Download or read book Thermo Hydro Mechanical THM coupled simulations of innovative enhanced geothermal systems for heat and electricity production as well as energy storage written by Muhammad Haris and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2022-08-05 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) evolved from the hot dry rock can provide a significant amount of energy while shifting towards negligible carbon emission. In order to investigate some important issues related to EGS, several scenarios have been analyzed using powerful numerical tools (FLAC3Dplus and TOUGH2MP-TMVOC). While conducting multiple hydraulic fracturing, it is observed that the newly created successive fracture’s configuration highly depends on the previous one under the influence of stress shadow. Therefore, the assumption of using similar multiple fracture geometries and shapes for energy exploitation may lead to erroneous estimations. A case study has been performed further using the engineering data of the GeneSys project in the North German Basin. Numerous scenarios have been investigated, and the optimized EGS project is proposed, whose installed power capacity of one side of the injection well declines from 7.17 MW to 5.08 MW over 30 years. Moreover, the Levelized cost of electricity is calculated at 5.46 c$/kWh, which is quite economical compared to the current electricity price. Finally, an innovative concept of regenerative EGS is proposed by storing surplus renewable energy in multiple hydraulic fractures that can reduce the reservoir temperature reduction rate. The results of continuous injection/production cycles depicted that a regenerative EGS could be achieved in reality.
Download or read book Water Flow Solute and Heat Transfer in Groundwater written by Alexander Yakirevich and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-01-06 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater is an essential and vital water resource for drinking water production, agricultural irrigation, and industrial processes. Having a better understanding of physical and chemical processes in aquifers enables more reliable decisions and reduces investments concerning water management. This Special Issue on “Water Flow, Solute, and Heat Transfer, in Groundwater” of Water focuses on the recent advances in groundwater dynamics, and it includes high-quality papers that cover a wide range of issues on different aspects related to groundwater: protection from contamination, recharge, heat transfer, hydraulic parameters estimation, well hydraulics, microbial community, colloid transport, and mathematical models. This integrative volume aims to transfer knowledge to hydrologists, hydraulic engineers, and water resources planners, who are engaged in the sustainable development of groundwater resources.
Download or read book Geothermal Heat Pump and Heat Engine Systems written by Andrew D. Chiasson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-07-13 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique approach to the study of geothermal energy systems This book takes a unique, holistic approach to the interdisciplinary study of geothermal energy systems, combining low, medium, and high temperature applications into a logical order. The emphasis is on the concept that all geothermal projects contain common elements of a "thermal energy reservoir" that must be properly designed and managed. The book is organized into four sections that examine geothermal systems: energy utilization from resource and site characterization; energy harnessing; energy conversion (heat pumps, direct uses, and heat engines); and energy distribution and uses. Examples are provided to highlight fundamental concepts, in addition to more complex system design and simulation. Key features: Companion website containing software tools for application of fundamental principles and solutions to real-world problems. Balance of theory, fundamental principles, and practical application. Interdisciplinary treatment of the subject matter. Geothermal Heat Pump & Heat Engine Systems: Theory and Practice is a unique textbook for Energy Engineering and Mechanical Engineering students as well as practicing engineers who are involved with low-enthalpy geothermal energy systems.
Download or read book Geoenergy Modeling III written by Norihiro Watanabe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-10 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on numerical modeling of deep hydrothermal and petrothermal systems in fractured georeservoirs for utilization in Geothermal Energy applications. The authors explain the particular challenges and approaches to modeling heat transport and high-throughput flow in multiply fractured porous rock formations. In order to help readers gain a system-level understanding of the necessary analysis, the authors include detailed examples of growing complexity as the techniques explained in the text are introduced. The coverage culminates with the fully-coupled analysis of real deep geothermal test-sites located in Germany and France.
