Download or read book The Role of MicroRNAs in Oncogenesis and Stem Cell Identity written by Thales Papagiannakopoulos and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With over 700 miRNA genes identified experimentally in the human genome and a plethora of computationally predicted mRNA targets, these small RNAs are thought to have a central role in diverse cellular and developmental processes. Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) can lead to human diseases, including cancer. Several studies have confirmed that miRNAs regulate cellular functions such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, these non-coding RNAs can control cellular identity and mediate differentiation.
Download or read book MicroRNAs Key Regulators of Oncogenesis written by Sadegh Babashah and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aberrant expression and function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer have added a new layer of complexity to the understanding of development and progression of the disease state. It has been demonstrated that miRNAs have a crucial function in oncogenesis by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The expression signatures of miRNAs provide exciting opportunities in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of cancer. Since miRNAs can function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in oncogenesis, the potential of using these small RNAs as therapeutic targets opens up new opportunities for cancer therapy by either inhibiting or augmenting their activity.
Download or read book MicroRNA in Development and in the Progression of Cancer written by Shree Ram Singh and published by Springer Science & Business. This book was released on 2014-04-21 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: miRNAs are a class of endogenous, small non-protein coding RNA molecules (~ 22 nucleotides) which are novel post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Since we have hundreds of miRNAs, the major challenge is now to understand their specific biological function. In fact the experimental evidence suggests that signaling pathways could be ideal candidates for miRNA-mediated regulation. Several studies suggest that miRNAs affect the responsiveness of cells to signaling molecules such as WNT, Notch, TGF-β and EGFR. Altered expression of particular miRNAs has been implicated in the onset and development of cancer and could be used as potential biomarkers for the disease. Recently, many studies have found miRNAs have crucial regulatory roles in Cancer stem cells (CSCs) a kind of tumor initiating cells (TICs) and dormancy. Findings also suggest that DNA methylation may be important in regulating the expression of many miRNAs in several cancer initiating cells. Several miRNAs are known to either upregulated or downregulated in CSCs when compared to non-cancerous cells from the same tissues. CSCs are a small subpopulation of cells identified in a variety of tumors and involve in self-renewal, differentiation, chemoresistance and tumorigenesis. The volume will give a comprehensive account of important advancements in the area of miRNAs and cancer.
Download or read book MicroRNAs in Cancer written by César López-Camarillo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-02-22 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MicroRNA (miRNA) biology is a cutting-edge topic in basic as well as biomedical research. This is a specialized book focusing on the current understanding of the role of miRNAs in the development, progression, invasion, and metastasis of diverse types of cancer. It also reviews their potential for applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets as well as the potential use in translational medicine. Chapters present comprehensive and expert perspectives on the roles of miRNAs in most common cancers from bench to bedside applications and are written by an international team of renowned experts in the field.
Download or read book Alterations of Epigenetics and MicroRNAs in Cancer and Cancer Stem Cell written by Yoshimasa Saito and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-11-10 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies have shown that alterations of epigenetics and microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in the initiation and progression of human cancer. Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes in cancer cells is generally mediated by DNA hypermethylation of CpG island promoter and histone modification such as methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and tri-methylation of H3K27. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate expression of various target genes. Specific miRNAs are aberrantly expressed and play roles as tumor suppressors or oncogenes during carcinogenesis. Important tumor suppressor miRNAs are silenced by epigenetic alterations, resulting in activation of target oncogenes in human malignancies. Stem cells have the ability to perpetuate themselves through self-renewal and to generate mature cells of various tissues through differentiation. Accumulating evidence suggests that a subpopulation of cancer cells with distinct stem-like properties is responsible for tumor initiation, invasive growth, and metastasis formation, which is defined as cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are considered to be resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy, suggesting that these cells are important targets of cancer therapy. DNA methylation, histone modification and miRNAs may be deeply involved in stem-like properties in cancer cells. Restoring the expression of tumor suppressor genes and miRNAs by chromatin modifying drugs may be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer stem cells. In this Research Topic, we discuss about alterations of epigenetics and miRNAs in cancer and cancer stem cell and understand the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of cancer stem cell, which may provide a novel insight for treatment of refractory cancer.
Download or read book Role of MicroRNAs in Cancers written by DKV Prasad and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-07 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the potential roles of miRNA as a crucial regulator in cancer biology. It examines the regulation of drug resistance by miRNAs in cancers and the mechanism of their deregulated expression. The book discusses the role and molecular mechanism of miRNA in regulating cellular proliferation and cell cycle. It analyses circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. It also analyzes the role of miRNA as a modulator of the development and function of tumor-associated immune cells. It explores the cross-talk between miRNA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pathogenesis, cancer therapeutic tolerance, and resistance. It provides insights into the role of miRNA in cancer angiogenesis, metastasis and describes strategies and associated challenges of miRNA-based therapies.
