit is not a necessary aspect of trade, nor is it caused by foreign trade barriers. The deficit is a means for the nation to spend beyond current production. It can confer significant benefits but at some level of cost. This report will be updated if developments warrant

Download or read book The U S Trade Deficit written by U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Report of the U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission, November 14, 2000"--Cover p. [2].

Download or read book Crs Report for Congress written by Congressional Research Service: The Libr and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-10 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides an overview of the economics of international trade that may be helpful for consideration of many recurring international economic policy issues. It is intended as a general explanation of mainstream economic principles that may be considered in gauging the economic significance of trade issues as well as the trade-offs inherent in many policy choices. A fundamental tenet of economics is that international trade is a means to a higher standard of living for all trading nations. The post-war era has seen a rapid expansion of trade and the United States has been a major participant in this process both as a trading nation and as a leader in the steady lowering of barriers to trade worldwide. The significant benefit of trade does not come without disruption and cost, however. Gaining the benefit of trade and also treating equitably those hurt by trade is often a difficult public policy issue. There is recurring congressional concern about the effect of trade on U.S. economic welfare. Current issues include bilateral and multilateral trade liberalization initiatives, steel dumping, export controls, and the rapidly growing trade deficit. This report provides a brief overview of the economic arguments for free trade, common arguments ...

Download or read book Currency Conflict and Trade Policy written by C. Fred Bergsten and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-27 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conflicts over currency valuations are a recurrent feature of the modern global economy. To strengthen their international competitiveness, many countries resort to buying foreign currencies to make their exports cheaper and their imports more expensive. In the first decade of the 21st century, for example, China's currency manipulation practices were so flagrant that they produced a backlash in the United States and other trading partners, prompting threats of retaliation. How damaging is the practice of currency manipulation—and how extensive is the problem? This book by C. Fred Bergsten and Joseph E. Gagnon—two leading experts on trade, investment, and the effects of currency manipulation—traces the history, causes, and effects of currency manipulation and analyzes a range of policy responses that the United States could adopt. The book is an indispensable guide to a complex and serious problem and what might be done to solve it.

Download or read book Trade Trade Barriers and Trade Deficits written by Craig K Elwell and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book International Trade written by Anne O. Krueger and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In all countries, there are laws and regulations affecting private economic activity. They are necessary to enable private economic activity to thrive, as well as to provide for honesty in information), consumer protection, and much more. Laws and regulations, such as safety standards, quality grades, and health and food (phytosanitary) standards generally apply to much economic activity within a country. In very primitive societies when farming or hunting was almost all economic activity, such measures were much less necessary. But as exchanges and trading increased, the need to find ways to support transactions became essential in order to enable parties to agree on even such things as simple weights and measures. Until there was a commercial code (legal framework), most businesses were owned primarily by family members who could trust each other. The commercial codes covered such phenomena as penalties against breach of contract, standards and assurances as to the quality and ingredients of goods being contracted, and penalties for their infringement, and so on. Note that even a rudimentary contract would likely have needed an understanding as to weights and measures, definition of materials, and much more"--

Download or read book The United States and Its Trade Deficit Restoring the Balance written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers written by United States. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Trade Trade Barriers and Trade Deficits written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides an overview of the economics of international trade that may be helpful for consideration of many recurring international economic policy issues. It is intended as a general explanation of mainstream economic principles that may be considered in gauging the economic significance of trade issues as well as the trade-offs inherent in many policy choices. A fundamental tenet of economics is that international trade is a means to a higher standard of living for all trading nations. The post-war era has seen a rapid expansion of trade and the United States has been a major participant in this process both as a trading nation and as a leader in the steady lowering of barriers to trade worldwide. The significant benefit of trade does not come without disruption and cost, however. Gaining the benefit of trade and also treating equitably those hurt by trade is often a difficult public policy issue. There is recurring congressional concern about the effect of trade on U.S. economic welfare. Current issues include bilateral and multilateral trade liberalization initiatives, steel dumping, export controls, and the rapidly growing trade deficit. This report provides a brief overview of the economic arguments for free trade, common arguments for trade barriers, and the cause and economic significance of persistent large trade deficits. A central theme is that the economic benefit of specialization and trade is a fundamental aspect of economic life whether for the individual, region, or nation. This benefit is mutual, enriching each trader; moreover, the gain from trade can accrue to a trading partner even if that partner is less efficient in the production of all tradable goods. Trade can also lead to economic gains by allowing a fuller use of economies of scale and by inducing productive innovation. Trade is, however, a disruptive force as well, advancing the economic position of relatively efficient activities, but diminishing that of relatively less efficient activities. This process will often place significant economic and social costs on workers and industries in adversely affected activities. Arguments for trade barriers come in many forms but none is generally accepted by economists. Trade barriers are often seen as a redress to the social and economic costs of trade or as a way of enhancing economic advantage. In most cases, however, economists argue protection from trade imposes costs on the economy that exceed the benefits obtained. These costs can arise from inefficient resource allocation, intractable implementation, and foreign retaliation. The trade deficit is not a necessary aspect of trade, nor is it caused by foreign trade barriers. A trade deficit is rooted in macroeconomic behavior at home and abroad. The deficit is a means for the nation to spend beyond current production, with a like sized inflow of borrowed foreign capital that funds the added spending. Spending beyond current production, particularly on investment, can confer significant benefits. But, borrowing will entail some level of cost as debts are repaid. This report will be updated infrequently with changes in economic knowledge and with current trade data.

