Download or read book The Role of the Frontal Eye Field in Gating and Maintaining Object Signals in Short term Memory written by Kelsey Lynne Clark and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spatial attention is known to gate entry into short-term memory, and some evidence suggests that spatial signals may also play a role in binding features or protecting object representations during memory maintenance. To examine a potential role for spatial signals in maintaining object short-term memory, the activity of neurons in the Frontal Eye Field (FEF) of macaque monkeys was recorded during an object-based delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task. In this task monkeys were trained to remember an object identity over a brief delay, irrespective of the locations of the sample or target presentation. FEF neurons exhibited visual, delay, and target period activity, including selectivity for sample location and target location. Delay period activity represented the sample location throughout the delay, despite the irrelevance of spatial information for successful task completion. Furthermore, neurons continued to encode sample position in a variant of the task in which the matching stimulus never appeared in their response field. FEF neurons also exhibited target-position-dependent anticipatory activity immediately prior to target onset, suggesting that the monkeys can predict target position within blocks. These results show that FEF neurons maintain spatial information during short-term memory, even when that information is irrelevant for task performance. Despite the robust delay period activity we observed in FEF during the DMS task, we found little further evidence to support the theory that this activity contributes to object memory maintenance. Noise correlations were present between pairs of simultaneously recorded FEF and IT neurons during the sample and early delay periods, but did not persist into the second half of the delay period, despite the continued elevation of firing rates in both regions throughout the delay. The most direct method of assessing the contribution of the FEF delay period activity observed during the DMS task to object memory was the pharmacological elimination of that activity and evaluation of the impact on task performance. Inactivation of FEF with muscimol produced spatially localized deficits on the memory guided saccade task, but did not selectively impair object memory performance for sample stimuli appearing in the mnemonic scotoma.
Download or read book The Cognitive Neurosciences sixth edition written by David Poeppel and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2020-04-21 with total page 1241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sixth edition of the foundational reference on cognitive neuroscience, with entirely new material that covers the latest research, experimental approaches, and measurement methodologies. Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The sixth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart new directions in the study of the biological underpinnings of complex cognition—the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system and the psychological reality of the mind. It offers entirely new material, reflecting recent advances in the field, covering the latest research, experimental approaches, and measurement methodologies. This sixth edition treats such foundational topics as memory, attention, and language, as well as other areas, including computational models of cognition, reward and decision making, social neuroscience, scientific ethics, and methods advances. Over the last twenty-five years, the cognitive neurosciences have seen the development of sophisticated tools and methods, including computational approaches that generate enormous data sets. This volume deploys these exciting new instruments but also emphasizes the value of theory, behavior, observation, and other time-tested scientific habits. Section editors Sarah-Jayne Blakemore and Ulman Lindenberger, Kalanit Grill-Spector and Maria Chait, Tomás Ryan and Charan Ranganath, Sabine Kastner and Steven Luck, Stanislas Dehaene and Josh McDermott, Rich Ivry and John Krakauer, Daphna Shohamy and Wolfram Schultz, Danielle Bassett and Nikolaus Kriegeskorte, Marina Bedny and Alfonso Caramazza, Liina Pylkkänen and Karen Emmorey, Mauricio Delgado and Elizabeth Phelps, Anjan Chatterjee and Adina Roskies
Download or read book The Cognitive Neuroscience of Working Memory written by Naoyuki Osaka and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is only relatively recently that it has been possible to study the neural processes that might underlie working memory, leading to a proliferation of research in this domain. This volume brings together leading researchers from around the world to summarise current knowledge of this field.
