Download or read book Three Essays on the Economics of Nutrition Assistance and Food Security written by Xia Si and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation focuses on the economics of nutrition assistance and food security. The first essay tests the substitution effect between public and private nutrition assistance programs in the United States. It is the first to address the causal relationship between shocks in the availability of public nutrition assistance and low-income households’ private nutrition assistance utilization. In particular, we examined the way in which loss of WIC benefits when children aged-out of WIC eligibility impacted a household’s utilization of private food assistance. Using a regression discontinuity analysis framework, I found that households significantly increased utilization of private nutrition assistance following a negative shock in the availability of public nutrition assistance. Estimates indicated that some households might have been able to compensate 50 – 80 percent of their loss in public WIC nutrition assistance by increasing the frequency of utilization of private nutrition assistance. The second essay exploited the expansion of Community Distribution Partners (CDPs) of Crossroads Community Service (CCS) to investigate if the reduction of travel costs improved low-income households’ utilization of private nutrition assistance. I found that after a new CDP within 2 km from a client’s address was opened, potentially shortening client’s traveling distance, nearby clients’ visiting frequency increased by 4.4% compared to clients living farther from this CDP site. The third essay investigated the impact of E-verify mandates, which make it more difficult for certain undocumented workers to find a new job, on the food security status of both citizens and non-citizens. Using a Difference in Difference approach and data from CPS’s food security supplements, this study found that even through E-verify mandates had no significant effects on family income, they had unintended consequences on households’ food security. E-verify mandates reduced the food security of both U.S citizens and non-citizens residing in the U.S. The effect was consistent over different sub-types of food security measures.

Download or read book Three Essays in Health and Nutrition Economics written by Matthew P. Rabbitt and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This dissertation focuses on aspects of behavior and public policy related to vulnerable populations. The first essay, coauthored with Christian Gregory and David C. Ribar, reviews recent theory and empirical evidence regarding the effect of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation on food insecurity and replicates the modelling strategies used in the empirical literature. We find that recent evidence suggesting the ameliorative effect of SNAP on food insecurity may not be robust to specification choice or data. Most specifications mirror the existing literature in finding a positive association of food insecurity with SNAP participation. Two-stage least squares and control function methods do show that SNAP reduces food insecurity, but effects are not consistent across sub-populations and are not always statistically significant. In the second essay, I examine the relationship between SNAP participation and food insecurity using data from the 2001-2008 Current Population Survey (CPS-FSS). A behavioral Rasch selection model is proposed and estimated using four subsamples of low-income households: unmarried parent households, married parent households, all-elderly households, and other adult-only households. The behavioral Rasch selection model assumes responses to multiple food hardship questions may be modelled as indicators of a single underlying index of food hardships, and concurrently, controls for the endogeneity of program participation. Simultaneously modelling the outcomes this way leads to more efficient estimation. The models are identified using exogenous changes in state-level polices related to SNAP. The results suggest that SNAP has a strong ameliorative effect on food insecurity for married parent households, all-elderly households, and other adult-only households, while SNAP continues to be associated with greater food hardships for unmarried parent households. Participating in SNAP reduces the probability of food insecurity by 22.4% for other adult-only households, 18% for all-elderly households, and 17% for married parent households. The third and final essay examines the relationship between underage college drinking and the initial occupational choices of male college graduates using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). Focusing on recent college graduates and their initial occupational choices allows me to address important timing issues not considered by the existing literature. For the multivariate analyses, I estimate multinomial logistic models of occupational choice, where the occupational choice set is specified as employed full-time in white collar occupations, other occupations, enrolled in school, and neither in school nor employed full-time. In addition, I estimate multinomial logistic selection models that control for the potential endogeneity of underage drinking. The results suggest underage college drinking is not associated with young men's initial occupational choices, with the exception of the decision to be enrolled in school. Young men with any underage college days where they drank two or more drinks are 28.9% less likely to be enrolled in school after completing a bachelor's degree."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.

