Download or read book The Theory of Crystal Structure Analysis written by A. Kitaigorodskii and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structure analysis is based on the phenomena of the diffraction of radia tion by materials. In the first ten to twenty years after Laue's discovery, a very complete theory was developed for the diffraction of x-rays and, later, of electrons. This theory led to equations by means of which it was possible to compute the intensity pattern for a given structure. The theory of structure analysis came to mean that of the diffraction of radiation. In 1935, Patterson pointed out a way leading to the solution of the inverse problem: the finding of the structure from a given intensity distribution pattern. At first the conservatism of researchers, and then the war, hampered the de velopment and broad application of the ideas set forth in this work. It was only during the last ten years that all the rich possibilities of the Patterson method - the method of the analysis of the convolution of the electron density - were brought to light and applied in practice.
Download or read book The theory crystal structure analysis written by Aleksandr I. Kitajgorodskij and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Theory of Crystal Structure Analysis written by A. Kitaigorodskii and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-05-04 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structure analysis is based on the phenomena of the diffraction of radia tion by materials. In the first ten to twenty years after Laue's discovery, a very complete theory was developed for the diffraction of x-rays and, later, of electrons. This theory led to equations by means of which it was possible to compute the intensity pattern for a given structure. The theory of structure analysis came to mean that of the diffraction of radiation. In 1935, Patterson pointed out a way leading to the solution of the inverse problem: the finding of the structure from a given intensity distribution pattern. At first the conservatism of researchers, and then the war, hampered the de velopment and broad application of the ideas set forth in this work. It was only during the last ten years that all the rich possibilities of the Patterson method - the method of the analysis of the convolution of the electron density - were brought to light and applied in practice.
Download or read book Theory of Crystal Structure Analysis written by Aleksandr Isaakovich Kitaĭgorodskiĭ and published by . This book was released on 1961-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Theory of Crystal Structure Analysis written by Александр Исаакович Китайгородский and published by Springer. This book was released on 1961-03 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structure analysis is based on the phenomena of the diffraction of radia tion by materials. In the first ten to twenty years after Laue's discovery, a very complete theory was developed for the diffraction of x-rays and, later, of electrons. This theory led to equations by means of which it was possible to compute the intensity pattern for a given structure. The theory of structure analysis came to mean that of the diffraction of radiation. In 1935, Patterson pointed out a way leading to the solution of the inverse problem: the finding of the structure from a given intensity distribution pattern. At first the conservatism of researchers, and then the war, hampered the de velopment and broad application of the ideas set forth in this work. It was only during the last ten years that all the rich possibilities of the Patterson method - the method of the analysis of the convolution of the electron density - were brought to light and applied in practice.
Download or read book Crystal Structure Analysis written by Jenny Pickworth Glusker and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-05-27 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to explain why molecular structure can be determined by single-crystal diffraction of X rays. It is not an account of the practical procedural details, but rather an account of the underlying physical principles, and the kinds of experiments and methods of handling the experimental data that are used.
Download or read book Crystal Structure Analysis written by Alexander J Blake and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-18 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By choosing an approach that avoids undue emphasis on the mathematics involved, this book gives practical advice on topics such as growing crystals, solving and refining structures, and understanding and using the results.
Download or read book Crystal Structure Analysis for Chemists and Biologists written by Jenny Pickworth Glusker and published by VCH Publishers. This book was released on 1994 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains many examples of how crystallography is important to chemistry and biochemistry. It explains the results of X-ray diffraction analysis, placing it in context with other methods of structural analysis, such as solution studies and molecular modelling.
Download or read book Structure Determination by X ray Crystallography written by Mark Ladd and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The advances in and applications of x-ray and neutron crystallography form the essence of this new edition of this classic textbook, while maintaining the overall plan of the book that has been well received in the academic community since the first edition in 1977. X-ray crystallography is a universal tool for studying molecular structure, and the complementary nature of neutron diffraction crystallography permits the location of atomic species in crystals which are not easily revealed by X-ray techniques alone, such as hydrogen atoms or other light atoms in the presence of heavier atoms. Thus, a chapter discussing the practice of neutron diffraction techniques, with examples, broadens the scope of the text in a highly desirable way. As with previous editions, the book contains problems to illustrate the work of each chapter, and detailed solutions are provided. Mathematical procedures related to the material of the main body of the book are not discussed in detail, but are quoted where needed with references to standard mathematical texts. To address the computational aspect of crystallography, the suite of computer programs from the fourth edition has been revised and expanded. The programs enable the reader to participate fully in many of the aspects of x-ray crystallography discussed in the book. In particular, the program system XRAY* is interactive, and enables the reader to follow through, at the monitor screen, the computational techniques involved in single-crystal structure determination, albeit in two dimensions, with the data sets provided. Exercises for students can be found in the book, and solutions are available to instructors.
Download or read book Structure Determination by X ray Crystallography written by M. Ladd and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-07 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-ray crystallography provides us with the most accurate picture we can get of atomic and molecular structures in crystals. It provides a hard bedrock of structural results in chemistry and in mineralogy. In biology, where the structures are not fully crystalline, it can still provide valuable results and, indeed, the impact here has been revolutionary. It is still an immense field for young workers, and no doubt will provide yet more striking developments of a major character. It does, however, require a wide range of intellectual application, and a considerable ability in many fields. This book will provide much help. It is a very straightforward and thorough guide to every aspect of the subject. The authors are ex perienced both as research workers and as teachers of standing, and this is shown in their clarity of exposition. There are plenty of illustrations and worked examples to aid the student to obtain a real grasp of the subject. The practical side is encouraged by the very clarity of the theory.
Download or read book Crystal Structure Determination written by Werner Massa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise introduction to modern crystal structure determination, emphasizing both the crystallographic background and the successive practical steps. In the theoretical sections, more importance is attached to a good understanding, than to a rigorous mathematical treatment. The most important measuring techniques, including the use of modern area detectors, and the methods of data reduction, structure solution and refinement are discussed from a practical point of view. Special emphasis is put on the ability to recognize and avoid possible errors and traps, and to judge the quality of results.
Download or read book Crystal Structure Analysis written by M. J. Buerger and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1960-01-15 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Structure Analysis by Electron Diffraction written by B. K. Vainshtein and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structure Analysis by Electron Diffraction focuses on the theory and practice of studying the atomic structure of crystalline substances through electron diffraction. The publication first offers information on diffraction methods in structure analysis and the geometrical theory of electron diffraction patterns. Discussions focus on the fundamental concepts of the theory of scattering and structure analysis of crystals, structure analysis by electron diffraction, formation of spot electron diffraction patterns, electron diffraction texture patterns, and polycrystalline electron diffraction patterns. The text then ponders on intensities of reflections, including atomic scattering, temperature factor, structure amplitude, experimental measurements of intensity, and review of equations for intensities of reflections in electron diffraction patterns. The manuscript examines the Fourier methods in electron diffraction and experimental electron diffraction structure investigations. Topics include the determination of the structure of the hydrated chlorides of transition metals; structures of carbides and nitrides of certain metals and semi-conducting alloys; electron diffraction investigation of clay minerals; and possibilities inherent in structure analysis by electron diffraction. The book is a helpful source of data for readers interested in structure analysis by electron diffraction.
Download or read book Crystal structure Analysis written by Martin Julian Buerger and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pharmaceutical Crystallography written by Andrew Bond and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-07-24 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pharmaceutical industry has become acutely aware of the importance of the solid state, but pharmaceutical scientists often lack specific training in topics related to solid-state structure and crystallography. This book provides needed support in this topical area. Taking an intuitive and informal approach to solid-state structure and crystallographic concepts, this book is written for anyone who needs a clear understanding of modern crystallography, with specific reference to small-molecule pharmaceutical solids. The author describes molecular crystals and crystal structures, symmetry, space groups, single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction techniques and the analysis and interpretation of crystallographic data. Useful technical details are presented where necessary and case studies from the pharmaceutical literature put theory into a practical context. Written by an internationally leading figure and with its focus on molecular crystals, this book is equally applicable to chemists with a need to understand and apply X-ray crystal-structure determination.
Download or read book Theories and Techniques of Crystal Structure Determination written by Uri Shmueli and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-06-07 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a detailed but concise exposition of crystal structure determination at a graduate level. Discussions range from geometrical principles of crystallography, through relevant experimental methods, to techniques of reliable and accurate determination of crystal structures.
Download or read book Theory and Practice of Direct Methods in Crystallography written by M. F. C. Ladd and published by Springer. This book was released on 1980-01-31 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Direct methods of crystal structure determination are usually associated with techniques in which phases for a set of structure factors are determined from the corresponding experimental amplitudes by probabilistic calcula tions. It is thus implied that such ab initio phase calculations do not require a knowledge of atomic positions, and this basis distinguishes direct methods from other techniques for structure determination. An acceptably wider interpretation of the term direct methods leads to other important applica tions involving, inter alia, the use of heavy atoms, resolution-limited phase data for large molecules, rotation functions, and Fourier series. These topics are discussed in the later chapters of this book. Although some earlier theoretical investigations were made by Harker and Kaspar, direct methods may be considered to have begun around the year 1950. Important landmarks in the development of the subject include the book by Hauptmann and Karle, The Centrosymmetric Crystal (1953), the definitive paper by Karle and Karle in Acta Crystallographica (1966), and the recent (1978) sophisticated program package MULTAN 78 produced mainly by Germain, Main, and Woolfson. Woolfson's book, Direct Methods in Crystallography, was published in 1961, but because of the rapid progress in direct methods, much of it soon became outmoded. It is interesting to note that direct methods nearly came into being many years earlier. Certainly the E2 relationship was used implicitly by Lonsdale in 1928 in determining the crystal structure of hexamethylbenzene.