Download or read book MicroRNA in Cancer written by Suresh Alahari and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-01 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of microRNA biology is really emerging in the last couple of years. Several investigators highlighted the importance of miRNAs in cancer. Although there is so much literature on microRNAs exist, a comprehensive book is still not available. Thus this book will be a great use to the scientists in the field of cancer biology. In addition, this book will be a good source of information for undergraduate, graduate students who want to develop their research careers in cancer biology.
Download or read book MicroRNAs in Cancer Translational Research written by William C.S. Cho and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-01-25 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MicroRNA (miRNA) is a cutting-edge topic in the scientific and medical fields. This is a timely and specialized book focusing on the current understanding of miRNAs and the potential for their application in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets. It also provides discussion of the lessons learned from translational miRNA studies and exploration of the next steps required to advance this field. The unique book comprises 22 in-depth chapters by gathering unparalleled topics of interest in miRNAs by international team of world-renowned experts in the field. The first fifteen chapters provide comprehensive and expert perspectives on the most common cancers from bench to bedside applications, there is no current book structured in this cancer-oriented way. The next seven chapters providing thorough overviews of miRNAs and cancer stem cells; miRNAs in cancer invasion and metastasis; miRNAs in predicting radiotherapy and chemotherapy response; as well as expounding the role of miRNA in anti-cancer drug resistance and as blood-based cancer biomarkers. Furthermore, this book explicates the interplay of miRNAs in cancer metabolism and an update on the pioneering RNAi-based treatment approaches is also presented. This specialized book will contribute great to the scientific and medical community by providing the up-to-date discoveries of miRNAs and their important roles in cancer translational research.
Download or read book Micrornas In Development And Cancer written by Frank J Slack and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2010-10-20 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MicroRNAs have recently emerged as key regulators of gene expression during development and are frequently misexpressed in human disease states, in particular cancer. These 22-nucleotide-long transcripts act to promote or repress cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis during development, all of which are processes that go awry in cancer. Thus, microRNAs have the ability to behave like oncogenes or tumor suppressors. In addition, their small size and molecular properties make them amenable as targets and therapeutics in cancer treatment. This book goes into detail on how microRNAs represent a paradigm shift in thinking about gene regulation during development and disease, and provide the oncologist with a potentially powerful new battery of agents to diagnose and treat cancer./a
Download or read book Dicer in Mammary Tumor Stem Cell Maintenance written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene silencing pathway with roles in mRNA stability, translational control, chromatin organization and genome regulation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a set of small RNAs produced by the RNAi machinery that play important functions in tissue organization and maintenance of cell identity. Several miRNAs have been shown to collaborate with oncogenes in the progression of cancer, and in addition, miRNA expression profiling has revealed widespread miRNA misregulation in cancer. To address the role of miRNAs in the onset and maintenance of cancer, we have created embryonic stem (ES) cells and mice in which Dicer, a key enzyme in miRNA biogenesis, can be conditionally inactivated. We have demonstrated loss of Dicer delays onset of teratomas derived from subcutaneously injected ES cells. In addition, we have identified a miRNA family that is regulated by the master tumor-suppressor gene p53. We show that the miR-34 family is a direct target of p53 transcriptional regulation. Our work places miR-34 in the p53 tumor suppressor network, implicated in many cancers, including breast cancer.
Download or read book Current Perspectives in microRNAs miRNA written by Shao-Yao Ying and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-09-12 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nearly 97% of the human genome is the non-coding DNA, which varies from one species to another, and changes in these sequences are frequently noticed to manifest clinical and circumstantial malfunction. Numerous non-protein-coding genes are recently found to encode microRNAs, which are responsible for RNA-mediated gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi)-like pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small single-stranded 17–25 nucleotide RNAs capable of interfering with intracellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that contain either complete or partial complementarity, are useful for the design of new therapies against cancer polymorphism and viral mutation. Currently over 1000 native miRNA species found in vertebrates and many more new miRNA homologs continue to be identified; however, most of their functions remain to be determined. In this book, many new perspectives of the miRNA research are reviewed and discussed, including their roles in stem cell maintenance, embryonic development, tissue differentiation, adult physiology, disease pathology, cancer research, viral infection, genetic engineering in plants, and utility in cosmetic applications. These new findings may not only provide significant insight into the various mechanisms of miRNAs but also offer a great opportunity in developing new therapeutic interventions.
Download or read book RNAi and MicroRNA Mediated Gene Regulation in Stem Cells written by Baohong Zhang and published by Methods in Molecular Biology. This book was released on 2010-08-16 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This cutting-edge text will be a valuable resource for scientists and aspiring graduate students interested in the intersection of RNAi, miRNA, and stem cell molecular biology and exciting areas of research such as regenerative medicine and cancer.