Download or read book Three Essays on Food Security Food Assistance and Migration written by Paul A. Lewin and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation's three essays explore the determinants of food insecurity for rural farm households, the influence of rainfall variability and long-run changes in rainfall levels on the migration decisions of working-age household heads, and the distributional impacts in core and periphery regions of food assistance to households in the hinterland. The first essay examines how socio-economic characteristics of households, local conditions, and public programs are associated with the probability that a farm household in rural Malawi is food insecure. The statistical analysis uses nationally representative data for 7,965 randomly-selected households interviewed during 2004/05 for the second Malawi Integrated Household Survey (IHS-2). Regressions are estimated separately for households in the north, center, and south of Malawi to account for spatial heterogeneity. Results of a Probit regression model reveal that households are less likely to be food insecure if they have more cultivated land per capita, receive agricultural field assistance, reside in a community with an irrigation scheme, and are headed by an individual with a high school degree. Factors that positively correlate with a household's food insecurity are number of household members and distance to markets. The second essay uses nationally representative data from Malawi's 2004/05 Integrated Household Survey (IHS-2) to examine whether rainfall conditions influence a rural worker's decision to make a long-term move to an urban or another rural area. Results of a Full Information Maximum Likelihood regression model reveal that (1) rainfall shocks constrain migration, most likely by making it difficult for prospective migrants to cover costs of migration, (2) migrants choose to move to communities where rainfall variability is lower, and (3) rainfall shocks have larger negative effects on the earnings of recent migrants than on long-time residents' earnings. The third essay examines how benefits from food assistance programs to needy households spillover between areas and among household income groups in the United States. We study the effect of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in the Portland Oregon metro Core and its Periphery trade area, using a Multiregional Input- Output (MRIO) model based on a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). The analysis captures direct, indirect and induced effects of SNAP on each region and spillover effects on the other region. SNAP benefits to the lower income household classes in each region are traced to their effects on the local economy in each region, and to the effects on household income by income class. The analysis finds that (1) the economic impact on the Portland Core from a given level of SNAP benefits to households in the Periphery is greater than the economic impact in the Periphery from the same level of SNAP benefits to households in the Core; (2) high-income households benefit more than low-income households from the indirect and induced economic impact of SNAP.

Download or read book Three Essays on the U S Food and Nutrition Assistance Programs written by Pourya Valizadeh and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of the federal food and nutrition assistance programs in the U.S. is to improve the nutritional well-being and health of low-income households. This dissertation explores the extent to which these programs have accomplished this goal. The first essay examines how the implementation and the subsequent expiration of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) affected the material well-being of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants. I find that ARRA implementation on average increased the overall material well-being of SNAP participants, as measured by their total nondurable spending, whereas the ARRA expiration reduced their well-being. Furthermore, using a fixed-effect quantile estimator, I find that ARRA implementation led to a first-order improvement in the distributions of both total nondurable and food spending. I also find that low-food and high-food spending households were the most responsive to increase in benefits. ARRA expiration, however, affected households with the lowest total nondurable and food expenditures. The second essay estimates the welfare effects of the SNAP benefit cycle 0́3 the observation that food spending of SNAP households spikes upon benefits arrival and declines over the remainder of the benefit month. I first show that the price component of food expenditure is also sensitive to the benefit arrival. I then estimate welfare changes due to the changes in prices paid. I find that by the end of the third week of the benefit month, households are paying 22% less on food bundles, implying a change in money-metric welfare of $4.94 per day or 6.6% of the average amount spent on the first two days of the month. The final essay estimates the effects of aging out of the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) on quality of children's diets and rates of food insecurity. Using a regression discontinuity design, I find a fairly large decrease in overall diet quality of children as they become age-ineligible for WIC. Moreover, by investigating the entire diet quality distribution, I find that children prone to lower- quality diets experience larger decreases in nutrition. I find no significant effect on rates of food insecurity.

