Download or read book The Removal of Picric Acid from Aqueous Solution Using Zero Valent Iron written by Roderquita K. Moore and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Removal of Perchlorate in Ammunition Wastewater by Zero valent Iron and Perchlorate Respiring Bacteria written by Se Chang Ahn and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perchlorate has recently received a great deal of attention due to high concentrations found in groundwaters and surface waters. The US Army and DoD facilities generate ammunition wastewater containing perchlorate (ClO 4 - ), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) (i.e. PAX-21 wastewater) from munitions manufacturing and demilitarization processes. Perchlorate is known to affect human health by interfering with the uptake of iodide into the thyroid glands. The US EPA recently set the perchlorate reference dose to 0.0007 mg/kg/day which corresponds to a drinking water equivalent level of 24.5 ppb. Aqueous perchlorate is both chemically stable in natural water and extremely soluble and mobile; as a result, many traditional wastewater treatment techniques that are commonly used for solvents and other organic pollutants are not effective for removal of perchlorate from contaminated water. Presently, most Army ammunition plants use granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption and alkaline hydrolysis to separate and treat energetic compounds in wastewater from munitions manufacturing and demilitarization processes. GAC processes are not only expensive but generate explosive-laden spent carbon, which needs to be treated or disposed of properly to avoid secondary contamination problems. This additional treatment further increases the overall cost of wastewater treatment. The overall objective of this research was to develop a novel treatment process for the removal of perchlorate and energetic compounds from mixed ammunition wastewater. We investigated two options for effective removal of perchlorate from mixed munitions wastewater that contains both perchlorate and energetic compounds: (1) increasing the solution temperature to overcome the kinetic barrier of perchlorate reduction by zero-valent iron; and (2) integrating Fe(0)-biological process for simultaneous removal of perchlorate and energetic compounds. Perchlorate reduction by zero-valent iron at elevated temperatures was investigated with a continuous-flow system that consisted of an iron-packed pressure vessel and a heat exchanger. Results from the continuous-flow system showed that 99% of perchlorate was removed in 1 hour of contact time at 175°C. With decreasing pH to 2.5, more than 60% of perchlorate was removed with an iron contact time of 30 min at operation temperature of 95°C. Increasing the reactor temperature to 125°C resulted in 98% perchlorate removal at the same retention time of 30 min. This result demonstrated that Fe(0) technology combined with heating may be a viable option for the removal of perchlorate from Army ammunition wastewater. Biodegradation experiments using glucose as the primary sources of electrons and carbon were conducted to evaluate microbial perchlorate reduction as a practical option for the treatment of perchlorate in PAX-21 wastewater. The results indicated that the constituents in PAX-21 wastewater may be toxic to perchlorate reducing bacteria. A series of batch toxicity test was conducted to identify the toxic constituents in PAX-21 wastewater and DNAN was identified as the primary toxicant responsible for inhibiting the activity of perchlorate reducing bacteria. It was hypothesized that pretreatment of PAX-21 by zero-valent iron granules will transform toxic constituents in PAX-21 wastewater to non-toxic products. Zero-valent iron pretreatment completely removed DNAN and RDX. After a 3-day acclimation period, perchlorate in iron-treated PAX-21 wastewater was rapidly decreased to an undetectable level in 2 days, which demonstrated that iron treatment not only removed energetic compounds but also eliminated the toxic constituents that inhibited the subsequent microbial process. Finally, potential application of energetic compounds as the source of electrons for perchlorate reduction by PRB was investigated. It was hypothesized that the pretreatment of PAX-21 wastewater with Fe(0) would convert energetic compounds to products that are more amenable for biological oxidation and that these products can also serve as electron donors for PRB. Results of batch experiments showed that DNAN was completely reduced to 2,4-diaminoanisole (DAAN) and RDX was completely reduced to formaldehyde in the presence of cast iron granules within 2 h. Batch biodegradation experiments showed that formaldehyde can serve as an electron donor for perchlorate respiring bacteria. It was also demonstrated that complete reduction of perchlorate in iron-treated PAX-21 wastewater can be achieved without adding an exogenous electron donor. This study confirmed that iron pretreatment not only removed energetic compounds, but also transformed the energetic compounds to products that can serve as the source of electrons for perchlorate respiring bacteria. Based on the results, we proposed an integrated Fe(0)-biological process for simultaneous removal of perchlorate and energetic compounds, which consists of (1) a Fe(0) process for the reduction of electron-withdrawing nitro groups to biodegradable compounds and (2) an anaerobic biological treatment process containing perchlorate-respiring bacteria, which utilize Fe(0)-treated energetic compounds as electron donor and perchlorate as electron acceptor.
