Download or read book Timber Damage by Black Bears written by Dale L. Nolte and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes alternative approaches to controlling the damage black bears cause during the spring when they strip bark to eat the newly formed wood underneath. One bear might strip as many as 70 trees in a day. The trees will be damaged and may be killed if the bark is stripped all the way around the tree, girdling it. Bears appear to strip the most vigorous trees, preferring stands that have been thinned, or those where urea fertilizer has been applied. Bears also appear to prefer trees with a high concentration of sugars relative to the concentration of terpenes. Pruning decreases the sugar-to-terpene ratio, reducing the likelihood that trees will be stripped by bears. Bears generally quit stripping trees once other foods become available during the late spring or early summer. One approach to reducing damage has been to provide supplemental feed (pellets resembling dog food) in stands being damaged by bears. In one study, damage was just one-fifth as much in stands with feeders as in stands without feeders. Killing bears in areas where trees are being stripped can also reduce damage. Other approaches, such as relocation, contraception or sterilization, or repellents, are not generally practical for protecting forest plantations.
Download or read book Environmental Assessment Managing Black Bear Damage to Timber in Western Oregon written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Finding of No Significant Impact and Decision for Management of Black Bear Damage to Timber in Western Oregon written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bear Depredation written by California. Legislature. Assembly. Interim Committee on Agriculture and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Examining Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Bear Damage on Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation written by Shannon M. Mendia and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic loss due to tree damage by black bears (Ursus americanus) on managed timberlands has been valued at several million dollars annually in the Pacific Northwest. While bear damage to trees may negatively affect timber production, it also alters forest structure and habitat that may contribute to forest wildlife diversity. I studied the relationship between bear damage to coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) trees and response of cavity nesting birds on the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation. I measured disservices from bear damage by calculating current and future timber revenue loss, and ecosystem services by calculating forest structural complexity, abundance and diversity of cavity nesting birds, and woodpecker activity. Bear damage negatively affected tree growth and estimated lumber recovery. Forest structural complexity was positively correlated with bear damage, and cavity nester abundance and woodpecker foraging activity were positively correlated to forest structural complexity and bear damage. Pileated woodpeckers and red-breasted sapsuckers used bear damaged trees out of proportion to their availability, and pileated woodpeckers selected for more structurally complex sample units. Information from this study advances our understanding of the potential for bear foraging to negatively affect economic revenue and the trade-offs which help to create habitat conditions favoring other important wildlife species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate ecosystem services for multiple species in relation to disservices from another species. Understanding the costs and benefits of bear damage can help guide management decisions vital to forest managers both on and off tribal lands.
Download or read book A Multi Spatial Scale Economic Analysis of the Impacts of Bear Damage to Douglas fir on Private Timberlands in the Pacific Northwest written by Kristina N. Kline and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black bears (Ursus americanus) in western Oregon and Washington peel bark from conifers in early spring to forage on the sugar-rich phloem and cambial tissues. This provides important energy at a time when similarly attractive forage is scarce. Bears often damage Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees in stands that are intensively managed for timber production, as management activities including thinning and fertilization increase productivity. Fully girdled trees result in a complete economic loss while partial girdling reduces survival rates as well as merchantable volume. Previous studies on economic impacts have assessed only those losses to fully girdled trees, but not additional impacts from wounded trees. We surveyed four severely damaged stands to assess economic impacts at the stand-level, and surveyed 122 randomly selected vulnerable stands to assess economic impacts at the landscape-level. Two damage scenarios were considered. Scenario one accounted for the additional mortality and volume losses from partially girdled trees, whereas scenario two assumed that all bear-peeled trees resulted in a complete loss. Stand volumes were estimated using the Forest Vegetation Simulator growth and yield model. Economic losses were estimated using the Fuel Reduction Cost Simulator and present value models. At the stand-level, economic losses to severe bear damage in scenario one ranged from $6,100 to $24,500. Economic losses in scenario two ranged from $19,500 to $74,700. Undamaged stands were valued from $43K-$250K. At the landscape level, economic losses to vulnerable stands in scenario one ranged from $44,500 to $726,000. Economic losses in scenario two ranged from $169,000 to $2.8M. Undamaged stands were valued from $48M-$780.5M. Root disease was a more prevalent damage agent than black bear damage. The majority of bear damage observed (92%) was older (>2 yrs) and existed at a low frequency (1.5 bear damaged trees/ha) and severity across the landscape. Our results suggest that bear damage management over the last two decades may have reached a level of efficiency at reducing damage, and if continued, bear damage may remain at low levels across the landscape. On-the-ground monitoring of the status of bear damage frequency and severity across western Oregon and Washington at both the stand and landscape levels will provide an understanding of these changes over time as a result of management decisions.
Download or read book Assessment and Management of Animal Damage in Pacific Northwest Forest written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Co existing with Black Bears in Massachusetts written by Sandra Andrea Robinson and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Black Bear Damage on Trees in the Pacific Northwest of the USA written by Nancy Schaarschmidt and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Black Bear in Modern North America written by Dale A. Burk and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Black Bear Damage and Control in Massachusetts written by James E. Cardoza and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Black Bear of Washington written by Richard J. Poelker and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This bulletin serves a two-fold purpose. First, it is a final report of the Black Bear Study, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration (Pittman-Robertson) Project W-71-R. This is a cooperative study begun in 1963 by state, federal and private agencies to investigate the problem of black bear damage to coniferous forests and gain new information with regard to black bear biology and populations. The project became inactive in 1969 with the death of the principal investigator. The project was reactivated in 1973 to allow for consolidation and publication of study findings. The second purpose is to provide persons concerned with black bear a useful and informative guide. Basic information concerning black bear damage to coniferous forests, biology, population and a summary of past and current management in Washington is provided. Hopefully, with this bulletin, the man in the field, whether a forester, a state wildlife agent or other, can find answers to the numerous questions and problems encountered"--Preface.
Download or read book Black Bear Tree Damage written by and published by . This book was released on 199? with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Watchable Wildlife written by Lynn L. Rogers and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bear Biology Association written by United States. National Park Service and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Silvicultural Approaches to Animal Damage Management in Pacific Northwest Forests written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Update written by National Wildlife Research Center (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