Download or read book Geothermal Energy written by Marc A. Rosen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-01-30 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensively covers geothermal energy systems that utilize ground energy in conjunction with heat pumps to provide sustainable heating and cooling The book describes geothermal energy systems that utilize ground energy in conjunction with heat pumps and related technologies to provide heating and cooling. Also discussed are methods to model and assess such systems, as well as means to determine potential environmental impacts of geothermal energy systems and their thermal interaction. The book presents the most up-to-date information in the area. It provides material on a range of topics, from thermodynamic concepts to more advanced discussions of the renewability and sustainability of geothermal energy systems. Numerous applications of such systems are also provided. Geothermal Energy: Sustainable Heating and Cooling Using the Ground takes a research orientated approach to provide coverage of the state of the art and emerging trends, and includes numerous illustrative examples and case studies. Theory and analysis are emphasized throughout, with detailed descriptions of models available for vertical and horizontal geothermal heat exchangers. Key features: Explains geothermal energy systems that utilize ground energy in conjunction with heat pumps to provide heating and cooling, as well as related technologies such as thermal energy storage. Describes and discusses methods to model and analyze geothermal energy systems, and to determine their potential environmental impacts and thermal interactions. Covers various applications of geothermal energy systems. Takes a research orientated approach to provide coverage of the state of the art and emerging trends. Includes numerous illustrative examples and case studies. The book is key for researchers and practitioners working in geothermal energy, as well as graduate and advanced undergraduate students in departments of mechanical, civil, chemical, energy, environmental, process and industrial engineering.
Download or read book Experimental Study of Thermal hydro mechanical Interaction for Enhanced Geothermal System written by Roshan Poudel and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the growing national and international interest in alternative energy resources, geothermal energy has attracted more research attentions, especially in the west region of the United States, where many abundant geothermal resources are yet to be explored. Geothermal energy is gaining more supports throughout the world because it is an affordable and environmentally friendly source of heat. The research goal of this experimental study is to facilitate the application of enhanced geothermal system through the understanding of thermal effects on the geomechanical and hydraulic characteristics of a geothermal rock reservoir. A small-scale experiment was conducted using a geometric scale model of 1:6. Concrete was used to simulate the rock for experimental purposes. The concrete was prepared in slabs to simulate rock mass with two designed horizontal discontinuities. The simulated reservoir was instrumented with strain gauges to measure strain, thermocouples to measure temperature, and piezometers to measure pore water pressure. The reservoir was connected tightly to a water circulation system that was equipped with a valve, a flow meter, a digital circulating water bath, two thermocouples, two pressure meters, and a water pump. Based on a test matrix of a constant water flow rate, three injected water temperatures (i.e., 15°C, 25°C and 35°C) and three reservoir temperatures (i.e., 50°C, 60°C and 70°C), a minimum nine sequential experiments were conducted, starting with the lowest water and reservoir temperatures. All measurements, including strains, temperatures, water pressures, and displacements, were recorded as a function of experiment duration. The results show that strain, pore water pressure, and head loss are related to the temperature difference of injection water and reservoir.
Download or read book Hydro thermo mechanical Coupled Phenomena in Geothermal Exploitation written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy demand and production is a problem that countries around the world are facing nowadays, because meeting energy demands is necessary to improving quality of life. Geothermal energy is envisioned as a part of the integral solution to meet demand. Colombia, as with other countries, has the possibility of improving its base load capacity through geothermal resources. They have been found in several places where they can be developed and harnessed. Other countries with similar tectonic or volcanic activity can reach this resource. Because of the depths and the target geothermal gradient, the environment of an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) is found at high pressures and high temperatures. For this reason, mathematical models are necessary under these special pressures and temperatures conditions. Additionally analytical and numerical forecasts and predictions can become more accurate by using actual laws of behavior that consider temperature and pressure. Mechanical hydraulic fracturing laws can be improved, and current laws that explain general mechanical behavior do not describe all situations adequately. Indeed, coupled analyses can included these kinds of laws, which will improve general predictions. Numerical simulation is a powerful tool in the case of EGS because of the various scales of the problems, the localization, and the complexity of the coupled phenomena. Further research can be done that focuses on additional coupled processes, such as mechanical or chemical interactions. Moreover, numerical simulation tools can be used for forecasting and well management practices. They will improve the economic success of the geothermal project.