Download or read book Essays on Food Insecurity and Food and Nutrition Assistance Policy in the United States written by Sarah Elizabeth Charnes and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation investigates many facets of means-testing in the United States through the lens of public food assistance. In Chapter 1, I speak to the literature on “administrative burden,” or individual-level barriers to means-tested program participation. Previous studies debate the extent to which administrative barriers inhibit take-up of means-tested programs. I study two application streamlining initiatives intended to simplify the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) application process in the United States through the reduction of transaction and information costs. The two initiatives differ along the dimension of in-person versus mail-based interactions with clients. Using two-way fixed effects and alternative difference-in-difference estimators, I estimate an overall 4.3 percentage point (19.3 percent) average treatment effect of application streamlining on SNAP participation. Further analysis of the two implementation models suggests a stronger effect of in-person interactions with clients (25.8 percent), compared to off-site outreach (15.2 percent). However, different approaches appear to be more effective for different eligible populations: there is suggestive evidence that off-site outreach could have a stronger effect for population subgroups experiencing mobility-related barriers to take-up. As such, this study points to the importance of understanding the behaviors and barriers to take-up experienced by specific target populations when designing initiatives intended to improve enrollment in means-tested programs. In Chapter 2, I speak to current discourse around the association between household food insecurity and disability status. Disability is a known risk factor for food insecurity, even when accounting for household income. However, the mechanisms driving the relationship between disability and food insecurity remain underexplored. Using the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey, I test the extent to which food store choice (representing food access) mediates the association between disability and food insecurity in the United States. The analysis is complicated by the notion that food insecurity also influences food store choice. Nevertheless, multivariate regression findings suggest that food access is not a significant driver of high rates of food insecurity among households where disabilities are present. This chapter has been accepted for publication in Physiology & Behavior (Charnes, forthcoming). In Chapter 3, I address questions surrounding the cause of the SNAP benefit cycle – a phenomenon in which SNAP benefits (disbursed on a monthly basis) are typically spent all at once within the first few days of receipt. The disbursement of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits is associated with a decline in food spending and caloric consumption over the SNAP month, resulting in a range of adverse consequences. However, there is a lack of consensus about the underlying cause of the SNAP benefit cycle. Building upon work conducted by Tiehen, Newman, and Kirlin (2017), I use the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey to examine SNAP households’ acquisitions of free food patterns across the SNAP month. I conclude that a steady state of free food acquisitions across the month is primarily attributable to benefit inadequacy. Although the three chapters are situated within distinct sets of literature, they jointly point to the importance of public food assistance for Americans in need. This dissertation was written during the Trump Presidency, which was characterized by movements to drastically cut the social safety net – followed by the COVID-19 pandemic, its associated recession, and movements to rebuild the safety net in the early years of the Biden Presidency. The three essays highlight the conditions that have led to current proposals to transition to a universal structure for SNAP and other safety net programs.

Download or read book Three Essays on the Economics of Nutrition written by Wiktoria Tafesse and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays on Food Insecurity and Child Welfare written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three essays on food insecurity and child welfare.

Download or read book Nutrition Economics written by Suresh Babu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-11-02 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutrition Economics: Principles and Policy Applications establishes the core criteria for consideration as new policies and regulations are developed, including application-based principles that ensure practical, effective implementation of policy. From the economic contribution of nutrition on quality of life, to the costs of malnutrition on society from both an individual and governmental level, this book guides the reader through the factors that can determine the success or failure of a nutrition policy. Written by an expert in policy development, and incorporating an encompassing view of the factors that impact nutrition from an economic standpoint (and their resulting effects), this book is unique in its focus on guiding other professionals and those in advanced stages of study to important considerations for correct policy modeling and evaluation. As creating policy without a comprehensive understanding of the relevant contributing factors that lead to failure is not an option, this book provides a timely reference. Connects the direct and indirect impacts of economic policy on nutritional status Provides practical insights into the analysis of nutrition policies and programs that will produce meaningful results Presents a hands-on approach on how to apply economic theory to the design of nutritional policies and programs

Download or read book Toward Better Meeting the Needs of the Food Insecure written by Joanna Beth Upton and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food insecurity is a significant challenge in the world, and nowhere more than in subSaharan Africa. The policy options available to combat food insecurity have been expanding in recent years, providing increased flexibility over where-and what-food is procured, and what form of transfer recipients receive. In designing policies key questions arise related to the impacts of procuring food in developing countries, what recipients prefer to receive, and the relative impacts of cash versus food transfers. This dissertation takes a microeconomic approach to filling some of the gaps in our knowledge of food assistance policy impacts. In the first paper we exploit a unique natural experiment to assess the performance of local procurement in Burkina Faso, and to test a number of hypotheses and claims. We find that procuring locally saves time and cost, does not affect local food prices, and has positive impacts on smallholder suppliers. Recipients also prefer local commodities. In the second and third papers we develop a theoretical household model to investigate cash versus food transfers in Niger, taking advantage of a randomized trial and a large-scale household survey. The first paper examines the importance of the contents of the food basket. The model predicts that an extra-marginal transfer of a staple grain will have negative impacts on dietary diversity relative to a cash transfer, whereas an extra-marginal transfer of higher quality food will have positive impacts. I confirm that these predictions hold in Niger. The third paper examines the differential impacts of food versus cash transfers on informal credit and gift exchange. The model predicts that cash recipients will be more likely to use transfers to pay debts, and this impact will be more pronounced when food prices are rising, as the expectation of rising prices erodes the relative value of cash to food in terms of future consumption. Findings in Niger confirm these predictions, and highlight several implications of the relative scarcity of cash versus food. These papers inform food assistance policy in the Sahel, and provide a novel lens through which to understand the mechanisms behind food assistance policy impacts.

Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Food Access in the United States written by Stephanie Anne Schauder and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food access in the United States has been a topic of considerable debate for the past decade. This thesis explores three different facets of food access and provides policy implications to shed light on solutions. Chapter 2 analyzes the effect of the national Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Program (FFVP) on the formation of simulated preferences for healthy food. The results suggest that early and consistent exposure to FFVP is more beneficial than late or sporadic exposure conditional on the number of years of exposure. FFVP may also be more beneficial to children living in low food access areas. Chapter 3 models how income segregation affects food access in the presence of heterogeneous transportation costs. When there is high income segregation, the model suggests that grocery stores locate closer to wealthy individuals. However, when there is lower income segregation, the average distance any person has to travel to reach the grocery store is decreased. Chapter 4 explores the implications of a sprawl development pattern on grocery store location in the United States. There are fewer grocery stores in more car dependent areas because transportation costs are lower and grocery stores cannot differentiate of location to the same extent that they can when transportation costs are higher. Additionally, for those individuals who do not have cars, it is easier to walk and use public transportation in less car dependent areas. These three essays illuminate different aspects of food access and seek to inform the conversation on this topic.

Download or read book Life Liberty and the Pursuit of Utility written by Anthony Kenny and published by Andrews UK Limited. This book was released on 2011-12-09 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A volume on the nature, ingredients, causes and consequences of human happiness by the father and son team of Anthony and Charles Kenny.

Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Food Access and Food Security written by Phillip Maurice Warsaw and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project leverages residential markets to develop and estimate econometric models of consumer demand for local food access in Milwaukee, WI. I estimate both a hedonic model and a horizontal residential sorting model to characterize consumer preferences for food access in the form of large, full-service grocery stores, and how they vary across socioeconomic characteristics. To do so, I use fourteen years of publicly available residential transaction and land-use data between 2002 and 2015. The hedonic model estimates marginal prices paid by households for food access, which I define here as the number of grocery stores within quarter-mile rings up to 1 mile away from a residence. The availability of a robust set of spatial controls in conjunction with Census data also allows for the consideration of how those prices vary across space and the socioeconomic makeup of each neighborhood within the city, providing a natural test for inequalities in food access across the city. I find evidence that households in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of African and/or Latino-American households pay a higher premium for grocery stores within .75 -- 1 mile of their home, with some evidence that the same is true for grocery stores within .25 -- .50 miles of a home. These results suggest the existence of food inequality within the city. The horizontal sorting model allows for the estimation of structural consumer preferences, and how those preferences vary across observable household characteristics. Estimation results suggest that households of color, particularly African-American households, have a higher marginal willingness to pay for an additional grocery store within a mile of their home than white households, after controlling for income. These results complement those found by the hedonic model, suggesting that the existing price inequalities are in part due to higher demand for food access in neighborhoods of color. Finally, counterfactual policy analysis suggests significant benefits of policies aimed to increase food access in neighborhoods of color, particularly those of low-income.

Download or read book The Role of Food Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition Volume III written by Victor R. Squires and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2011-11-15 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition is a component of Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Human health and wellbeing depend strongly on production, quality, and availability of food. Agriculture, or cultivation of the soil, harvesting crops, and raising livestock, which are the main sources of food, has no single origin. At different times and in numerous places, many plants and animals have been domesticated to provide food for humankind. Fishing, like farming, is a form of primary food production. Through food gathering, primitive humans first obtained fish and other aquatic products in the shallow waters of lakes and along the seashore, in areas with ebb tides, and in small streams. The breadth and complexity of the subject matter presented here is vast. This volume traces the extraordinary history of human colonization of the habitable world and is a chronicle of humankind’s early communion with the underlying realities of the earth’s physical environment, the eventual destruction of this harmonious relationship, and efforts to repair the damage. To make it easier for the reader the volume is divided into 7 sections Food and agriculture and the use of natural resources examines the relationship between food production and the resource base and demonstrate how humans have adapted and exploited Nature to feed the burgeoning populations of humans and their domestic animals. History of forestry from ancient times to the present day is analyzed and shows the linkage between forest clearance for agriculture and the rise of human populations, and current global environmental issues. History of Fishing is a saga explained that spans the full range from traditional fishing for subsistence through to the evolution of modern factory fishing fleets Impact of global change on agriculture outlines the impact of climate change, human demographic trends and the sustainability issues that arise. Economics and policy of food production analyzes the global trade in foodstuffs and the regional specializations and land use complexities. Fundamentals of human health and nutrition explains the complexities of providing a balanced and safe diet for humans throughout their life cycle from birth to old age. It explores some of the linkages between human health and the quality and quantity of food provided. Human nutrition: an overview provides, a wide ranging summary of the issues and imperatives associated with providing humans with food of a quality and standard that will ensure healthy lives. In the history of human development from the time of the earliest agricultural activities humans have cleared the natural forests and woodlands to obtain building materials and fuel wood, and to provide lands for domestic animals and crops. It is this aspect that is the main focus of the volume. The authors in this volume have analyzed and reviewed the interactions between the utilization of natural resources and human nutrition. Much attention focuses on the specific contribution by agriculture (including livestock husbandry), forestry and fisheries in meeting human needs. This synoptic overview assesses the pattern of past change in the relationship between humans and the resource base on which their lives depend. Lessons learned, or still to be learned, are teased out and elaborated. The vast breadth of the subject matter covered in this volume has meant that the work has benefited from the input of many individual contributors from vastly different parts of the globe. I am grateful to the contributors and reviewers for their time and effort and the exchange of ideas and the learning experience that I obtained by working with such a diverse and learned group. We all owe a debt of gratitude to the vast "invisible college" of colleagues whose publications that have shed light on some of the most pertinent problems facing humankind today. These four volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs.

