Download or read book Fair Trade and Harmonization written by Jagdish N. Bhagwati and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigates the conflict between free trade policies and the domestic environmental, labour, and antitrust policies of individual nations. This text clarifies the issues and offers an economic and legal analysis of the contending positions along with prop

Download or read book product standards harmonization and trade evidence from the extensive margin written by Ben Shepherd and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The author uses a new database of EU product standards in the textiles, clothing, and footwear sectors to present the first empirical evidence that international standards harmonization is associated with increased partner country export variety. A 10 percentage point increase in the proportion of internationally harmonized standards is associated with a 0.2 percent increase in partner country export variety, whereas a 10 percent increase in the total number of standards is associated with a nearly 6 percent decrease in product variety. Although small, the harmonization elasticity is statistically significant, and proves highly robust to sample changes and instrumental variables estimation using instruments motivated by political economy considerations. Moreover, it is found to be around 50 percent higher for low income countries, which suggests that they may be particularly constrained in adapting products to meet multiple standards. Numerical simulations show that these findings are consistent with a heterogeneous firms model of trade in which harmonization is beneficial at the extensive margin provided that any increases in compliance costs are not too large.

Download or read book Trade and Harmonization written by Roumeen Islam and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Good institutional quality (function) and similar institutional design (form) can promote international trade by reducing transactions costs. The authors evaluate the relative importance of function versus form in a gravity model, using an indicator of different legal systems as a proxy for differences in form, together with indicators of overall institutional quality. They find that good institutions promote trade much more than similar legal systems and have much more explanatory power. This effect is economically large-up to 10 times the effect of different legal systems. Moreover, better infrastructure matters as much as good institutions.

Download or read book Harmonization and International Trade written by G鑟te·Hansson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 1990-01-01 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book UNIDROIT How it Contributed to International Trade Harmonization written by Andreas Giese and published by Examicus Publishing. This book was released on 2012-07 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2007 in the subject Business economics - Marketing, Corporate Communication, CRM, Market Research, Social Media, grade: 1.7, language: English, abstract: Today international trade is still a both difficult and complex matter. One does not even have to be a businessperson anymore to realize that. In this age everyone can browse the internet and with just a few clicks have almost everything delivered right to one's doorstep from all around the world. Due to this simplicity it is often overlooked that ordering goods from the other side of the globe or even just a few steps beyond the closest border involves many differences and problems that need to be taken care of. But while a small order from a private person causes enough trouble, still far more legal issues arise from trade from businesses to business (B2B) contracts over borders. The reason for this is that every state has its own laws, rules and customs and it needs to be clarified which is to be prioritized and obeyed. As the cross-border trade has grown dramatically during the last decades, it therefore has become essential that organizations fight for unifying the laws and regulations for international trade against. One of the most famous and most important institutions is the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law or UNIDROIT. Its main tasks consist of harmonizing and coordinating international private law. Currently (July 8, 2007) the organization has 61 members, including the majority of the leading industrial nations like the United States, Germany, India and China. In the following paper I am going to analyze and explain the UNIDROIT and its achievements in detail. Therefore I am going to start with a brief summary of its history and evolvement since its foundation. After this I will concentrate on the goals and objectives the organization has been founded upon. Then I will concentrate on the structure and working principles of it, follo

Download or read book Trade and Harmonization written by Roumeen Islam and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Product Standards Harmonization and Trade written by Ben Shepherd and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author uses a new database of EU product standards in the textiles, clothing, and footwear sectors to present the first empirical evidence that international standards harmonization is associated with increased partner country export variety. A 10 percentage point increase in the proportion of internationally harmonized standards is associated with a 0.2 percent increase in partner country export variety, whereas a 10 percent increase in the total number of standards is associated with a nearly 6 percent decrease in product variety. Although small, the harmonization elasticity is statistically significant, and proves highly robust to sample changes and instrumental variables estimation using instruments motivated by political economy considerations. Moreover, it is found to be around 50 percent higher for low income countries, which suggests that they may be particularly constrained in adapting products to meet multiple standards. Numerical simulations show that these findings are consistent with a heterogeneous firms model of trade in which harmonization is beneficial at the extensive margin provided that any increases in compliance costs are not too large.

Download or read book Modern Law of International Trade written by Ajendra Srivastava and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-31 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a comprehensive and systematic study of the principal aspects of the modern law of international commercial transactions. Based on diverse sources, including legislative texts, case law, international conventions, and a variety of soft-law instruments, it highlights key topics such as the international sale of goods, international transport, marine insurance, international finance and payments, electronic commerce, international commercial arbitration, standard trade terms, and international harmonization of trade laws. In focusing on the private law aspects of international trade, the book closely analyzes the relevant statutes, case law and the European Union (EU) and international uniform law instruments like the Rome I Regulation, the UN Convention on the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), UNCITRAL Model Laws; non-legislative instruments including restatements such as the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts, and rules of business practices codified by the ICC such as the Arbitration Rules, UCP 600 and different versions of the INCOTERMS. The book clearly explains the key concepts and nuances of the subject, offering incisive and vivid analyses of the major issues and developments. It also traces the evolution of the law of international trade and explores the connection between the lex mercatoria and the modern law. Comprehensively examining the issue of international harmonization of trade laws from a variety of perspectives, it provides a detailed account of the work of major players in the field, including UNCITRAL, UNIDROIT, ICC, and the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH). Adopting the comparative law method, this book offers a critical analysis of the laws of two key jurisdictions—India and England—in the context of export trade. In order to stimulate discussion on law reform, it explains the similarities and differences not only between laws of the two countries, but also between the laws of India and England on the one hand, and the uniform law instruments on the other. Given its breadth of coverage, this book is a valuable reference resource not only for students in the fields of law, international trade, and commercial law, but also for researchers, practitioners and policymakers.