Download or read book Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Pollutants Remediation written by Uma Shanker and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-07-07 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanoscience technology is playing a vital role in multidisciplinary research due to its unique characteristics at nanoscale as compared to bulk materials. In view of such excellent properties, like high surface area, semiconducting nature, and non-toxicity, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising means to curb pollution. Liquid and crystal nanomaterials aim for products and processes that are ecofriendly, economically sustainable, safe, and energy-efficient. One of the most popular fields widely adopted is photocatalysis of nanomaterials that involves photo-conduction in efficient removal/degradation of noxious pollutants. This book focuses on generation of liquid and crystal nanomaterials for environmental remediation.
Download or read book Pentachlorophenol Dechlorination Using Zero Valent Iron and Nickel iron Bimetallics written by Wijesinghage Buddhika Gunawardana and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) systems are used to treat chlorinated phenols (CPs) contaminated waters. In these systems CPs removal occurs by different pathways with a complex dependence on many variables. This research studied pentachlorophenol (PCP) removal by ZVI and Ni/Fe bimetals to decipher some of the complex dependencies and resolve contradictions reported in the literature. The influence of key variables was studied; including the mineralogy of the iron oxides on the ZVI surface, methods of preparing Ni/Fe bimetallics, dissolved oxygen (DO), and the presence of nitrate. PCP removal was also compared with that of lower CPs including tetra-, tri- and di-chlorinated phenols. Batch and column experiments were performed. Gas chromatography was used to analyse the solution phase CPs and Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the oxides on the ZVI surface. At least two different theories have been promoted about the fundamental CP removal processes in ZVI based systems; CP dechlorination and CP incorporation with the oxides which includes sorption, co-precipitation and/or physical entrapment. This thesis provides insights that both incorporation and dechlorination can be dominant depending on the system characteristics. For example, CPs with higher degree of chlorination tended to exhibit greater dechlorination while CPs with lower degree of chlorination showed greater incorporation with the oxides. Nitrate competed with PCP for electrons, led to the formation of lepidocrocite, hematite, goethite within the first 24 hours of reaction and significantly decreased the PCP dechlorination using ZVI and bimetallic system of ZVI mixed with Ni (Nis/Fe). When nitrate was present, PCP removal occurred mainly due to incorporation with the oxides and only partial PCP dechlorination transpired. Further, the DO competed with PCP for electrons and led to the formation of maghemite, hematite, lepidocrocite, which resulted in significantly lower PCP dechlorination by ZVI or Ni coated ZVI (Nic/Fe) bimetallic system. In preparing the Nic/Fe, immersing ZVI that had coatings of wustite/magnetite or only magnetite in a NiSO4/H2SO4 solution resulted in Ni0 depositing, as discrete Ni particles or a thin film, respectively. The deposited Ni0 particles led to enhanced PCP dechlorination, while, the thin film led to decreased PCP dechlorination compared to the unmodified ZVI. The Nis/Fe bimetal, prepared with ZVI consisted of only magnetite, resulted in a significant increase in PCP dechlorination compared to the Nic/Fe and ZVI systems. The Nis/Fe bimetal achieved complete dechlorination of PCP and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol as well as their lower CPs daughter products with phenol and/or cyclohexanol being the final product(s).
Download or read book Simultaneous Removal of Perchlorate and Energetic Compounds in Munitions Wastewater by Zero valent Iron and Perchlorate respiring Bacteria written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Removal of Dinitrotoluene from Wastewater Via Zero valent Iron Reduction and Enzyme catalyzed Oxidative Polymerization with Arthromyces Ramosus Peroxidase written by Joseph Patapas and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biogenic Nanomaterials for Environmental Sustainability Principles Practices and Opportunities written by Maulin P. Shah and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-03 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental pollution is a worldwide concern now. A major section of the world population is struggling for drinking water. Polluted soil is resulting into low agricultural productivity and thus creating challenges in the way of sustainable livelihood of a large section of human population. Biological treatment can offer both green solutions for wastewater treatment and resource recovery as well. Like algal-based systems can be utilized for wastewater treatment and production of biofuels from the biomass grown on the wastewater. Bio-based nanomaterials have been extensively studied for their employability in the health care, process optimization, water resource management, dealing with environmental pollutants, biosensors, and many others. Bioprospecting of novel biological agents, bio-based products, and bioresource recovery are paving the way for sustainable development as they are providing local solutions for a number of problems. In this proposed book, we start with the introduction to bio-nanotechnological principles and later on discuss bio-based nanomaterials employability for a diverse range of applications from environment to energy to health care. This book provides with current trends in bio-nanotechnology for anthropogonic purposes, prospects, challenges, and way forward.
Download or read book Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory written by George Lunn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-05-01 with total page 795 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book describes practical procedures for the destruction of hazardous chemicals and biological agents in the laboratory in which they are used. The book is a continuation and expansion of “Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory.” It follows the same general approach as the first and second editions but includes a number of new chapters including one on using advanced oxidation techniques as a general means of degrading chemicals. All the monographs from the second edition are incorporated in this volume and are revised and extended as necessary. A number of new monographs describing procedures for the destruction of hazardous chemicals have also been added. The destruction of many pharmaceuticals is also described in this book. This subject has become of increasing importance with recent reports of the detection of pharmaceuticals in the water supply. Finally a new addition is the chapter “General Methods for the Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory.” This chapter describes recent advanced oxidation methods that should be generally applicable to all organic compounds. The methods use commonly available laboratory equipment and reagents.
Download or read book CRC Handbook of Metal Etchants written by Perrin Walker and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990-12-11 with total page 1434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication presents cleaning and etching solutions, their applications, and results on inorganic materials. It is a comprehensive collection of etching and cleaning solutions in a single source. Chemical formulas are presented in one of three standard formats - general, electrolytic or ionized gas formats - to insure inclusion of all necessary operational data as shown in references that accompany each numbered formula. The book describes other applications of specific solutions, including their use on other metals or metallic compounds. Physical properties, association of natural and man-made minerals, and materials are shown in relationship to crystal structure, special processing techniques and solid state devices and assemblies fabricated. This publication also presents a number of organic materials which are widely used in handling and general processing...waxes, plastics, and lacquers for example. It is useful to individuals involved in study, development, and processing of metals and metallic compounds. It is invaluable for readers from the college level to industrial R & D and full-scale device fabrication, testing and sales. Scientific disciplines, work areas and individuals with great interest include: chemistry, physics, metallurgy, geology, solid state, ceramic and glass, research libraries, individuals dealing with chemical processing of inorganic materials, societies and schools.
Download or read book Essentials of Organic Chemistry written by Paul M. Dewick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-20 with total page 711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essentials of Organic Chemistry is an accessible introduction to the subject for students of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry and Biological Chemistry. Designed to provide a thorough grounding in fundamental chemical principles, the book focuses on key elements of organic chemistry and carefully chosen material is illustrated with the extensive use of pharmaceutical and biochemical examples. In order to establish links and similarities the book places prominence on principles and deductive reasoning with cross-referencing. This informal text also places the main emphasis on understanding and predicting reactivity rather than synthetic methodology as well as utilising a mechanism based layout and featuring annotated schemes to reduce the need for textual explanations. * tailored specifically to the needs of students of Pharmacy Medical Chemistry and Biological Chemistry * numerous pharmaceutical and biochemical examples * mechanism based layout * focus on principles and deductive reasoning This will be an invaluable reference for students of Pharmacy Medicinal and Biological Chemistry.
Download or read book Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds written by Jim C. Spain and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past five years increased awareness of environmental contamination by nitroaromatic compounds has led to a dramatic increase in research on their biodegradation. The resulting discoveries have markedly extended our understanding of degradation mecha nisms and pathways in bacteria and fungi. Futhermore, this new basic knowledge promises the development of field applications of biodegradation systems for nitroaromatic com pounds. In May of 1994, an International Symposium on the Biodegradation of Nitro aromatic Compounds was held in Las Vegas, Nevada. This symposium brought together the scientists at the frontiers of research into the biodegradation of nitro aromatic compounds. The invited speakers were asked to review their area of expertise and write a critical, comprehensive synthesis of their work and related work by others. This book is the result of their efforts. The emphasis of the reviews is on basic research in biodegradation and biotransfor mation. Therefore, the reactions of nitroaromatic compounds in plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, soil, and even nonbiological systems are considered. The goal of the work is to provide the reader with an appreciation of the tremendous range of possibilities for metabolism of aromatic nitro compounds and the experimental approaches used to understand them. This volume should be of interest to biochemists, microbiologists, engineers, toxicologists, and anyone interested in the behavior of synthetic chemicals in the environment or in living systems. Furthermore, a variety of commercial applications can be envisioned for some of the reactions described here.