Download or read book Handbook of the Neuroscience of Aging written by Patrick R. Hof and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-05-22 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A single volume of 85 articles, the Handbook of the Neurobiology of Aging is an authoritative selection of relevant chapters from the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, the most comprehensive source of neuroscience information assembled to date (AP Oct 2008). The study of neural aging is a central topic in neuroscience, neuropsychology and gerontology. Some well-known age-related neurological diseases include Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, but even more common are problems of aging which are not due to disease but to more subtle impairments in neurobiological systems, including impairments in vision, memory loss, muscle weakening, and loss of reproductive functions, changes in body weight, and sleeplessness. As the average age of our society increases, diseases of aging become more common and conditions associated with aging need more attention by doctors and researchers. This book offers an overview of topics related to neurobiological impairments which are related to the aging brain and nervous system. Coverage ranges from animal models to human imaging, fundamentals of age-related neural changes and pathological neurodegeneration, and offers an overview of structural and functional changes at the molecular, systems, and cognitive levels. Key pathologies such as memory disorders, Alzheimer's, dementia, Down syndrome, Parkinson's, and stroke are discussed, as are cutting edge interventions such as cell replacement therapy and deep brain stimulation. There is no other current single-volume reference with such a comprehensive coverage and depth. Authors selected are the internationally renowned experts for the particular topics on which they write, and the volume is richly illustrated with over 100 color figures. A collection of articles reviewing our fundamental knowledge of neural aging, the book provides an essential, affordable reference for scientists in all areas of Neuroscience, Neuropsychology and Gerontology. - The most comprehensive source of up-to-date data on the neurobiology of aging, review articles cover: normal, sensory and cognitive aging; neuroendocrine, structural and molecular factors; and fully address both patholgy and intervention - Chapters represent an authoritative selection of relevant material from the most comprehensive source of information about neuroscience ever assembled, (Encyclopedia of Neuroscience), synthesizing information otherwise dispersed across a number of journal articles and book chapters, and saving researchers the time consuming process of finding and integrating this information themselves - Offering outstanding scholarship, each chapter is written by an expert in the topic area and over 20% of chapters feature international contributors, (representing 11 countries) - Provides more fully vetted expert knowledge than any existing work with broad appeal for the US, UK and Europe, accurately crediting the contributions to research in those regions - Fully explores various pathologies associated with the aging brain (Alzheimer's, dementia, Parkinson's, memory disorders, stroke, Down's syndrome, etc.) - Coverage of disorders and key interventions makes the volume relevant to clinicians as well as researchers - Heavily illustrated with over 100 color figures
Download or read book Concise Encyclopedia of Brain and Language written by Harry A. Whitaker and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-04-08 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume descibes, in up-to-date terminology and authoritative interpretation, the field of neurolinguistics, the science concerned with the neural mechanisms underlying the comprehension, production and abstract knowledge of spoken, signed or written language. An edited anthology of 165 articles from the award-winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2nd edition, Encyclopedia of Neuroscience 4th Edition and Encyclopedia of the Neorological Sciences and Neurological Disorders, it provides the most comprehensive one-volume reference solution for scientists working with language and the brain ever published. - Authoritative review of this dynamic field placed in an interdisciplinary context - Approximately 165 articles by leaders in the field - Compact and affordable single-volume format
Download or read book Spiking and Oscillatory Correlates of Visual Short term Memory for Multiple Items written by Simon John Kornblith and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The richness of visual experience far exceeds our ability to remember what we have seen. However, it is unclear what neural mechanisms give rise to these limits to visual short-term memory capacity. Here, we measured neural activity in a change localization task, in which monkeys viewed two displays of multiple colored squares separated by a brief delay, and made a saccade to the square that changed color between displays. In chapter 2, we examine local field potentials in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), frontal eye field, and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). At stimulus encoding, lower frequency oscillations decreased in power in proportion to the total number of stimuli presented, while higher frequency oscillations increased in power in proportion to the number of stimuli contralateral to the recording site. During the delay, lower frequency power instead increased with the number of contralateral stimuli, while higher frequency power was not modulated. We interpret these findings in terms of roles for low- and high-frequency oscillations in changing and maintaining cognitive state. In chapter 3, we compare spiking activity between LIP, PFC, and inferotemporal cortex (IT). Although the task required that the animal remember stimulus colors, activity in LIP and PFC primarily reflected the stimulus positions, while activity in IT primarily reflected color. In PFC, color information increased with the number of stimuli presented, while in IT, color information remained constant or decreased. Thus, IT was more strongly capacity-limited than PFC. Color selectivity during the delay was weak in all regions. However, in IT, activity at test stimulus presentation reflected the difference in square colors between the sample and test displays, while in PFC, activity primarily reflected the location of the changed square. Selectivity to these attributes was stronger on correct trials than incorrect trials. Our findings suggest a possible role for passive processes in IT in visual short-term memory.