Download or read book Experimental Investigation of Production Enhancement in Deep Geothermal Systems written by Bijay K C and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A significant amount of thermal energy is present in the deep hot dry bedrocks, which can be tapped to provide clean and renewable energy for future generations. Due to very low permeability, the hot dry bedrock is artificially stimulated to create a network of engineered fractures and enhance the permeability for economic energy extraction. Such systems are known as Enhanced (or Engineered) Geothermal Systems (EGS). Usually, in EGS, cold water injected through the injection well(s) exchanges heat as it passes through the engineered fracture network in the hot dry bedrock; hot water is then extracted from the production well(s), which can be used for direct heating or electricity generation via a binary or flash-steam power cycle. Injection-induced shear stimulation, commonly known as 'hydro-shearing' is often implemented in EGS to enhance reservoir permeability. Hydro-shearing enhances the reservoir permeability due to self-propping of asperities present on the fracture surface during fracture slip. However, the fracture slip can result in a seismic event, one of the major public concerns related to development of EGS. Moreover, the coupled Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) processes triggered due to fluid-fracture surface interactions in EGS reservoirs, reduces the fracture permeability leading to a decrease in production over time. Proppants, solid granular materials, can be used to prop open the fracture eliminating the necessity of fracture slip and hence minimizing the risk of induced seismicity. However, due to the limited application of proppants in EGS, our knowledge about proppants behavior and their long-term performance under EGS conditions is limited. In addition, perturbation in the state-of-stress acting on a fault (or fracture) in a reservoir due to operational activities such as stimulation/re-stimulation, injection, extraction, and water impoundment can also induce seismicity in a reservoir. In this study, we experimentally investigated (i) the impact of hydro-shearing on the fracture response to coupled THMC processes, (ii) the suitability of proppants to sustain the fracture permeability under EGS conditions, and (iii) fault/fracture reactivation due to stress perturbation in tensional and compressional faulting regime. The experimental results showed permanent permeability enhancement due to hydro-shearing. Hydro-shearing also resulted in enhanced mineral dissolution and gouge particles under EGS conditions. Proppants can be used to enhance the fracture permeability; however, the proppant can crush and embed on the fracture surface leading to permeability decline over time. In addition, the faults/fractures in extensional regime have higher affinity for slipping compared to the compressional regime. The insights from the experimental results in this study may be used to improve numerical and conceptual models of the EGS reservoir. For future experiments, it is recommended to use proppants at higher concentration and geothermal brine close to chemical equilibrium with rock (and proppants) minerals and more representative of field conditions to better understand the mechanical and chemical processes (dissolution/precipitation) affecting fracture permeability of EGS reservoir in long-term.
Download or read book Modelling Simulation and Control of Thermal Energy Systems written by Kwang Y. Lee and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-11-03 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Faced with an ever-growing resource scarcity and environmental regulations, the last 30 years have witnessed the rapid development of various renewable power sources, such as wind, tidal, and solar power generation. The variable and uncertain nature of these resources is well-known, while the utilization of power electronic converters presents new challenges for the stability of the power grid. Consequently, various control and operational strategies have been proposed and implemented by the industry and research community, with a growing requirement for flexibility and load regulation placed on conventional thermal power generation. Against this background, the modelling and control of conventional thermal engines, such as those based on diesel and gasoline, are experiencing serious obstacles when facing increasing environmental concerns. Efficient control that can fulfill the requirements of high efficiency, low pollution, and long durability is an emerging requirement. The modelling, simulation, and control of thermal energy systems are key to providing innovative and effective solutions. Through applying detailed dynamic modelling, a thorough understanding of the thermal conversion mechanism(s) can be achieved, based on which advanced control strategies can be designed to improve the performance of the thermal energy system, both in economic and environmental terms. Simulation studies and test beds are also of great significance for these research activities prior to proceeding to field tests. This Special Issue will contribute a practical and comprehensive forum for exchanging novel research ideas or empirical practices that bridge the modelling, simulation, and control of thermal energy systems. Papers that analyze particular aspects of thermal energy systems, involving, for example, conventional power plants, innovative thermal power generation, various thermal engines, thermal energy storage, and fundamental heat transfer management, on the basis of one or more of the following topics, are invited in this Special Issue: • Power plant modelling, simulation, and control; • Thermal engines; • Thermal energy control in building energy systems; • Combined heat and power (CHP) generation; • Thermal energy storage systems; • Improving thermal comfort technologies; • Optimization of complex thermal systems; • Modelling and control of thermal networks; • Thermal management of fuel cell systems; • Thermal control of solar utilization; • Heat pump control; • Heat exchanger control.
