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Book Ribosomes Structure Function and Dynamics

Download or read book Ribosomes Structure Function and Dynamics written by Marina V. Rodnina and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-12-10 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ribosome is a macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins with a high degree of speed and accuracy. Our present understanding of its structure, function and dynamics is the result of six decades of research. This book collects over 40 articles based on the talks presented at the 2010 Ribosome Meeting, held in Orvieto, Italy, covering all facets of the structure and function of the ribosome. New high-resolution crystal structures of functional ribosome complexes and cryo-EM structures of translating ribosomes are presented, while partial reactions of translation are examined in structural and mechanistic detail, featuring translocation as a most dynamic process. Mechanisms of initiation, both in bacterial and eukaryotic systems, translation termination, and novel details of the functions of the respective factors are described. Structure and interactions of the nascent peptide within, and emerging from, the ribosomal peptide exit tunnel are addressed in several articles. Structural and single-molecule studies reveal a picture of the ribosome exhibiting the energy landscape of a processive Brownian machine. The collection provides up-to-date reviews which will serve as a source of essential information for years to come.

Book The Role of Initiation Factor Dynamics in Translation Initiation

Download or read book The Role of Initiation Factor Dynamics in Translation Initiation written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Like most biological polymerization reactions, ribosome-catalyzed protein synthesis, or translation, can be divided into initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Initiation is the rate-limiting stage of translation and a critical site for translational control of gene expression. Throughout all stages of protein synthesis, the ribosome is aided by essential protein co-factors known as translation factors. I have studied the role that two translation initiation factors, IF1 and IF3, play in the mechanism and regulation of translation initiation in Escherichia coli. Specifically, I have used single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) as a primary tool for investigating how the dynamics of IF1 and IF3 regulate the accuracy with which the translational machinery selects an initiator transfer RNA (tRNA) and the correct messenger RNA (mRNA) start codon during the initiation stage of protein synthesis.

Book Protein Synthesis Initiation Factor IF 2 from Escherichia Coli

Download or read book Protein Synthesis Initiation Factor IF 2 from Escherichia Coli written by John Leonard Fakunding and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Translation Initiation Reconstituted Systems and Biophysical Methods

Download or read book Translation Initiation Reconstituted Systems and Biophysical Methods written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2007-10-23 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For over fifty years the Methods in Enzymology series has been the critically aclaimed laboratory standard and one of the most respected publications in the field of biochemistry. The highly relevant material makes it an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life and related sciences. This volume, the second of three on the topic of Translation Initiation includes articles written by leaders in the field.

Book Translational Control of Gene Expression

Download or read book Translational Control of Gene Expression written by Nahum Sonenberg and published by CSHL Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 1034 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1996 publication of Translational Control, there has been fresh interest in protein synthesis and recognition of the key role of translation control mechanisms in regulating gene expression. This new monograph updates and expands the scope of the earlier book but it also takes a fresh look at the field. In a new format, the first eight chapters provide broad overviews, while each of the additional twenty-eight has a focus on a research topic of more specific interest. The result is a thoroughly up-to-date account of initiation, elongation, and termination of translation, control mechanisms in development in response to extracellular stimuli, and the effects on the translation machinery of virus infection and disease. This book is essential reading for students entering the field and an invaluable resource for investigators of gene expression and its control.

Book Molecular Biology of the Cell

Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Mechanism of Initiation of Protein Synthesis in E Coli

Download or read book The Mechanism of Initiation of Protein Synthesis in E Coli written by Samuel D. Bernal and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Protein Biosynthesis

    Protein Biosynthesis

    Book Details:
  • Author : Alan E. Smith
  • Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
  • Release : 2012-12-06
  • ISBN : 9400957432
  • Pages : 65 pages

Download or read book Protein Biosynthesis written by Alan E. Smith and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 46 3. 2 mRNA metabolism 47 3. 3 Initiation complex formation 3. 3. 1 Binding of initiator tRNA 47 3. 3. 2 Binding of messenger RNA 50 3. 4 Elongation 56 3. 5 Termination of protein biosynthesis and post-translational modification 59 RNA phage protein synthesis 61 3. 6 References 63 Index 64 1 Introduction possible control processes operating to adjust 1. 1 The problem protein synthesis to the needs of the cells and The discovery that the genetic material of organism. It will be assumed that the reader has living organisms is DNA, and the later de some knowledge of molecular biology in gen monstration that the DNA molecule is a eral and protein biosynthesis in particular, but double helix were both great milestones in twentieth century science, and formed the by way of introduction each of the major molecules and stages of the process will be foundation of the new discipline of molecular described in simple terms, and in subsequent biology. But even after these momentous dis chapters each will be discussed again in coveries, the detailed mechanism by which such genetic material could be expressed as the struc greater depth. tural and catalytic proteins which play so im portant a role in the functioning of all living 1. 2 Overall steps in protein biosynthesis The information encoded in the two comple cells was still not obvious.