Download or read book Trade Deficits and U S Trade Policy written by Congressional Service and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-07-05 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The economic effects of the U.S. trade deficit have been a topic of long-standing congressional interest. The U.S. Constitution grants authority to Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations and to lay and collect duties, and Congress exercises this authority in numerous ways. These include oversight of trade policy and consideration of legislation to implement trade agreements and to authorize trade programs. In some cases, Congress has delegated certain authorities over trade policy to the Executive Branch: for example, to facilitate trade negotiations. As part of efforts to examine U.S. trade policy and key trading relationships, Congress and previous Administrations have focused on the trade deficit at times, but generally have not implemented specific measures to lower the trade deficit. Nor has reducing bilateral trade deficits been a major objective in evaluating or negotiating U.S. free trade agreements (FTAs) and implementing trade laws. Previous Administrations rarely linked trade deficits and import tariffs with U.S. national security. The Trump Administration, however, is using the U.S. trade deficit as a barometer for evaluating the success or failure of the global trading system, U.S. trade policy, and bilateral trade relations with various countries. It also characterizes the trade deficit as harming the performance and national security of the U.S. economy. The Trump Administration's approach contrasts with the views of most economists, who argue that the overall U.S. trade deficit stems from U.S. macroeconomic policies that create a savings and investment imbalance in which domestic sources of capital are not sufficient to meet domestic capital demands. As such, attempting to alter the trade deficit without addressing the underlying macroeconomic issues will likely be counterproductive and create distortions in the economy. Some analysts argue that trade agreements play an important role in the U.S. trade deficit; they contend the agreements have failed to provide U.S. exporters with reciprocal treatment or have exposed U.S. producers to increased competition. Most economists, however, question both the role that trade agreements play in determining the trade deficit and the position that the trade deficit is substantially the product of unfair treatment. The Trump Administration's approach does not rule out the possibility that some countries may not be fully abiding by international trade agreements and rules, or may be maintaining certain trade barriers. Such actions may distort market performance and erode public support for the international trade system. As a result, addressing these issues and continuing to negotiate new agreements to remove trade barriers are likely to have benefits by improving efficiency and creating a level playing field in the global trading system. Nevertheless, given the macroeconomic origins of the trade deficit, as is generally accepted, addressing such distortions may alter the composition of U.S. trade among trading partners and commodities, but would be unlikely to affect the overall U.S. trade deficit. Most economists also question the role the trade deficit plays in affecting jobs, wages, and the distribution of income in the U.S. economy. One concern expressed by economists and others is the debt accumulation associated with sustained trade deficits. . Most economists contend that as a whole, both consumers and producers benefit from liberalized trade and that the gains for the economy as a whole outweigh the costs, irrespective of the bilateral trade deficit or surplus. Most economists argue that the economy operates more efficiently as a result of competition through international trade. They also contend that trade may have a long-term positive dynamic effect on an economy that enhances both production and employment.

Download or read book Causes of the Trade Deficit and Its Implications for U S Economy written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book How Trade Deficits Work written by Kate Canino and published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. This book was released on 2011-01-15 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the causes of trade deficits, its effects on a country and how such a deficit might be reduced.

Download or read book Introduction to Business written by Lawrence J. Gitman and published by . This book was released on 2023-05-19 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book International Trade written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Protectionist Threat to Corporate America written by Steven Deck and published by Praeger. This book was released on 1989-06-23 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The unprecedented global economic growth of recent decades is closely tied to the trading relations that have developed in the postwar period. The authors of The Protectionist Threat to Corporate America explore the potential impact of protectionism on these relationships, arguing that trade barriers pose a danger not only to U.S. economic growth but to world trade as a whole. Gearing their discussion to the needs of the business community, they offer a clear, systematic explanation of the underlying principles that govern international trade, the consequences of protectionism, and practical strategies for developing effective competition. The first four chapters examine the nature of trade, the power relations that influence it, and the dilemma created by trade deficits, monetary instability, and declining competitiveness. In the next section, Nevaer and Deck outline a four-point program designed to reverse the slippage in productivity and competitiveness that has eroded America's economic position in the world community. They present guidelines for creating a competitive advantage, maximizing strengths, utilizing a more dynamic management style, and harnessing the benefits of economies of scale and scope. In case studies of industries in the service sector and the high-tech field, Nevaer and Deck show how a competitive edge can be achieved by identifying opportunities and developing sound strategies for exploiting them. An important working tool for corporate managers, this book will enable business people to see beyond current political rhetoric and make realistic decisions on some of the most fundamental issues affecting the nation's economy.

Download or read book Trading Barriers written by Margaret E. Peters and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-05-09 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why have countries increasingly restricted immigration even when they have opened their markets to foreign competition through trade or allowed their firms to move jobs overseas? In Trading Barriers, Margaret Peters argues that the increased ability of firms to produce anywhere in the world combined with growing international competition due to lowered trade barriers has led to greater limits on immigration. Peters explains that businesses relying on low-skill labor have been the major proponents of greater openness to immigrants. Immigration helps lower costs, making these businesses more competitive at home and abroad. However, increased international competition, due to lower trade barriers and greater economic development in the developing world, has led many businesses in wealthy countries to close or move overseas. Productivity increases have allowed those firms that have chosen to remain behind to do more with fewer workers. Together, these changes in the international economy have sapped the crucial business support necessary for more open immigration policies at home, empowered anti-immigrant groups, and spurred greater controls on migration. Debunking the commonly held belief that domestic social concerns are the deciding factor in determining immigration policy, Trading Barriers demonstrates the important and influential role played by international trade and capital movements.

Download or read book Fundamentals Of U S Foreign Trade Policy written by Stephen D Cohen and published by Westview Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cohen, Blecker, and Whitney (professors of international relations and economics at American U.) see the formation of U.S. trade policy is seen as a combination of competing forces of political, economic, and legal factors. They attempt to show how trade policymaking involves reconciling a range of economic goal and political necessities. After reviewing the history of trade policymaking in the United States, they separately examine the three factors before integrating them into a model of political economy that explores both import and export policy. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR