Download or read book Toward Improved Regional Estimates of Carbon Dioxide Sources and Sinks Through Coupled Carbon atmospheric Data Assimilation written by Hans Weiteng Chen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accurate estimates of regional carbon dioxide (CO2) sources and sinks are necessary to further our understanding of the carbon cycle and improve predictions of future climate change. CO2 surface fluxes can be constrained using atmospheric CO2 observations combined with atmospheric transport models through so-called top-down or inverse methods. At regional scales, however, inverse estimates of CO2 fluxes have been shown to be sensitive to errors in model representation of atmospheric transport. How to account for such atmospheric transport errors in inversions is currently not well understood.This dissertation examines the impact of atmospheric transport errors on simulated atmospheric CO2 mole fractions and inferred CO2 fluxes at subcontinental scales and hourly to monthly time scales. We first investigate how much space for improvement there is in two contemporary CO2 analysis datasets by comparing CO2 mole fractions from the analyses with airborne in situ measurements of CO2 from the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport - America field campaigns in summer 2016 and winter 2017. The analyses show an overall good agreement with observations except for large biases in near-surface CO2 mole fractions in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States during summer, which suggests that CO2 fluxes can be further optimized in this region. Next, we quantify how transport errors due to uncertainties in meteorological initial conditions propagate to errors in atmospheric CO2 mole fractions through ensemble sensitivity experiments in a regional mesoscale model. Transport errors in CO2 are found to be of comparable magnitude and share similar spatiotemporal characteristics as errors due to uncertainties in CO2 fluxes on sub-monthly time scales. Finally, we present the development of a coupled carbon--atmospheric data assimilation system for regional CO2 flux inversion. This data assimilation system uses the ensemble Kalman Filter to optimize both meteorological variables and CO2 mole fractions and fluxes. Coupling the atmospheric and carbon states allows us to investigate the role of atmospheric transport errors in the CO2 flux optimization. The data assimilation system is tested in a series of perfect model experiments with synthetic observations to examine how well the CO2 flux inversion performs when different types of errors are introduced.
Download or read book Thriving on Our Changing Planet written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-01-20 with total page 717 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and understand our planet, and to predict future behavior to the extent possible, in order to effectively manage resources, successfully respond to threats from natural and human-induced environmental change, and capitalize on the opportunities â€" social, economic, security, and more â€" that such knowledge can bring. By continuously monitoring and exploring Earth, developing a deep understanding of its evolving behavior, and characterizing the processes that shape and reshape the environment in which we live, we not only advance knowledge and basic discovery about our planet, but we further develop the foundation upon which benefits to society are built. Thriving on Our Changing Planet presents prioritized science, applications, and observations, along with related strategic and programmatic guidance, to support the U.S. civil space Earth observation program over the coming decade.
Download or read book Towards Robust Regional Estimates of Carbon Sources and Sinks Using Atmospheric Transport Models written by Kevin Gurney and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Carbon Cycle written by T. M. L. Wigley and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-08-22 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is imperative to stabilizing our future climate. Our ability to reduce these emissions combined with an understanding of how much fossil-fuel-derived CO2 the oceans and plants can absorb is central to mitigating climate change. In The Carbon Cycle, leading scientists examine how atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have changed in the past and how this may affect the concentrations in the future. They look at the carbon budget and the "missing sink" for carbon dioxide. They offer approaches to modeling the carbon cycle, providing mathematical tools for predicting future levels of carbon dioxide. This comprehensive text incorporates findings from the recent IPCC reports. New insights, and a convergence of ideas and views across several disciplines make this book an important contribution to the global change literature.
Download or read book Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact.
Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Sinks written by Dave Reay and published by CABI. This book was released on 2007 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this first comprehensive handbook of the earth's sinks for greenhouse gases, leading researchers from around the world provide an expert synthesis of current understanding and uncertainties. It will be a valuable resource for students, researchers and practitioners in conservation, ecology and environmental studies.
Download or read book Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-07-28 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's nations are moving toward agreements that will bind us together in an effort to limit future greenhouse gas emissions. With such agreements will come the need for all nations to make accurate estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and to monitor changes over time. In this context, the present book focuses on the greenhouse gases that result from human activities, have long lifetimes in the atmosphere and thus will change global climate for decades to millennia or more, and are currently included in international agreements. The book devotes considerably more space to CO2 than to the other gases because CO2 is the largest single contributor to global climate change and is thus the focus of many mitigation efforts. Only data in the public domain were considered because public access and transparency are necessary to build trust in a climate treaty. The book concludes that each country could estimate fossil-fuel CO2 emissions accurately enough to support monitoring of a climate treaty. However, current methods are not sufficiently accurate to check these self-reported estimates against independent data or to estimate other greenhouse gas emissions. Strategic investments would, within 5 years, improve reporting of emissions by countries and yield a useful capability for independent verification of greenhouse gas emissions reported by countries.
Download or read book Modeling Regional Carbon Dioxide Flux Over California Using the WRF ACASA Coupled Model written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many processes and interactions in the atmosphere and the biosphere influence the rate of carbon dioxide exchange between these two systems. However, it is difficult to estimate the carbon dioxide flux over regions with diverse ecosystems and complex terrains, such as California. Traditional carbon dioxide measurements are sparse and limited to specific ecosystems. Therefore, accurately estimating carbon dioxide flux on a regional scale remains a major challenge. In this study, we couple the weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) with the Advanced Canopy- Atmosphere-Soil Algorithm (ACASA), a high complexity land surface model. Although WRF is a state-of- the-art regional atmospheric model with high spatial and temporal resolutions, the land surface schemes available in WRF lack the capability to simulate carbon dioxide. ACASA is a complex multilayer land surface model with interactive canopy physiology and full surface hydrological processes. It allows microenvironmental variables such as air and surface temperatures, wind speed, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration to vary vertically. Carbon dioxide, sensible heat, water vapor, and momentum fluxes between the atmosphere and land surface are estimated in the ACASA model through turbulence equations with a third order closure scheme. It therefore permits counter-gradient transports that low-order turbulence closure models are unable to simulate. A new CO2 tracer module is introduced into the model framework to allow the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration to vary according to terrestrial responses. In addition to the carbon dioxide simulation, the coupled WRF-ACASA model is also used to investigate the interactions of neighboring ecosystems in their response to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. The model simulations with and without the CO2 tracer for WRF-ACASA are compared with surface observations from the AmeriFlux network.
Download or read book Ocean Biogeochemistry written by Michael J.R. Fasham and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oceans account for 50% of the anthropogenic CO2 released into the atmosphere. During the past 15 years an international programme, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), has been studying the ocean carbon cycle to quantify and model the biological and physical processes whereby CO2 is pumped from the ocean's surface to the depths of the ocean, where it can remain for hundreds of years. This project is one of the largest multi-disciplinary studies of the oceans ever carried out and this book synthesises the results. It covers all aspects of the topic ranging from air-sea exchange with CO2, the role of physical mixing, the uptake of CO2 by marine algae, the fluxes of carbon and nitrogen through the marine food chain to the subsequent export of carbon to the depths of the ocean. Special emphasis is laid on predicting future climatic change.
Download or read book Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Retrieved from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite written by Austin James Cogan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon dioxide is the largest anthropogenic contributor to global warming and atmospheric concentrations have rapidly increased since the start of the industrial revolution. Networks of surface in-situ carbon dioxide sensors provide precise and accurate measurements of the global carbon dioxide concentration, including large scale temporal, seasonal and latitudinal variations. However, these observations are too sparse to allow the establishment of sub-continental carbon budgets, limiting the accuracy of climate change projections and the ability to mitigate future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Satellite observations can provide data with dense spatial and temporal coverage over regions poorly sampled by surface networks. Specifically, observations in the shortwave infrared region are well suited for constraining carbon fluxes as they can provide total column carbon dioxide with high sensitivity to the source and sink locations at the surface. The first dedicated greenhouse gases sensor, the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT), was launched in January 2009 by the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) and has successfully started to acquire global observations of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide. The University of Leicester Full Physics (UOL-FP) retrieval algorithm has been designed to estimate total column carbon dioxide from GOSAT shortwave infrared observations. The initial results were compared to coincident ground based measurements for a number of locations and compared on a global scale to a model. This showed an accuracy and precison that should provide improved surface flux estimates. Additionally, a bias correction scheme was developed that reduced observed geographical biases, allowing surface flux uncertainties to be potentially reduced further. To further develop the UOL-FP retrieval algorithm, a simulator capable of creating realistic GOSAT observations was built, allowing the investigation of different retrieval algorithm modifications, which may lead to reduced source and sink flux uncertainties and therefore aid future climate change forecasts.