Download or read book The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulating Cancer Stem Cells written by Musaffe Tuna and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Dicer Loss Induces an Oncogenic Epigenetic Switch in Mesenchymal Stem Cells written by Courtney Kenneil JnBaptiste and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators that tune gene expression. Despite the modest 2-fold repression that miRNA activity generally confers on a target, miRNAs are critical for many biological processes including development and differentiation. Due to this mild repression directly conferred by miRNA activity, miRNAs coordinate with other regulators such as transcription factors to shape the gene expression landscape and phenotypes of a cell. To understand the function of global miRNA activity in regulating the specification of the somatic state, we deleted Dicer in a murine mesenchymal stem cell model. Upon exploring the consequences of Dicer deletion, we identify a specific let-7 regulated mid-embryonic program within the global de-repression of miRNA targets accompanying Dicer loss. We further observe within the landscape of let-7 regulated targets, an activation of greater than 50-fold of known oncofetal (Igf2bp1/2/3) genes, an effect much greater than that typically reported for miRNA-mRNA interactions. This suggests a requirement of let-7 for the continual suppression of mid-embryonic programs in adult cells. To investigate the regulation of these oncofetal genes, we restored miRNAs through re-expression of Dicer. Despite complete reconstitution of the posttranscriptional activity of miRNAs, the activated oncofetal genes are incompletely suppressed. Igf2bp1-3 are components of a larger set of irreversible oncogenes whose chromatin signature indicate that they are transcriptionally activated upon Dicer deletion. This transcriptional activation is maintained, despite miRNA restoration in Dicer rescued cells. Consistent with this expression pattern, Dicer rescued cells are able to form tumors in mice, a phenotype absent in the parental wild-type and Dicer knockout cells. Moreover, the irreversible gene set is amplified in human cancers and is predictive of patient survival indicating that our observations are relevant to human disease. Finally, we develop a computational method to decipher the indirect, transcription factor mediated effects of miRNAs on gene expression. Through comprehensive analysis of ChIP-Seq, CLIP-Seq and RNA-Seq datasets, we quantitatively assess the relative contributions of direct posttranscriptional miRNA activity and transcriptional activity on gene expression changes resulting from Dicer deletion. We find that transcriptional changes contribute significantly to perturbations in gene expression resulting from global miRNA loss upon Dicer deletion. In summary, our work expands the current knowledge of fundamental roles for miRNAs in differentiated mammalian cells. As further work builds on our observations, the increased understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation will inform therapeutic strategies for human disease.
Download or read book The Role of MicroRNA in Regulation of Lineage specific Gene Expression Through the Cell Cycle written by Bryony Jane Graham and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The establishment and maintenance of highly specialised cell lineages is fundamental to the development of multicellular organisms. Cell identity is determined by specific transcriptional profiles, which are mediated by sequence-specific, chromatin-based and post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation. Changes in cell morphology and chromatin structure which occur during the cell cycle present a challenge to the maintenance of lineage-specific gene expression profiles. This study investigates the role of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs in stabilising cell-specific gene expression through the process of cell growth and division. Data presented here show that microRNAs are inherited through mitosis in mammalian cells, and are capable of regulating target gene expression in recipient daughter cells. Genome-wide expression analysis indicates that key developmentally regulated genes marked by a bivalent chromatin signature are globally upregulated in microRNA-deficient ES cells. Binding sites for ES cell-specific microRNAs are significantly enriched in the 3'UTR of these transcripts compared to the rest of the transcriptome, strongly suggesting that microRNAs contribute to maintenance of ES cell identity by co-ordinately regulating multiple lineage inappropriate genes. Finally, analysis of the expression of validated microRNA targets and bivalent genes throughout the cell cycle shows that transcripts from these genes accumulate in G2/M to a greater extent in microRNA-deficient ES cells than in wildtype cells. Taken together, data presented in this study support a role for microRNAs in regulation of lineage-specific gene expression through the cell cycle.
Download or read book Wonderful Life The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History written by Stephen Jay Gould and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 1990-09-17 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "[An] extraordinary book. . . . Mr. Gould is an exceptional combination of scientist and science writer. . . . He is thus exceptionally well placed to tell these stories, and he tells them with fervor and intelligence."—James Gleick, New York Times Book Review High in the Canadian Rockies is a small limestone quarry formed 530 million years ago called the Burgess Shale. It hold the remains of an ancient sea where dozens of strange creatures lived—a forgotten corner of evolution preserved in awesome detail. In this book Stephen Jay Gould explores what the Burgess Shale tells us about evolution and the nature of history.
Download or read book Systems Biology of Cancer written by Sam Thiagalingam and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-09 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An overview of the current systems biology-based knowledge and the experimental approaches for deciphering the biological basis of cancer.
