Download or read book The Role of Presupposed and Focal Information in Integrating Sentences written by Frank R. Yekovich and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two experiments explored the linguistic processes that underlie integration of the meaning of one sentence with the meaning of another. The authors propose that the linguistic markings of both a referring anaphor and the antecedent to which it refers are important for comprehension. The integrating process involves identifying a primary antecedent from a context sentence and relating an approxiately marked anaphor from the target sentence back to the antecedent. The primary antecedent is ideally marked as focal (new information) in the context sentence, whereas the anaphor is linguistically presupposed (old information) in the target sentence. Two comprehensive-time experiments tested this idea. Subjects read sentence pairs in which the linguistic markings of a repeated noun phrase varied across the sentences. Context sentences incorporated the noun phrase as either presupposed (P) or focal (F), and the target repetition appeared as either presupposed (P) or focal (F). Comprehension time was fastest for FP combinations, intermediate for FF and PP pairs, and slowest for PF combinations. These results obtained when the proximity of the repeated phrase was controlled (Experiment I) and also when target sentences were in both active and passive voices (Experiment II). This report is intended for psychologists interested in linguistics. (Author).
Download or read book The Role of Presupposed and Focal Information in Integrating Sentences written by Frank R. Yekovich and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two experiments explored the linguistic processes that underlie integration of the meaning of one sentence with the meaning of another. The authors propose that the linguistic markings of both a referring anaphor and the antecedent to which it refers are important for comprehension. The integrating process involves identifying a primary antecedent from a context sentence and relating an approxiately marked anaphor from the target sentence back to the antecedent. The primary antecedent is ideally marked as focal (new information) in the context sentence, whereas the anaphor is linguistically presupposed (old information) in the target sentence. Two comprehensive-time experiments tested this idea. Subjects read sentence pairs in which the linguistic markings of a repeated noun phrase varied across the sentences. Context sentences incorporated the noun phrase as either presupposed (P) or focal (F), and the target repetition appeared as either presupposed (P) or focal (F). Comprehension time was fastest for FP combinations, intermediate for FF and PP pairs, and slowest for PF combinations. These results obtained when the proximity of the repeated phrase was controlled (Experiment I) and also when target sentences were in both active and passive voices (Experiment II). This report is intended for psychologists interested in linguistics. (Author).
Download or read book The Syntax Discourse Interface written by Petra B. Schumacher and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2005-09-22 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book combines theoretical and experimental aspects of the establishment of dependency. It provides an account of dependency relations by focusing on the representation and interpretation of referentially dependent elements, particularly regular reflexives, logophors, and pronouns. First, the establishment of dependency is discussed within a model of syntax—discourse correspondences that predicts an economy-based dependency hierarchy contingent on the level of representation at which the dependency is formed as well as the internal structure of the dependent element and its antecedent. Secondly, the model’s predictions are substantiated by a series of experimental studies (conducted in English and Dutch) providing evidence from three sources of online sentence comprehension: reaction time studies, Broca’s aphasia patient studies, and event-related brain potential studies. The findings show that dependencies are established at distinct levels of linguistic encoding (i.e. syntax or discourse) determined by the presence or absence of coargumenthood and the representation of the dependency-forming elements.
Download or read book Resources in Education written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 1214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Information Structure written by Malte Zimmermann and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of overviews of approaches to the formal expression of information structure in natural language and its interaction with general principles of human cognition and communication.
Download or read book Technical Paper Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Technical Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 1096 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Resources in Education written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 1206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Transfer of Learning written by Stephen M. Cormier and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-06-28 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the mid-1970s, scientific and educational research has left a gap in the field of basic and applied research on transfer of learning. This book fills the gap with state-of-the-art information on recent research in the field, emphasizing methodological paradigms and interpretive concepts based on contemporary cognitive/information processing approaches to the study of human behavior. Issues discussed include how transfer is measured, how its direction and magnitude are determined, how training for transfer differs from training for acquisition, and whether different principles of transfer apply to motor, cognitive, and meta-cognitive processes.
Download or read book Mental Models and the Interpretation of Anaphora written by Alan Garnham and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interpretation of anaphora - how we interpret expressions such as definite pronouns (he, she, it) and verbal elliptical phrases (such as "did so, too") in the course of ordinary conversation or reading - is an important aspect of language comprehension. In this book the author examines the research and evidence on anaphor interpretation within the context of the mental models theory of comprehension, arguing that the notion of a mental model is essential to the detailed description of the processes of anaphor resolution. The general philosophy of the mental models approach and the nature of mental models themselves and their role in language processing is discussed, followed by a review of methodological issues that bear on the interpretation of psychological research findings. Against this background, the author's own research on areas such as deep and surface anaphora, reference into anaphoric islands, the role of implicit causality in anaphor resolution and the use of pronouns to refer to characters introduced by stereotyped role names is presented. At all times the author's research is set within the context of the general literature on anaphor resolution derived from the disciplines of linguistics, psycholinguistics, philosophy and computational linguistics, ensuring that the book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers in these fields.
Download or read book Language and Comprehension written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-06-05 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Language and Comprehension
Download or read book Ambiguity in Psycholinguistics written by Joseph F. Kess and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1981-01-01 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors present a comprehensive overview of past research in ambiguity in the field of psycholinguistics. Experimental results have often been equivocal in allowing a choice between the single-reading hypothesis and the multiple-reading hypothesis of processing of ambiguous sentences. This text reviews the arguments and experimental results in support of each of these views, and further investigates the contributions of context and thematic constraints in the process of ambiguity resolution. Commentary is also made on the possible hierarchical ordering of difficulty in the treatment of ambiguity, as well as critically related considerations like bias, individual differences, general cognitive strategies for dealing with multiphase representations, and the inherent differences between lexical and syntactic ambiguity.
Download or read book Meaning and Context written by Hans Hörmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book New Methods in Reading Comprehension Research written by David E. Kieras and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 663 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published in 1984, this volume presents methodologies for studying the ongoing psychological processes that occur as a person reads a text, as well as discussing the major findings that these methodologies have produced, to provide a handbook of reading comprehension research techniques. Focusing on the comprehension processes that occur when a person is reading, rather than the representation that remains after the text has been read, the methodologies use measures such as reading times that reflect ongoing processes, rather than relying exclusively on conventional measures of memory performance such as recall. These methods make use of computer technology for rapid and flexible stimulus representation and data acquisition. This book will allow researchers and students to select appropriate methodologies to investigate a range of fascinating questions about reading comprehension.
Download or read book Focus Coherence and Emphasis written by Paul Werth and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-11-18 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1984, this book examines a number of questions on the boundary of competence and performance — whose solutions have implications for linguistic theory in general. In particular, the form of grammatical statements, the relationship between various rules of grammar, the interaction between sentence in a sequence, and the inferences to be drawn from linguistic behaviour to linguistic knowledge. The author argues that many grammatical processes, inadequately handled by conventional sentence-grammars, require a text grammar in which the basic constitutive processes of information and deixis can be specified. They ago further to investigate the novel hypothesis that emphatic structure provides a crucial condition for the application of transformational rules, paying particular attention to the ‘movement-rules’ using mostly data culled from actual usage.
Download or read book Psychology of Learning and Motivation written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1982-03-18 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychology of Learning and Motivation