Download or read book Advances in Carbon Management Technologies written by Subhas Sikdar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-03-19 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Carbon Management Technologies comprises 43 chapters contributed by experts from all over the world. Volume 1 of the book, containing 23 chapters, discusses the status of technologies capable of yielding substantial reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from major combustion sources. Such technologies include renewable energy sources that can replace fossil fuels and technologies to capture CO2 after fossil fuel combustion or directly from the atmosphere, with subsequent permanent long-term storage. The introductory chapter emphasizes the gravity of the issues related to greenhouse gas emissionglobal temperature correlation, the state of the art of key technologies and the necessary emission reductions needed to meet international warming targets. Section 1 deals with global challenges associated with key fossil fuel mitigation technologies, including removing CO2 from the atmosphere, and emission measurements. Section 2 presents technological choices for coal, petroleum, and natural gas for the purpose of reducing carbon footprints associated with the utilization of such fuels. Section 3 deals with promising contributions of alternatives to fossil fuels, such as hydropower, nuclear, solar photovoltaics, and wind. Chapter 19 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
Download or read book Carbon Data Assimilation Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter written by Nan Miao and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Strategic Plan for the U S Climate Change Science Program written by Climate Change Science Program (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Land Carbon Cycle Modeling written by Yiqi Luo and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon moves through the atmosphere, through the oceans, onto land, and into and between various ecosystems. This cycling has a large effect on climate - changing geographic patterns of rainfall and the frequency of extreme weather. The impact of changes in global carbon cycling are altered as the use of fossil fuels add carbon to the cycle. This book addresses the crucial question of how to assess, evaluate, and estimate the potential impact of the additional carbon to the global carbon cycle. The contributors describe a set of models for exploring ecological questions regarding changes in carbon cycling; provide background for developing new models; employs data assimilation techniques for model improvement; and do real- or near-time ecological forecasting for decision support. This book strives to balance theoretical considerations, technical details, and applications of ecosystem modeling for research, assessment, and crucial decision making. Key Features Helps readers understand, implement and criticize carbon cycling models Does not require computer programming skills or deep knowledge of mathematics Describes a suite of modeling skills - modeling questions, building models, data assimilation Combines modeling with statistical analysis of models Introduces data assimilation, statistical analysis, Markov chain Mote Carlo methods, and decision supporting systems
Download or read book Land Cover Classification System written by Antonio Di Gregorio and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2005 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Based on the original software version 1 prepared by Antonio Di Gregorio and Louisa J.M. Jansen."
Download or read book Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-08-25 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding, quantifying, and tracking atmospheric methane and emissions is essential for addressing concerns and informing decisions that affect the climate, economy, and human health and safety. Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) that contributes to global warming. While carbon dioxide is by far the dominant cause of the rise in global average temperatures, methane also plays a significant role because it absorbs more energy per unit mass than carbon dioxide does, giving it a disproportionately large effect on global radiative forcing. In addition to contributing to climate change, methane also affects human health as a precursor to ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere. Improving Characterization of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States summarizes the current state of understanding of methane emissions sources and the measurement approaches and evaluates opportunities for methodological and inventory development improvements. This report will inform future research agendas of various U.S. agencies, including NOAA, the EPA, the DOE, NASA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Download or read book Data Model Assimilation at the FACE and AmeriFlux Sites Toward Predictive Understanding of Carbon Sequestration at Ecosystem and Regional Scales written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The project was conducted during the period from 9/1/2007 to 8/31/2011 with three major tasks: (1) development of data assimilation (DA) techniques for terrestrial carbon research; (2) applications of DA techniques to analysis of carbon cycle at Duke and other FACE sites; and (3) inverse analysis at AmeriFlux sites. During this period, we have developed a variety of techniques, including (1) ensemble Kalman filter to estimate model parameters or state variables (Gao et al. 2011), (2) Conditional inversion to estimate parameters of a carbon cycle model (Wu et al. 2009), and (3) various methods to quantify uncertainty of estimated parameters and predicted C sinks (e.g., Weng et al. 2011), and (4) information theory to evaluate information content of different model structures and data sets (Weng and Luo 2011). We applied the DA techniques to and did modeling at the Duke FACE and other global change experimental sites. We addressed the following issues: (1) interactive effects of CO2, warming and precipitation on ecosystem processes (e.g., Luo et al. 2008, Weng and Luo 2008, Zhou et al. 2008), (2) effects of warming on estimated parameters related to photosynthesis and residence times (Zhou et al. 2010); and (3) uncertainty in estimated parameters and predicted C sequestration (Gao et al. 2011, Weng and Luo 2011). In addition, we have done data assimilation to estimate carbon residence and carbon sequestration in US continent (Zhou and Luo 2008) and temperature sensitivity at the global scale (Zhou et al. 2009).