Download or read book Geothermal Power Generation written by Ronald DiPippo and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-05-25 with total page 856 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geothermal Power Generation: Developments and Innovation provides an update to the advanced energy technologies that are urgently required to meet the challenges of economic development, climate change mitigation, and energy security. As geothermal resources are considered renewable and can be used to generate baseload electricity while producing very low levels of greenhouse gas emissions, they can play a key role in future energy needs. This book, edited by a highly respected expert, provides a comprehensive overview of the major aspects of geothermal power production. The chapters, contributed by specialists in their respective areas, cover resource discovery, resource characterization, energy conversion systems, and design and economic considerations. The final section provides a range of fascinating case studies from across the world, ranging from Larderello to Indonesia. Users will find this to be an essential text for research and development professionals and engineers in the geothermal energy industry, as well as postgraduate researchers in academia who are working on geothermal energy. Provides readers with a comprehensive and systematic overview of geothermal power generation Presents an update to the advanced energy technologies that are urgently required to meet the challenges of economic development, climate change mitigation, and energy security Edited by a world authority in the field, with chapters contributed by experts in their particular areas Includes comprehensive case studies from across the world, ranging from Larderello to Indonesia
Download or read book Enhanced Geothermal Systems EGS written by Dornadula Chandrasekharam and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-10-02 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peter Meisen, Past President, Global Energy Network Institute, asked in 1997, “What if there was an existing, viable technology, that when developed to its highest potential could increase everyone’s standard of living, cut fossil fuel demand and the resultant pollution?” After 23 years of sustained effort by the global scientific community, this is becoming a reality. The technology to extract heat from granite has been revolutionized in the last few years. The classical method of creating fracture networks by hydrofracturing is being replaced by a closed-loop method where fluids are not in contact with the hot granite. Supercritical CO2 is replacing water as a circulating fluid. Certainly, the future energy road is going to be led by highly radiogenic granites. While hydrothermal sources are site-specific and have their limitations, EGS can be initiated anywhere on earth. EGS is removing all such obstacles and, in the future, will provide uninterrupted electricity for all. Energy-deficient countries can have surplus electricity; water-stressed countries can have a perennial freshwater supply; and countries can become food-secure and rise above poverty levels. Countries need not depend on energy imports and can independently evolve into carbon neutral or low carbon societies. The contributions made by experts will help researchers and investors to close the energy demand and supply gap in the very near future by tapping the unlimited energy of the Earth. Opportunities available for investors in Turkey are well documented with field, geophysical, and geochemical data and information on the energy generating capacity of the granite intrusive spread over a cumulative area of 6,910 km2 in western Anatolia. With the signing of the Global Geothermal Alliance (GGA) by several countries during the December 2015 CoP 21 (Conference of Parties) summit in Paris, countries are obliged to reduce CO2 emissions by increasing the footprint of renewable energy in the primary source mix. Information provided in this book will lead the way to establishing a clean energy future for millions of people for sustainable development and help to mitigate crises arising due to food, water, and energy shortage issues. Academic and research institutes will benefit to a large extent from the expertise of the top contributors in this book. This information provided in this book will help to lay the foundation for super-hot EGS research in future.