Download or read book Discovering the Brain written by National Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."
Download or read book Processes of Visuospatial Attention and Working Memory written by Timothy Hodgson and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume covers a broad range of current research topics addressing the function of visuospatial attention and working memory. It discusses a variety of perspectives ranging from evolutionary and genetic underpinnings to neural substrates/computational processes and the connection between attention and working memory. Contributions address the topic at the molecular, system and evolutionary scales and will be of interest to a range of audiences from animal behaviour specialists, experimental psychologists to clinicians in the field of psychiatry and neurology.
Download or read book Eye movement related brain activity during perceptual and cognitive processing written by Andrey R. Nikolaev and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-09-23 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recording and analysis of electrical brain activity associated with eye movements has a history of several decades. While the early attempts were primarily focused on uncovering the brain mechanisms of eye movements, more recent approaches use eye movements as markers of the ongoing brain activity to investigate perceptual and cognitive processes. This recent approach of segmenting brain activity based on eye movement behavior has several important advantages. First, the eye movement system is closely related to cognitive functions such as perception, attention and memory. This is not surprising since eye movements provide the easiest and the most accurate way to extract information from our visual environment and the eye movement system largely determines what information is selected for further processing. The eye movement-based segmentation offers a great way to study brain activity in relation to these processes. Second, on the methodological level, eye movements constitute a natural marker to segment the ongoing brain activity. This overcomes the problem of introducing artificial markers such as ones for stimulus presentation or response execution that are typical for a lab-based research. This opens possibilities to study brain activity during self-paced perceptual and cognitive behavior under naturalistic conditions such as free exploration of scenes. Third, by relating eye movement behavior to the ongoing brain activity it is possible to see how perceptual and cognitive processes unfold in time, being able to predict how brain activity eventually leads to behavior. This research topic illustrates advantages of the combined recording and analysis of eye movements and neural signals such as EEG, local field potentials and fMRI for investigation of the brain processes in humans and animals. The contributions include research papers, methodology papers and reviews demonstrating conceptual and methodological achievements in this rapidly developing field.
Download or read book Visuo spatial Working Memory written by Robert H. Logie and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-03-18 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Representation of the visual and spatial properties of our environment is a pivotal requirement of everyday cognition. We can mentally represent the visual form of objects. We can extract information from several of the senses as to the location of objects in relation to ourselves and to other objects nearby. For some of those objects we can reach out and manipulate them. We can also imagine ourselves manipulating objects in advance of doing so, or even when it would be impossible to do so physically. The problem posed to science is how these cognitive operations are accomplished, and proffered accounts lie in two essentially parallel research endeavours, working memory and imagery. Working memory is thought to pervade everyday cognition, to provide on-line processing and temporary storage, and to update, moment to moment, our representation of the current state of our environment and our interactions with that environment. There is now a strong case for the claims of working memory in the area of phonological and articulatory functions, all of which appear to contribute to everyday activities such as counting, arithmetic, vocabulary acquisition, and some aspects of reading and language comprehension. The claims for visual and spatial working memory functions are less convincing. Most notable has been the assumption that visual and spatial working memory are intimately involved in the generation, retention and manipulations of visual images. There has until recently been little hard evidence to justify that assumption, and the research on visual and spatial working memory has focused on a relatively restricted range of imagery tasks and phenomena. In a more or less independent development, the literature on visual imagery has now amassed a voluminous corpus of data and theory about a wide range of imagery phenomena. Despite this, few books on imagery refer to the concept of working memory in any detail, or specify the nature of the working memory system that might be involved in mental imagery. This essay follows a line of reconciliation and positive critiquing in exploring the possible overlap between mental imagery and working memory. Theoretical development in the book draws on data from both cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology. The aim is to stimulate debate, to address directly a number of assumptions that hitherto have been implicit, and to assess the contribution of the concept of working memory to our understanding of these intriguing core aspects of human cognition.
Download or read book The Role of Visual Short term Memory in Object based Attentional Selection written by Wah Pheow Tan and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Attention in Cognitive Systems Theories and Systems from an Interdisciplinary Viewpoint written by Lucas Paletta and published by Springer. This book was released on 2007-12-03 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a much-needed interdisciplinary angle on the subject of attention in cognitive systems. It constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Attention in Cognitive Systems, held in Hyderabad, India, in January 2007. The 31 papers are organized in topical sections that cover every aspect of the subject, from the embodiment of attention and its cognitive control, to the applications of attentive vision.