Download or read book The Harmonization and Protection of Trade Secrets in the EU written by Jens Schovsbo and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2020-07-31 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the growing importance of trade secrets in today's society and business and the related increase in litigation, media and scholarly attention, using the new EU Trade Secrets Directive as a prism through which to discuss the complex legal issues involved. Written by a team of international experts, it discusses and analyses national implementation of the Directive and explores the effects of the new regime on contentious issues and crucial sectors such as big data and AI.

Download or read book Unification and Harmonization of International Commercial Law written by Morten Fogt and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2012-07-18 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In theory, the numerous existing formal instruments designed to unify or harmonize international commercial law should achieve the implied (and desired) end result: resolution of the legal uncertainty and lack of predictability in the legal position of traders. However, it is well known that they fall far short of such an outcome. This innovative book (based on a conference held at the University of Aarhus in October 2009) offers deeply considered, authoritative responses to important practical questions that have still not been answered comprehensively, and that need to be answered for the efficient conduct of international commerce and for the future development of international commercial law. These questions include: ; Can clearly preferred methods of unification and harmonization be identified? What are the benefits of achieving unification and harmonization by means of party autonomy and contract practice? Is it necessary first to harmonize some aspects of private international law? Which aspects of unification and harmonization should be formal, and which can remain informal? How should formal and informal measures interact? What conflicts are likely to arise, and what resolutions are available? Should tensions be seen as inevitable, positive, and necessary? Which of several international instruments are applicable, and what order of priority should apply? Sixteen different nationalities are represented, allowing for fruitful discussion across all major legal systems. Prominent scholars and experienced practitioners offer deeply informed insights into how to navigate the complex field of international commercial law with its multiplicity of instruments, and how to resolve or neutralize the possible defects of various different means of unification and harmonization of international commercial law. These insights and proposals are sure to be welcomed by interested academics, practitioners, judges, arbitrators, and businessmen throughout the world at global, regional, and local levels.

Download or read book Survey of Activities of Organizations Concerned with the Harmonization and Unification of the Law of International Trade written by United Nations Commission on International Trade Law and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fair Trade and Harmonization written by Jagdish N. Bhagwati and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fair Trade and Harmonization Legal analysis written by Jagdish N. Bhagwati and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigates the growing conflict between free trade policies and the domestic environmental, labor, and antitrust policies of individual nations. Offers sections on harmonization, environmental and labor standards, tax and competition policies, and fair trade and harmonization in Japan and Europe. Subjects include the demands to reduce domestic diversity among trading nations, competition policy and international trade, environmental regulations and industry location, and Japan's resistance to foreign market-opening pressure. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.

Download or read book Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Urgent Call for Harmonizing Preferential Rules of Origin written by Hatem Mabrouk and published by Editora Dialética. This book was released on 2024-06-12 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an increasingly interconnected world, rules of origin—laws determining the national source of a product—play a crucial role in international trade. Yet, with each country setting its own standards, the global market faces a complex web of regulations that often impedes rather than facilitates trade. "The Urgent Call for Harmonizing Preferential Rules of Origin" by Hatem Mabrouk delves into these complexities and challenges. The book reveals how preferential rules of origin, designed to determine eligibility for tariff preferences under trade agreements, are often manipulated for protectionist and political aims, creating significant obstacles for global producers and traders. Through rigorous analysis and case studies, Mabrouk explores the detrimental impacts of these systems and proposes a harmonized approach aligned with the World Trade Organization to streamline and improve international trade practices. Mabrouk's proposal offers a robust blueprint for policymakers and trade bodies to refine global trade mechanisms. "The Urgent Call for Harmonizing Preferential Rules of Origin" is essential reading for anyone involved in international trade or global economics, advocating for clearer and fairer trade regulations to enhance global economic prosperity.

Download or read book Harmonization of Product Classifications written by Christoph Baumgartner and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Firm-product data provide information for various research questions in international trade or innovation economics. However, working with this data requires harmonizing product classifications consistently over time to avoid internal validity issues. The researcher must consider product code changes in the classification systems over the observation period. Harmonization is required because classification systems like the EU classifications Combined Nomenclature (CN) for goods or the Prodcom for the production of manufactured goods undergo several changes. We have addressed this problem and developed an approach to harmonize product codes. This approach tracks product codes from 1995 to 2022 for CN and 2001 to 2021 for Prodcom. Additional years can be conveniently updated. We provide the harmonized product codes for CN and Prodcom in the selected period's first (or last) year. Our approach is summarized in an easy-to-use R package so that researchers can consistently track product codes for their period. We demonstrate the importance of harmonization using the micro-level trade data for Croatia as a case study. Our approach facilitates working with firm-product data, allowing the analysis of important research questions.

Download or read book International Harmonization of Product Standards and Firm Heterogeneity in International Trade written by Jose-Daniel Reyes and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: