Download or read book Towards a Shape Memory Alloy Based Variable Stiffness Ankle Foot Orthosis written by Minal Bhadane-Deshpande and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drop foot is a neuromuscular disorder causing a loss of use of the muscles that lift the foot. Drop foot can primarily be caused by stroke, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or neurological trauma. The two major complications of drop foot are slapping of the foot after heel strike (foot slap) and dragging of the toe during swing (toe drag). The current treatment options like Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) and Functional Electrical Stimulation, while offering some biomechanical benefits, do not adapt to different walking conditions and fail to eliminate significant gait complications. This study proposes a novel Active Ankle Foot Orthosis design which combines an AFO and combinations of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires. The key feature of SMA is its ability to undergo seemingly large plastic strains and subsequently recover these strains when a load is removed or the material is heated. Because of this distinct thermomechanical behavior, SMA can potentially resolve some of the gait complications associated with use of an AFO. To provide a basis for the design of an AAFO, gait analysis is performed on healthy subjects along with drop foot patients to establish the deficiency in ankle stiffness characteristics. The initial verification of the thermomechanical behavior of SMA in the form of stiffness variation is carried out by testing SMA wire combinations. Based on these experiments a COMSOL model is verified which is used for simulating the combinations of SMA wires. Through simulations and experiments it has been shown that changing the combination of SMA wires result in variable stiffness pattern. The performance of different types and combinations of SMA wires are tested successfully on an AFO. The preliminary results demonstrate that SMA wires provide controlled plantarflexion during stance phase, and active dorsiflexion in the swing phase by using stiffness variations of shape memory alloy wires. In particular, the AAFO helps to avoid major complications of drop foot gait. Thus, with the development of a control strategy, and using the inherent stiffness variation of SMA wires it is possible to produce close-to-normal stiffness profiles in the ankle motion of drop-foot patients who are wearing the AAFO.
Download or read book Developing an Active Ankle Foot Orthosis Based on Shape Memory Alloys written by Ehsan Tarkesh Esfahani and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis is aimed toward the development and evaluation of a novel active ankle foot orthosis (AAFO) based on shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators. This device intends to fill the gap in the existing research aimed at helping patients with drop foot muscle deficiencies as well as rehabilitation activities. To examine the feasibility of this idea, the current study focuses on the dynamic behavior of the ankle joint. A SMA manipulator with a similar dynamic behavior is experimentally evaluated. Nonlinear behavior of SMA wires requires nonlinear control techniques such as Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) for tracking the desired ankle angle. Simulation results of several different techniques are compared (PID, SMC, SMC-PID and Adaptive PID) and finally the experimental result of an Adaptive PID is used to check the stability of walking. This results shows that an Adaptive PID controller as a robust and precision control can be used to track the desired position of the ankle. However for frequencies more than 0.25 Hz (time cycle less than 4 seconds), the walking conditions will be unstable due to slow cooling process.
Download or read book The Development and Evaluation of a Variable Stiffness Ankle foot Orthosis written by Eric Samuel Wallace and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mechanism and Machine Science written by Dibakar Sen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-01 with total page 873 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents select papers from the Asian Conference on Mechanism and Machine Science 2018. This conference includes contributions from both academic and industry researchers and will be of interest to scientists and students working in the field of mechanism and machine science.
Download or read book Design and Simulation of a Single hinge and Adaptive Ankle Foot Orthoses Based on Superelasticity of Shape Memory Alloys written by Morteza Gorzinmataee and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this thesis is to propose and develop new designs of Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) based on superelastic characteristics of shape memory alloys (SMAs). The problem investigated in this research is a human gait abnormality called drop foot caused by the paralysis of the muscles which allow the ankle to dorsiflex. This neuromuscular disorder results in foot slap after heel strike and toe drag during leg swing. As the most common solution, drop foot patients use an orthotic device called AFO add support and improve their gait. However, development of a more compact assistive device, which could passively or actively secure the normal gait requirements, is still a need by both patients and clinicians. Based on investigations and experimentations performed in Dynamic and Smart Systems Laboratory at University of Toledo, SMA is a potential solution due to its unique stiffness behavior and hysteretic characteristics. In this work superelastic characteristics of SMAs is considered as an enabler in the development of new generation of AFOs. Within this work a passive AFO design is proposed which employs a superelastic SMA element as the hinge of the device. This SMA hinge controls the ankle motion by storing and releasing energy during walking. The superelastic element enables the AFO to provide sufficient torque during dorsiflexion to raise the foot in the swing phase of the gait. In order to evaluate the design performance a comprehensive gait analysis study is performed to extract the requirements of motion, understand the critical loads, and calibrate the desired stiffness profiles for the ankle and the superelastic element. A Finite Element Analysis is performed to realize an optimum design for the SMA hinge. Preliminary simulations are carried out in the sagittal plane of the body to verify the functionality of the design in providing the motion requirements. Unlike existing AFOs with two hinges, the proposed design uses only one hinge. The multi-axial loading of the ground reaction in 3D is then simulated to estimate lateral response of the hinge in preventing hypermobility and securing the walking stability. To maintain stability the hinge should limit the motion in directions other than rotation in the sagittal plane. In addition to this passive hinge, superelastic SMA is also envisioned to realize an active AFO. To this end, an active superelastic SMA element which is adjusted structurally and dynamically is used to reproduce the stiffness variation of a healthy ankle. This concept could produce a controlled stiffness profile desired for different walking conditions such as various speeds. Actuation mechanism design for this concept is also discussed. Although, the major contribution of this study is developing a reliable passive AFO design, experimental and numerical analyses confirm the functionality of both passive and active SMA AFOs.
Download or read book A Superelastic Variable Stiffness Knee Actuator for a Knee ankle foot Orthosis written by Feng Tian and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quadriceps weakness is primarily caused by neurological and muscular diseases. Individuals with such deficiency have limited ability to initiate knee extension or to control knee flexion. Knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs) are commonly prescribed to assist in abnormal ambulation caused by weak quadriceps. The purpose of this research is to develop a knee actuating system for knee-ankle-foot orthoses, which mimics normal knee joint behavior. The novel device is called the UT dynamic KAFO. This device is based on the superelastic property of Nitinol, an alloy of Nickel and Titanium. As the first step, a literature review for the biomechanics of human walking was performed. This was necessary to study kinematic and kinetic characteristics of a normal knee joint over the entire walking cycle. In this context, the knee kinematic and kinetic characteristics caused by weak quadriceps are discussed and compared to that of the normal knee joint. This understanding is essential in determining the requirements for the novel knee actuating system. The existing KAFOs were comprehensively studied. Three types of KAFOs have been reported in the literature: passive, stance control (SCKAFOs), and dynamic. Various knee-ankle-foot orthoses are discussed, including their designs, functionality, applications, and limitations. Passive KAFOs are the most used conventional type that provides strong support for the knee joint. Stance control KAFOs lock the knee during the stance phase and allow free knee rotations during the swing phase. Dynamic KAFOs control the knee joint throughout the entire walking gait cycle. In addition to the characteristics of existing KAFOs, the fundamental properties and applications of Nitinol, both shape memory and superelastic alloys, were studied. The conceptual design of the dynamic knee actuator with superelastic Nitinol was proposed and numerical simulations were conducted to verify the concept and to determine proper geometries for the actuator. Based on this, the dynamic knee module was modeled and analyzed and the optimal structures were obtained. The resulting knee module has three working modes: free, locked, and dynamic. A control system was developed to operate among the three modes. A prototype was first fabricated using additive manufacturing and then improved to the final device. The final prototype was added to a conventional KAFO. The resulting UT dynamic KAFO was evaluated in motion analysis tests on a healthy subject. The subject had no history of lower extremity pathology. Joint kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography data of both lower limbs was collected and calculated to compare the walking patterns in normal walking and walking with the UT dynamic KAFO. When compared with a locked knee KAFO, the results indicate that the dynamic KAFO is able to improve gait. Thus, we have concluded that the UT dynamic KAFO is able to assist gait in a manner that approximates a normal gait pattern.
Download or read book Identification Simulation and Control of an Ankle Foot Orthosis written by Mohammadhassan A. Sofla and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drop foot is a neuromuscular condition affecting many patients with abnormality in the walking pattern. The most common treatment to address this condition is ankle foot orthoses. This research presents a study on development of an identified model for a torsional shape memory alloy-based ankle foot orthosis for drop foot disorder. The model has been developed in stages. First, a dynamic model of ankle in walking is developed using identification method. A dynamic model of torsional shape memory materials is then developed. In the final stage, these two models are combined. This final model is employed to evaluate performance of the proposed ankle foot orthosis in mitigating drop foot. To this end, a control system is developed to match dynamic behavior of the patient with normal ankle behavior. This research provides a computation approach to design and develop advance assistive devices for ankle such as orthosis, prosthesis and bionic.
Download or read book Force controllable Ankle Foot Orthosis AFO to Assist Drop Foot Gait written by Joaquin Andres Blaya and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nickel Titanium Smart Hybrid Materials written by Sabu Thomas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-01-26 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nickel-Titanium Smart Hybrid Materials: From Micro- to Nano-structured Alloys for Emerging Applications describes advanced properties that can be adapted in NiTi-alloys. Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) systems are receiving wide demand in growing industries due to their smart, high-temperature or biocompatible behavior. These influenced behaviors are carefully described in the micro-scale and nanoscale range, with NiTi smart materials described on the basis of their shape memory effect (SME) and super-elastic (SE) properties for sensor and actuator application. This book discusses novel properties of nickel-titanium systems, helping materials scientists and engineers produce smart technologies and systems for the aeronautical, automobile, mechanical, healthcare and electronics industries. Describes the use of nanotechnology and microtechnology in nickel-titanium-based systems Outlines the major properties of Nickel-Titanium Nanoalloys Assesses the major challenges of manufacturing nickel-titanium nanoalloys at an industrial scale
Download or read book Biomechatronics written by Marko B. Popovic and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-09-04 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomechatronics is rapidly becoming one of the most influential and innovative research directions defining the 21st century. The second edition Biomechatronics provides a complete and up-to-date account of this advanced subject at the university textbook level. This new edition introduces two new chapters – Animals Biomechatronics and Plants Biomechatronics – highlighting the importance of the rapidly growing world population and associated challenges with food production. Each chapter is co-authored by top experts led by Professor Marko B. Popovic, researcher and educator at the forefront of advancements in this fascinating field. Starting with an introduction to the historical background of Biomechatronics, this book covers recent breakthroughs in artificial organs and tissues, prosthetic limbs, neural interfaces, orthotic systems, wearable systems for physical augmentation, physical therapy and rehabilitation, robotic surgery, natural and synthetic actuators, sensors, and control systems. A number of practice prompts and solutions are provided at the end of the book. The second edition of Biomechatronics is a result of dedicated work of a team of more than 30 contributors from all across the globe including top researchers and educators in the United States (Popovic, Lamkin-Kennard, Herr, Sinyukov, Troy, Goodworth, Johnson, Kaipa, Onal, Bowers, Djuric, Fischer, Ji, Jovanovic, Luo, Padir, Tetreault), Japan (Tashiro, Iraminda, Ohta, Terasawa), Sweden (Boyraz), Turkey (Arslan, Karabulut, Ortes), Germany (Beckerle and Wiliwacher), New Zealand (Liarokapis), Switzerland (Dobrev), and Serbia (Lazarevic). The only biomechatronics textbook written, especially for students at a university level Ideal for students and researchers in the biomechatronics, biomechanics, robotics, and biomedical engineering fields Provides updated overview of state-of-the-art science and technology of modern day biomechatronics, introduced by the leading experts in this fascinating field This edition introduces two new chapters: Animals Biomechatronics and Plants Biomechatronics Expanded coverage of topics such as Prosthetic Limbs, Powered Orthotics, Direct Neural Interface, Bio-inspired Robotics, Robotic Surgery, Actuators, Control and Physical Intelligence
Download or read book Synthesis Characterization and Applications of Magneto Responsive Functional Materials written by Yancheng Li and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-08-10 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proceedings of the ASME Conference on Smart Materials Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Wearable Robots written by José L. Pons and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A wearable robot is a mechatronic system that is designed around the shape and function of the human body, with segments and joints corresponding to those of the person it is externally coupled with. Teleoperation and power amplification were the first applications, but after recent technological advances the range of application fields has widened. Increasing recognition from the scientific community means that this technology is now employed in