Download or read book Eye Movements and Vision written by A. L. Yarbus and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Attention Perception and Memory written by Elizabeth A. Styles and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although attention, perception and memory are identifiable components of the human cognitive system, this book argues that for a complete understanding of any of them it is necessary to appreciate the way they interact and depend on one another. Using close examination of experiments, studies of patients and evidence from cognitive neuroscience, each of these important areas in cognitive psychology is explored in detail and related to its counterparts. Written by an established author, Attention, Perception and Memory: An Integrated Introduction explains clearly the evolution and meaning of key terminology and assumptions and puts the different approaches to this field in context.
Download or read book The Role of the FEFsem in Smooth Pursuit written by Leah Bakst and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Primates are exceptionally adept at tracking moving objects with their eyes, providing high-acuity vision throughout the duration of tracking. This behavior, called smooth pursuit, relies on incoming visual signals being successfully transformed into eye movement commands. Though a seemingly simple process, in practice this requires the processing of retinal signals, integrating them with extraretinal signals like memory, prior experience, prediction, motivation, and attention, among others, and weighting these various factors appropriately. One area known to be vital to the execution of volitional smooth pursuit is the smooth eye movement subregion of the Frontal Eye Field (FEFsem). I sought to advance our understanding of the role of the FEFsem in smooth pursuit by varying the retinal stimuli during pursuit, and estimating the relative contributions of retinal and extraretinal signals to neuronal activity. In chapter 1, I review what is known about smooth pursuit behavior with an emphasis on the way different signals impact the behavior. I also review the signal transformations at different nodes in the pursuit pathway, focusing on those areas known to be most closely linked to the FEFsem. In chapter 2, I manipulate the retinal input during pursuit by temporarily extinguishing the target. This affords me the opportunity to assess the relative contributions of retinal and extraretinal signals to both the behavioral and neuronal response. I found that both the smooth pursuit system as a whole, as well as individual FEFsem neurons exhibit changing reliance on retinal input throughout pursuit. The degree to which the weights of these components change and the type of response observed allows me to discuss their possible functions. In chapter 3, I use a large-field, textured background moving concurrently with a small target spot to investigate the behavioral and FEFsem neuronal response to a combined volitional and reflexive pursuit task. I found that the addition of the large-field motion increased the gain of pursuit eye movements, and decreased the neuronal activity level in the FEFsem, on average, consistent with the hypothesis that a different cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway underlies reflexive ocular following compared to volitional pursuit. Additionally, I found that the response of individual FEFsem neurons to the addition of the background motion was positively correlated with the response to the target blink, suggesting that these neurons may respond to "disruptions" in pursuit similarly, irrespective of whether the disruption consists of the addition or subtraction of retinal input. Finally, in chapter 4, I summarize the findings, discuss their relevance to current models of pursuit, and suggest future directions to address remaining questions as to the mechanisms underlying volitional smooth pursuit eye movements.
Download or read book Visuo spatial Working Memory and Individual Differences written by Cesare Cornoldi and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2004-06-02 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this timely and comprehensive text, Cesare Cornoldi and Tomaso Vecchi describe their recently developed experimental approach to the investigation of visuo-spatial cognition, based upon the analysis of individual differences. A review of the most influential theoretical advances in the study of visuo-spatial cognition is presented, including both critical analysis and comparisons between the distinct approaches. In addition, the authors describe recent research into memory for spatial configurations, mental manipulation and the active integration of visuo-spatial information. This includes studies on the effects of congenital blindness on mental imagery abilities, developmental and age-related modifications, gender effects, and the role of genetic syndromes in determining visuo-spatial abilities. The authors draw together these distinct areas of research and integrate the findings within an innovative framework of working memory. This text will be a valuable resource for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of psychology, as well as researchers in the fields of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and neuroscience.
Download or read book Attention and Memory written by Nelson Cowan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1998-01-15 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Attention and Memory brings together and assesses past and present research on information processing, to formulate a model of this entire system.