Download or read book The Chemistry of Explosives written by Jacqueline Akhavan and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2004 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revised and expanded to reflect new developments in the field, this book outlines the basic principles required to understand the chemical processes of explosives. The Chemistry of Explosives provides an overview of the history of explosives, taking the reader to future developments. The text on the classification of explosive materials contains much data on the physical parameters of primary and secondary explosives. The explosive processes of deflagration and detonation, including the theory of 'hotspots' for the detonation process, are introduced and many examples are provided in the detailed description on the thermochemistry of explosives. New material includes coverage of the latest explosive compositions, such as high temperature explosives, nitrocubanes, energetic polymers, plasticizers and insensitive munitions (IM). This concise, readable book is ideal for 'A' level students and new graduates with no previous knowledge of explosive materials. With detailed information on a vast range of explosives in tabular form and an extensive bibliography, this book will also be useful to anyone needing succinct information on the subject.
Download or read book Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds and Explosives written by Jim C. Spain and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-06-14 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Filled with practical applications and research, Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds and Explosives presents an international perspective on environmental contamination from explosives. It covers biodegradation strategies for DNT and a wide variety of other nitroaromatic compounds of environmental significance and makes the information access
Download or read book Solvent Extraction written by Vladimir S Kislik and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-11-04 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main challenge in modern solvent extraction separation is that most techniques are mainly empirical, specific and particular for narrow fields of practice and require a large degree of experimentation. This concise and modern book provides a complete overview of both solvent extraction separation techniques and the novel and unified competitive complexation/solvation theory. This novel and unified technique presented in the book provides a key for a preliminary quantitative prediction of suitable extraction systems without experimentation, thus saving researchers time and resources. Analyzes and compares both classical and new competitive models and techniques Offers a novel and unified competitive complexation / solvation theory that permits researchers to standardize some parameters, which decreases the need for experimentation at R&D Presents examples of applications in multiple disciplines such as chemical, biochemical, radiochemical, pharmaceutical and analytical separation Written by an outstanding scientist who is prolific in the field of separation science
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for RDX written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chemistry and Physics of Energetic Materials written by S.N. Bulusu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 756 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents a collection of lectures presented at the NATO Advanced study Institute(ASI) on "Chemistry & Physics of the Molecular Processes in Energetic Materials", held at Hotel Torre Normanna, Altavilla Milicia, Sicily, Italy, September 3 to 15, 1989. The institute was attended by seventy participants including twenty lecturers, drawn from thirteen countries. The purpose of the institute was to review the major ad vances made in recent years in the theoretical and experi mental aspects of explosives and propellants. In accordance with the format of the NATO ASI, it was arranged to have a relatively small number of speakers to present in depth, re view type lectures emphasizing the basic research aspects of the subject, over a two week period. Most of the speakers gave two lectures, each in excess of one hour with addition al time for discussions. The scope of the meeting was limit ed to molecular and spectroscopic studies since the hydro dynamic aspects of detonation and various performance crite ria of energetic materials are often covered adequately in other international meetings. An attempt was made to have a coherent presentation of various theoretical, computational and spectroscopic approaches to help a better understanding of energetic materials from a molecular point of view. The progress already made in these areas is such that structure property (e. g.
Download or read book Advanced Catalytic Materials written by Noreña Luis and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-02-03 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Todays chemical industry processes worldwide largely depend on catalytic reactions and the desirable future evolution of this industry toward more selective products, more environmentally friendly products, more energy-efficient processes, a smaller use of hazardous reagents, and a better use of raw materials also largely involves the development of better catalysts and, specifically, purposely designed catalytic materials. The careful study and development of the new-generation catalysts involve relatively large groups of specialists in universities, research centers, and industries, joining forces from different scientific and technical disciplines. This book has put together recent, state-of-the-art topics on current trends in catalytic materials and consists of 16 chapters.