Download or read book Geothermal Energy written by William E. Glassley and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-06-03 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically, cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, use of geothermal energy has been limited to areas where obvious surface features pointed to the presence of a shallow local heat source, such as hot springs and volcanoes. However, recent technological advances have dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for applications such as modular power generation, home heating, and other applications that can use heat directly. These recent developments have greatly expanded opportunities for utilizing geothermal energy. Reflecting current interest in alternative energy, Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment explores where geothermal energy comes from and how to find it, how it can be accessed, successful applications, and improvements for future uses. The author reviews the background, theory, power generation, applications, strengths, weaknesses, and practical techniques for implementing geothermal energy projects. He stresses the links between acquisition and consumption and the environment. Packed with real world case studies and practical implementation steps, the book covers geosciences principles, exploration concepts and methods, drilling operations and techniques, equipment needs, and economic and environmental topics. Each chapter includes an annotated list of key sources that provide useful information beyond that contained in the text. The minor environmental impacts caused by geothermal energy gives it the potential to play an important role in the transition from fossil fuels to more sustainable fuels. Successful deployment, however, requires that the resource be matched to the application being developed. Rigorously covering all aspects of geothermal energy, this book provides up-to-date scientific information that can be used to discern applications and regions best suited for geothermal energy. Author William E. Glassley was recently interviewed on The Kathleen Show about using geothermal energy to heat and cool our homes.
Download or read book Energy Geotechnics written by Alessio Ferrari and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-23 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book collects selected full papers presented at the International Symposium on Energy Geotechnics 2018 (SEG-2018), held on 25th – 28th September 2018, at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL). It covers a wide range of topics in energy geotechnics, including energy geostructures, energy geostorage, thermo-hydro-chemo-mechanical behaviour of geomaterials, unconventional resources, hydraulic stimulation, induced seismicity, CO2 geological storage, and nuclear waste disposal as well as topics such as tower and offshore foundations. The book is intended for postgraduate students, researchers and practitioners working on geomechanics and geotechnical engineering for energy-related applications.
Download or read book FEFLOW written by Hans-Jörg G. Diersch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-22 with total page 1018 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FEFLOW is an acronym of Finite Element subsurface FLOW simulation system and solves the governing flow, mass and heat transport equations in porous and fractured media by a multidimensional finite element method for complex geometric and parametric situations including variable fluid density, variable saturation, free surface(s), multispecies reaction kinetics, non-isothermal flow and multidiffusive effects. FEFLOW comprises theoretical work, modeling experiences and simulation practice from a period of about 40 years. In this light, the main objective of the present book is to share this achieved level of modeling with all required details of the physical and numerical background with the reader. The book is intended to put advanced theoretical and numerical methods into the hands of modeling practitioners and scientists. It starts with a more general theory for all relevant flow and transport phenomena on the basis of the continuum approach, systematically develops the basic framework for important classes of problems (e.g., multiphase/multispecies non-isothermal flow and transport phenomena, discrete features, aquifer-averaged equations, geothermal processes), introduces finite-element techniques for solving the basic balance equations, in detail discusses advanced numerical algorithms for the resulting nonlinear and linear problems and completes with a number of benchmarks, applications and exercises to illustrate the different types of problems and ways to tackle them successfully (e.g., flow and seepage problems, unsaturated-saturated flow, advective-diffusion transport, saltwater intrusion, geothermal and thermohaline flow).
Download or read book Thermo Hydro Mechanical Chemical Processes in Fractured Porous Media Modelling and Benchmarking written by Olaf Kolditz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present book provides guidance to understanding complicated coupled processes based on the experimental data available and implementation of developed algorithms in numerical codes. Results of selected test cases in the fields of closed-form solutions (e.g., deformation processes), single processes (such as groundwater flow) as well as coupled processes are presented. It is part of the OpenGeoSys initiative - an open source project to share knowledge and experience in environmental analysis and scientific computation with the community.