Book Production of Complex Heterologous Proteins and Protein Assemblies Using E Coli based Cell free Protein Synthesis

Download or read book Production of Complex Heterologous Proteins and Protein Assemblies Using E Coli based Cell free Protein Synthesis written by John Patrick Welsh and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Swartz lab has put much effort into understanding the underlying principles of E. coli-based cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS), and the technology has developed into a scalable, affordable platform for producing a wide range of protein targets. Key breakthroughs have included activating central metabolism, stabilization of critical amino acids, controlling the redox environment to produce proteins containing disulfide bonds, and using scale-up technologies to produce proteins at milligram quantities. My work has sought to expand this CFPS technology for producing valuable and complex eukaryotic protein targets by manipulating and optimizing the folding of these proteins in the heterologous CFPS environment. Furthermore, I have sought to apply these advances to specific applications of interest. By modifying a key molecular chaperone native to the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Hsp70-family chaperone, BiP, soluble production was increased in CFPS reactions for specific proteins normally secreted through this organelle, namely those from the immunoglobulin superfamily which includes antibodies, T-cell receptors, and many membrane receptors. First, the functional properties of BiP were compared to that of the E. coli Hsp70, DnaK. A fusion protein was then constructed between BiP and the ribosome-binding portion of the E. coli protein, trigger factor, to localize BiP to translating ribosomes. This replicated the native function of BiP, which provides co-translational folding assistance to nascent polypeptides. After verifying its bioactivity, this fusion protein was utilized in CFPS reactions to indicate that the chaperone functions of BiP are specific to proteins normally secreted through the eukaryotic ER, whereas DnaK demonstrates a more general chaperone mechanism. Since the discovery that somatic cells could be reprogrammed back to a pluripotent state through the viral expression of a specific set of transcription factors, there has been great interest in reprogramming using a safer and more clinically relevant protein-based approach. Production of these transcription factor proteins was greatly increased by fusing them to the C-terminus of the solubility partner, IF2 domain 1 (IF2D1). While the fusions provided marginal benefit in molar yields using a CFPS approach, in vivo E. coli expression produced the transcription factors in soluble form. The fusion proteins could be purified in milligram quantities from liter shake-flask cultures, whereas essentially no soluble protein accumulated without the fusion partner. The transcription factor fusions bound specifically to their consensus DNA sequences and partially activated some of their downstream gene targets. Another application utilizing CFPS technology is an enhanced luciferase mutant from the marine copepod, Gaussia princeps (GLuc). GLuc is both the smallest and brightest known luciferase, and previous work from our lab demonstrated that this protein could be produced at higher volumetric yields and specific activities in CFPS compared to conventional protein expression systems. By mutating key residues in the Gaussia luciferase sequence, the luminescence half-life was shown to increase over ten-fold while maintaining the initial specific activity of the wild-type. This improved mutant provides a valuable imaging agent to use in fusions and bioconjugates with other proteins such as those that recognize cell surface markers on cancer cells. In a final application, influenza vaccines were produced using CFPS by isolating specific fragments of the protein hemagglutinin (HA), a viral surface protein. Specific mutations as well as a C-terminal trimerization domain were critical for producing this protein fragment in both its monomeric and native trimeric forms. By using the CFPS platform to incorporate non-natural amino acids (nnAAs) with alkyne functional groups, the HA proteins were covalently 'clicked' to virus-like particles (VLPs) that had surface exposed nnAAs with azide functionality. The VLPs provide an immunogenic delivery platform that efficiently traffics to lymph nodes and allows for co-attachment of other adjuvants in addition to the primary HA antigen. This vaccine platform was characterized and tested in mouse models and compared to both a standard influenza vaccine as well as free HA protein fragments. In summary, CFPS is a valuable and robust method of protein production for a variety of targets. My thesis has sought to use this platform as a means to better understand folding pathways of complex, eukaryotic proteins and improve production of these proteins. To this end, CFPS has been shown to be a valuable method for elucidating and manipulating chaperone function, producing difficult proteins with enhanced function, and as a platform to produce novel vaccines.

Book The Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases

Download or read book The Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases written by Michael Ibba and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-04-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By virtue of their role as catalysts of the aminoacylation reaction, the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases ensure that the first step of translation is performed quickly and accurately. In this volume of 36 separate chapters, the many facets of this ancient and ubiquitous family are reviewed, including their surprising structural diversity, enzymology, tRNA interaction properties, and curious alternative functions. These chapters illustrate the degree to which the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases employ a variety of mechanisms to carry out both the standard functions related to the synthesis of aminoacylated tRNA for protein synthesis, as well as the surprising functions associated with amino acid biosynthesis, cytokine function, and even the processivity of DNA replication. Other chapters explore the regulation of their synthesis, their role in disease, and their prospects as targets for antibacterial therapeutics. This monograph will be a valuable resource for all scientists interested in the fundamentals of protein synthesis from both a basic research and clinical perspective, as well as the relation of translational components to the evolution of the genetic code.

Book The Smallest Biomolecules Diatomics and their Interactions with Heme Proteins

Download or read book The Smallest Biomolecules Diatomics and their Interactions with Heme Proteins written by Abhik Ghosh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-10-13 with total page 627 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is not a book on NO biology, nor about hemoglobin, nor about heme-based sensors per se. Of course, it covers all these topics and more, but above all, it aims at providing a truly multidisciplinary perspective of heme-diatomic interactions. The overarching goal is to build bridges among disciplines, to bring about a meeting of minds. The contributors to this book hail from diverse university departments and disciplines – chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, zoology, physics, medicine and surgery, bringing with them very different views of heme-diatomic interactions. The hope is that the juxtaposition of this diversity will lead to increased exchanges of ideas, approaches, and techniques across traditional disciplinary boundaries. The authors represent a veritable Who's Who of heme protein research and include John Olson, Tom Spiro, Walter Zumft, F. Ann Walker, Teizo Kitagawa, W. Robert Scheidt, Pat Farmer, Marie-Alda Gilles-Gonzalez, and many other equally distinguished scientists. - Extremely distinguished list of authors - Multidisciplinary character – equally suitable for chemists and biochemists - Covers the hottest topics in heme protein research: sensors, NO biology, new roles of hemoglobin, etc.