telemanipulation, man-amplification, neuromotor control research and rehabilitation, and to assist with impaired human motor control. Logical in structure and original in its global orientation, this volume gives a full overview of wearable robotics, providing the reader with a complete understanding of the key applications and technologies suitable for its development. The main topics are demonstrated through two detailed case studies; one on a lower limb active orthosis for a human leg, and one on a wearable robot that suppresses upper limb tremor. These examples highlight the difficulties and potentialities in this area of technology, illustrating how design decisions should be made based on these. As well as discussing the cognitive interaction between human and robot, this comprehensive text also covers: the mechanics of the wearable robot and it’s biomechanical interaction with the user, including state-of-the-art technologies that enable sensory and motor interaction between human (biological) and wearable artificial (mechatronic) systems; the basis for bioinspiration and biomimetism, general rules for the development of biologically-inspired designs, and how these could serve recursively as biological models to explain biological systems; the study on the development of networks for wearable robotics. Wearable Robotics: Biomechatronic Exoskeletons will appeal to lecturers, senior undergraduate students, postgraduates and other researchers of medical, electrical and bio engineering who are interested in the area of assistive robotics. Active system developers in this sector of the engineering industry will also find it an informative and welcome resource.
Download or read book Gait Analysis written by Jacquelin Perry and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-06-01 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The extensive and ground-breaking work of Dr. Jacquelin Perry is encompassed and detailed in the world renowned text, Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function. The medical, healthcare, and rehabilitation professions key text for over 18 years on gait.... Now available in a much anticipated New Second Edition Dr. Jacquelin Perry is joined by Dr. Judith Burnfield to present today's latest research findings on human gait. Gait Analysis, Second Edition has been updated and expanded to focus on current research, more sophisticated methods, and the latest equipment available to analyze gait. What is New: • A new chapter covering running • Synergy of motion between the two limbs • A new chapter covering pediatrics • A new chapter covering stair negotiation • New and updated clinical examples • A section on power inside each chapter covering normal gait • New methods and equipment to analyze gait This Second Edition to Gait Analysis offers a re-organization of the chapters and presentation of material in a more user-friendly, yet comprehensive format. Essential information is provided describing gait functions, and clinical examples to identify and interpret gait deviations. Learning is further reinforced with images and photographs. Features: • Six sections cover the fundamentals, normal gait, pathological gait, clinical considerations, advanced locomotor functions, and gait analysis systems • Clinical significance of the most common pathological gait patterns • Over 470 illustrations and photographs, as well as 40 tables • Patient examples to illustrate elements of normal and pathological gait Tens of thousands of orthopedic, orthotic and prosthetic, physical therapy, and other rehabilitation professionals have kept a copy of Gait Analysis by their side for over 18 years...join the thousands more who will bring the Second Edition into their clinics, classrooms, and personal collections.
Download or read book Wearable Robotics written by Jacob Rosen and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-11-16 with total page 551 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wearable Robotics: Systems and Applications provides a comprehensive overview of the entire field of wearable robotics, including active orthotics (exoskeleton) and active prosthetics for the upper and lower limb and full body. In its two major sections, wearable robotics systems are described from both engineering perspectives and their application in medicine and industry. Systems and applications at various levels of the development cycle are presented, including those that are still under active research and development, systems that are under preliminary or full clinical trials, and those in commercialized products. This book is a great resource for anyone working in this field, including researchers, industry professionals and those who want to use it as a teaching mechanism. Provides a comprehensive overview of the entire field, with both engineering and medical perspectives Helps readers quickly and efficiently design and develop wearable robotics for healthcare applications
Download or read book Postgraduate Orthopaedics written by Paul A. Banaszkiewicz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-08-16 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The must-have book for candidates preparing for the oral component of the FRCS (Tr and Orth).
Download or read book Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences written by Wade H. Shafer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis· seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) *at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac· tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 20 (thesis year 1975) a total of 10,374 theses titles from 28 Canadian and 239 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. The organization of Volume 20 is identical to that of past years. It consists of theses titles arranged by discipline and by university within each discipline.