Download or read book Flow and Heat Transfer in Geothermal Systems written by Aniko Toth and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-10-11 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flow and Heat Transfer in Geothermal Systems: Basic Equations for Description and Modeling Geothermal Phenomena and Technologies is the ideal reference for research in geothermal systems and alternative energy sources. Written for a wide variety of users, including geologists, geophysicists, hydro-geologists, and engineers, it offers a practical framework for the application of heat and flow transport theory. Authored by two of the world’s foremost geothermal systems experts, whose combined careers span more than 50 years, this text is a one-stop resource for geothermal system theory and application. It will help geoscientists and engineers navigate the wealth of new research that has emerged on the topic in recent years. Presents a practical and immediately implementable framework for understanding and applying heat and flow transport theory Features equations for modelling geothermal phenomena and technologies in full detail Provides an ideal text for applications in both geophysics and engineering
Download or read book Particle scale Simulations for Geothermal Energy Applications written by Faras Al Balushi and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geothermal energy has the potential to develop into a reliable source of clean and renewable energy due to its widespread availability and minimal carbon dioxide emission during electricity generation. Due to the high temperature of such reservoirs, technologies are continuously being developed to reduce the cost of extracting heat and extend the lifetime of the geothermal systems for profitable heat production. One of the main challenges hindering the further development of geothermal systems is the low heat extraction efficiency characterized by low-temperature produced fluids. In enhanced geothermal systems, where fluid injected flows directly through the geothermal formation, thermal breakthrough or "short-circuiting" causes fast cooling of the geothermal formation due to the presence of shortcut paths connecting the injector well to the producer well. Such an occurrence may lead to the temporary shutdown of the geothermal plant, leaving an enormous amount of untapped heat behind. Efforts to tackle this issue have been focused on delaying thermal breakthrough rather than achieving uniform heat sweeping from the geothermal systems. No technologies or methods are currently available to achieve uniform heat extraction from EGS. To fill this gap, we propose a novel concept of temperature-sensitive proppants to achieve self-adjustable fracture conductivity. Through particle-scale numerical simulations, we evaluate the performance of such proppants for different operating conditions and material properties. My numerical results showed that the permeability of such proppants is affected by in-situ conditions, material properties, and geometric properties. The developed model can be utilized to comprehensively understand the performance of such temperature-sensitive proppants at different operating conditions. Field-scale simulations confirmed the feasibility of using the proposed temperature-sensitive proppants in enhancing heat extraction from EGS by ~50% over 50 years of production when the proposed proppants are used compared to typical proppants with no temperature dependency. Alternatively, closed-loop geothermal systems can be considered, where the working fluid is circulated inside the wellbore. The heat exchange efficiency of such systems is typically low, which limits the use of the produced heat for direct heating applications. In this study, we introduce a method of improving heat exchange between the wellbore and the geothermal formation utilizing coated proppants. Based on numerical simulations, the enhancement of proppant thermal conductivity is discussed. Particle-scale analysis showed that coating sand proppants with a thin layer of copper coating may increase its effective thermal conductivity seven times. Increasing proppant particulate coating thickness further increases the effective thermal conductivity by an order of magnitude. In addition, smaller proppants showed higher effective thermal conductivity compared to larger proppants due to the increased contact with the neighboring particles, resulting in lower resistance to heat conduction. Such conductive proppants can enhance heat conduction between the geothermal formation and the wellbore, increasing the heat extraction efficiency of closed-loop geothermal systems. Drilling costs account for the majority of the cost of developing a geothermal system. During drilling, thief zones (permeable zones) may be encountered. Moreover, fractures may be induced due to the high circulating density of the drilling fluid. If such fractures are left unplugged, excessive fluid loss may occur, which may cause well instability issues or may lead to losing the well in extreme cases. Using lost circulation material (LCM) is a cheap and effective way to prevent further drilling fluid loss to the formation. Granular particles are typically used due to their cost and their ability to form a tight and stable seal. Understanding the performance of such particles after bridging is essential to ensure their stability under fluctuating operating conditions. Here, the sealing performance of granular particles after bridging is discussed. Our analysis revealed that the shape of the particles is one of the most influential factors that impact the sensitivity of such particles to closure stress. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the particle pack permeability to friction is influenced by the particle shape. Numerical simulations offer considerable advantages over laboratory experiments, especially for geothermal systems due to the difficulty in accurately reproducing the elevated temperature. In this study, different numerical tools are utilized to model and design particulates that can enhance the heat extraction efficiency of both open- and closed-loop geothermal systems. Using numerical simulations allows easier control of the design parameters as well as operating conditions to avoid repetitive and costly laboratory experiments that may require different samples from different vendors. The numerical workflow used is validated against laboratory experiments and analytical as well as empirical equations.