Download or read book Migration Transfers and Economic Decision Making among Agricultural Households written by Calogero Carletto and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-08-19 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing volume of remittances and public transfers in rural areas of the developing world has raised hopes that these cash inflows may serve as an effective mechanism for reducing poverty in the long term by facilitating investments and raising productivity, particularly in agriculture where market failures are most manifest. This book systematically tests the empirical relationship between cash transfers and productive spending in agriculture amongst rural households in six different countries of the developing world. Together, the studies point to little impact of migration and public and private transfers on agricultural productivity, instead facilitating a transition away from agriculture or to a less labour intensive type of agriculture. From a policy perspective the studies raise the question of how to maintain rural economies, as migration and social assistance are unlikely to provide a sustainable way to overcome rural poverty in the long run for those that remain in rural areas. For the foreseeable future, agriculture will play an important role in alleviating poverty and sustaining growth in rural areas. Yet, public and private transfers are not providing much of the impetus needed to raise the sector’s productivity. Whether the transfers are invested in agriculture will ultimately depend on the attractiveness of the sector, which is largely determined by the policies of governments and donors. This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of Development Studies.

Download or read book Two Essays in Food Economics written by Yawotse Nouve and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic and physical access to healthy and nutritious foods have been targets of public policies worldwide. While the policy emphasis may differ depending on the country, the end goal is to achieve food security for all. This thesis, organized in two essays, is an attempt to contribute to understanding the factors affecting the access to healthy foods and their implications for the households' food security. The first essay focuses on the issues contributing to rising food prices. The research uses time series analysis of monthly food prices in Togo over the period 1998 to 2017 to determine first, the levels of unconditional and conditional volatility in major food commodity prices, and then, the drivers of those price changes. The results reveal that fluctuations in food prices, as measured by volatilities, has increased in the last ten years. In addition, the results of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Error Correction Models (ECM) estimations indicate that the observed price variabilities of food commodities in Togo may depend on the agricultural production seasonality and domestic fuel price. The findings suggest that any policies that stabilize the domestic fuel price and that address the seasonality of the agricultural markets will most likely contribute to stabilizing the market prices of food commodities. The second essay focuses on healthy diet issues. The study is an empirical analysis to identify potential determinants of healthy food consumption in the United States using the USDA ERS Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS) data on households' food acquisitions and health. Two diet quality indices, the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score and the primary food shopper assessment of households' diet are used in the analysis. The results suggest that food shopping at superstores and supermarkets, higher income, eating home cooked meals more frequently, and a higher education level are associated with a healthier diet quality. Conversely, the distance from the nearest food store may adversely affect households' diet quality. The implications of the study are that improving economic as well as geographic access to healthy food stores and promoting nutrition education in the United States are likely to promote healthier diets.

Download or read book Poverty and Famines written by Amartya Sen and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1983-01-20 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main focus of this book is on the causation of starvation in general and of famines in particular. The author develops the alternative method of analysis—the 'entitlement approach'—concentrating on ownership and exchange, not on food supply. The book also provides a general analysis of the characterization and measurement of poverty. Various approaches used in economics, sociology, and political theory are critically examined. The predominance of distributional issues, including distribution between different occupation groups, links up the problem of conceptualizing poverty with that of analyzing starvation.

Download or read book American Doctoral Dissertations written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: