Download or read book The Removal of Aerosol Particles from the Atmosphere by Growong Cloud Droplets written by Gerard Theodore Severynse and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols and Nucleation written by Paul E. Wagner and published by Springer. This book was released on 1988 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These proceedings give a rather complete overview of the most recent research in the areas of fundamental processes and phase transitions, cloud droplet and ice nucleation in the atmosphere, and aerosol formation and aerosol characteristics in the atmosphere. Nine review papers on topics of special importance are supplemented by about 200 summaries on topics of greatest current importance. The volume should be of interest to scientists working in the atmospheric and environmental sciences, in chemistry and in physics, as well as to engineers working in these areas.
Download or read book LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE INTERSTITIAL AEROSOL REMOVAL MECHANISMS IN A CLOUD CHAMBER written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Aerosol particles and cloud droplets are not static entities but are continuously interacting with their chemical environment and therefore changing in their properties [1]. Also, clouds are ubiquitously turbulent, so water vapor or other trace gases fluctuate in space and time. Aerosol properties such as number concentration, chemical composition and size influence many cloud properties including the clouds' probability for precipitation and hence their lifetime. Also, an increase in the number of aerosol particles can lead to an increase in cloud droplet number and decrease the effective droplet radius, which results in an increase in a cloud's albedo for a constant liquid water path. In response, clouds serve as a dominant removal mechanism for intermediate sized aerosol particles while other sizes are removed via other loss processes such as settling and diffusion. This feedback between aerosol and cloud is the process of cloud cleansing through which cloudy, polluted air from a continent is slowly transformed into cloudy, clean air of a maritime environment. A facility, the Pi Chamber, so called because of its working volume of 3.14 m3 with the cylindrical insert in place is developed at Michigan Tech to study the interaction of gases, aerosols and clouds in a turbulent environment. Within the Pi Chamber, a turbulent environment is created via a temperature difference between the top and bottom surfaces, inducing turbulent Rayleigh B℗þenard convection. Cloud formation is xvii initiated by injecting NaCl aerosol from a constant output atomizer into the chamber. In our experiments, we employ different temperature gradients (hot on the bottom and cold on top) to drive turbulent convection. Once the cloud properties reach steady state,the aerosol source is turned off to initiate the cloud cleansing process. Size distributions of the interstitial aerosol are acquired continuously using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). Measurement of the distribution of interstitial aerosol as a function of time is used to derive characteristic decay times as a function of size. Our data suggest that for aerosol particles with dry diameters between about 40 nm and 100 nm, the principal removal mechanism is activation which proceeds in a two-stage process; ie decay of interstitial aerosol concentration occurs slowly at first, then more rapidly. Smaller particles of diameters about 10 nm to 20 nm are not activated but removed through convective diffusion. The cloud cleansing process thus demonstrates a simplified version of evolution of polluted clouds to a maritime state.
Download or read book Cloud Dynamics written by Robert A. Houze Jr. and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1994-06-28 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clouds play a critical role in the Earth's climate, general atmospheric circulation, and global water balance. Clouds are essential elements in mesoscale meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, air pollution, atmosphericradiation, and weather forecasting, and thus must be understood by any student or researcher in the atmospheric sciences.Cloud Dynamics provides a skillful and comprehensive examination of the nature of clouds--what they look like and why, how scientists observe them, and the basic dynamics and physics that underlie them. The book describes the mechanics governing each type of cloud that occurs in Earth's atmosphere, and the organization of various types of clouds in larger weather systems such as fronts, thunderstorms, and hurricanes.This book is aimed specifically at graduate students, advanced undergraduates, practicing researchers either already in atmospheric science or moving in from a related scientific field, and operational meteorologists. Some prior knowledge of atmospheric dynamics and physics is helpful, but a thorough overview of the necessary prerequisites is supplied. - Provides a complete treatment of clouds integrating the analysis of air motions with cloud structure, microphysics, and precipitation mechanics - Describes and explains the basic types of clouds and cloud systems that occur in the atmosphere-fog, stratus, stratocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, cirrus, thunderstorms, tornadoes, waterspouts, orographically induced clouds, mesoscale convection complexes, hurricanes, fronts, and extratropical cyclones - Presents a photographic guide, presented in the first chapter, linking the examination of each type of cloud with an image to enhance visual retention and understanding - Summarizes the fundamentals, both observational and theoretical, of atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, cloud microphysics, and radar meteorology, allowing each type of cloud to be examined in depth - Integrates the latest field observations, numerical model simulations, and theory - Supplies a theoretical treatment suitable for the advanced undergraduate or graduate level
Download or read book Nucleation of Water written by Ari Laaksonen and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-25 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nucleation of Water: From Fundamental Science to Atmospheric and Additional Applications provides a comprehensive accounting of the current state-of-the-art regarding the nucleation of water. It covers vapor-liquid, liquid-vapor, liquid-ice and vapor-ice transitions and describes basic kinetic and thermodynamic concepts in a manner understandable to researchers working on specific applications. The main focus of the book lies in atmospheric phenomena, but it also describes engineering and biological applications. Bubble nucleation, although not of major atmospheric relevance, is included for completeness. This book presents a single, go-to resource that will help readers understand the breadth and depth of nucleation, both in theory and in real-world examples. - Offers a single, comprehensive work on water nucleation, including cutting- edge research on ice, cloud and bubble nucleation - Written primarily for atmospheric scientists, but it also presents the theories in such a way that researchers in other disciplines will find it useful - Written by one of the world's foremost experts on ice nucleation
Download or read book On the Removal Time of Aerosol Particles from the Atmosphere by Precipitation Scavenging written by Henning Rodhe and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols written by Claudio Tomasi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ein Blick auf die morphologischen, physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von Aerosolen aus den unterschiedlichsten natürlichen und anthropogenen Quellen trägt zum besseren Verständnis der Rolle bei, die Aerosolpartikel bei der Streuung und Absorption kurz- und langwelliger Strahlung spielen. Dieses Fachbuch bietet Informationen, die sonst schwer zu finden sind, und vermittelt ausführlich die Kenntnisse, die erforderlich sind, um die mikrophysikalischen, chemischen und Strahlungsparameter zu charakterisieren, die bei der Wechselwirkung von Sonnen- und Erdstrahlen so überaus wichtig sind. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf den indirekten Auswirkungen von Aerosolen auf das Klima im Rahmen des komplexen Systems aus Aerosolen, Wolken und der Atmosphäre. Auch geht es vorrangig um die Wirkungen natürlicher und anthropogener Aerosole auf die Luftqualität und die Umwelt, auf die menschliche Gesundheit und unser kulturelles Erbe. Mit einem durchgängig lösungsorientierten Ansatz werden nicht nur die Probleme und Gefahren dieser Aerosole behandelt, sondern auch praktikable Lösungswege aufgezeigt.
Download or read book Field and Laboratory Perspectives on the Cloud Nucleating Abilities of Aerosol Particles written by Beth Friedman and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosol-cloud interactions represent a significant uncertainty with respect to radiative forcing and future climate change. Both particle composition and size play key, yet poorly understood, roles in determining the cloud nucleating capabilities of aerosols. The following describes ambient and laboratory measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN) measurements from a variety of sources, with the goal of understanding how composition and size interact in forming cloud droplets and ice crystals and the potential importance of aerosol composition and atmospheric aging processes on constraining uncertainties associated with the cloud nucleating properties of aerosols. Motivated by the anthropogenic emissions of soot particles as well as the potential properties of aged soot particles, ice formation and droplet activation of soot particles of various size and composition were studied. Generated soot particles were coated with a variety of atmospherically relevant acids of varying solubility properties. The particles were also exposed to ozone in order to simulate atmospheric oxidation and aging. A custom-built ice chamber was utilized to show that both uncoated and coated soot particles comparable to those generated in our studies are unlikely to significantly contribute to the global budget of heterogeneous IN at relevant atmospheric temperatures. This result is emphasized by comparison to an efficient ice nucleus, such as mineral dust. Coatings and oxidation by ozone also did not significantly alter the ice nucleation behavior of soot particles but aided in the uptake of water, suggesting the altered composition of a hydrophobic particle is important to take into account for cloud droplet activation. To assess the importance of particle composition in cloud droplet activation, measurements of CCN concentrations, single particle composition, and number size distributions were conducted at a high-elevation research site. The temporal evolution of detailed single particle chemical composition was compared with changes in CCN activation. A variety of particle types were observed; CCN activation largely followed the behavior of the sulfate-containing particle types; biomass burning particles also contained hygroscopic material that impacted CCN activation. The observed particles were largely aged; few local sources contributed to the particle composition due to the high elevation of the site. The results were also interpreted in terms of the assumed hygroscopicity of free tropospheric aerosol. As a further examination of the impacts of aging processes on aerosol hygroscopicity measurements of CCN concentrations, aerosol composition, and number size distributions were conducted during the winter season from of a variety of air masses, including aged marine, continental, and urban sources. Based on the measured chemistry and size properties of the ambient aerosol, CCN concentrations were predicted in order to assess the amount of composition detail necessary to explain droplet activation. Direct measurements of the composition of the activated droplets were also conducted with a novel technique to separate activated droplets from un-activated aerosol. Results suggest the importance of inorganic species in droplet activation, with non-oxidized organic species having negligible impacts on total aerosol hygroscopicity. Using the same novel separation technique, measurements of the single particle composition of activated droplet residual particles were determined at an urban site in the summertime, with similar air mass trajectories as the previous wintertime site, as well as influence from local urban aerosol sources. As a function of atmospheric supersaturation conditions the composition of activated droplet residual particles was compared to the ambient aerosol composition. The study was utilized to determine the level of composition and size detail required to describe droplet activation at a site with similar aged air mass trajectories to the previous study.
Download or read book Sdi Computer Simulations New Proposals To Stop The Arms Race Proceedings Of The 5th International Seminar On Nuclear War written by Zichichi Antonino and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1992-08-21 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This series started in 1981 with the Erice Seminars when the danger of a nuclear East-West confrontation was menacing the world. The volumes reproduce the crucial steps, from the Nuclear Winter to the Strategic Defense Initiative. After the collapse of the U.S.S.R., new emergencies are now to be faced such as the danger of proliferation of Weapons for Mass Destruction (WMD), the North-South confrontation on ecological problems and the new deal for Science and Technology to help developing countries in their struggle for a better standard of life. The Erice Seminars have attracted the attention of world leaders in Science, Technology and Culture.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences written by Gerald R. North and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-09-14 with total page 2874 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Second Edition, Six Volume Set is an authoritative resource covering all aspects of atmospheric sciences, including both theory and applications. With more than 320 articles and 1,600 figures and photographs, this revised version of the award-winning first edition offers comprehensive coverage of this important field. The six volumes in this set contain broad-ranging articles on topics such as atmospheric chemistry, biogeochemical cycles, boundary layers, clouds, general circulation, global change, mesoscale meteorology, ozone, radar, satellite remote sensing, and weather prediction. The Encyclopedia is an ideal resource for academia, government, and industry in the fields of atmospheric, ocean, and environmental sciences. It is written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with the latest information in the field. Covers all aspects of atmospheric sciences—including both theory and applications Presents more than 320 articles and more than 1,600 figures and photographs Broad-ranging articles include topics such as atmospheric chemistry, biogeochemical cycles, boundary layers, clouds, general circulation, global change, mesoscale meteorology, ozone, radar, satellite remote sensing, and weather prediction An ideal resource for academia, government, and industry in the fields of atmospheric, ocean, and environmental sciences
Download or read book Roads and Industry written by British Road Federation and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mixed Phase Clouds written by Constantin Andronache and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-09-28 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling presents advanced research topics on mixed-phase clouds. As the societal impacts of extreme weather and its forecasting grow, there is a continuous need to refine atmospheric observations, techniques and numerical models. Understanding the role of clouds in the atmosphere is increasingly vital for current applications, such as prediction and prevention of aircraft icing, weather modification, and the assessment of the effects of cloud phase partition in climate models. This book provides the essential information needed to address these problems with a focus on current observations, simulations and applications. - Provides in-depth knowledge and simulation of mixed-phase clouds over many regions of Earth, explaining their role in weather and climate - Features current research examples and case studies, including those on advanced research methods from authors with experience in both academia and the industry - Discusses the latest advances in this subject area, providing the reader with access to best practices for remote sensing and numerical modeling
Download or read book Atmospheric Transport Processes written by Elmar R. Reiter and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Factors that Influence Aerosol Particle Liquid Liquid Phase Separation written by Emily Jean Ott and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosol particles can have a variety of compositions which determines their origin and their phase transitions. They can exist in the atmosphere where they are emitted from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. Aerosol particles can impact the climate directly though interacting with radiation or indirectly by nucleating cloud droplets and the clouds interacting with the sun. Aerosols can also impact health through the respiratory system. Additionally, aerosols can be used for synthetic purposes where they are created purposely for pharmaceutical or material creation along with many other applications. Understanding the factors that influence phase transitions that a particle may undergo is a prerequisite to understanding both atmospheric aerosol and synthetic aerosol. Several of these factors are investigated. First, the impact of the average ratio of oxygen to carbon (O:C) atoms in the organic molecules through the addition of sucrose to aerosol particles is studied using optical microscopy. A variety of organic molecules and salts combinations which are able to undergo phase separation were studied. The organic/inorganic mixtures exhibit a mixture both high and low separation relative humidities. Then sucrose was added until the particles no longer exhibit phase separation. Particles with higher separation relative humidities in the absence of sucrose required larger quantities of sucrose in order to inhibit phase separation. Additionally, phase separation was seen at higher O:C values than published previously, showing that while average O:C is a good indicator of phase separation, the precise composition of the particles is more important. The morphology of polymer/polymer aerosol particles according to their size was determined. In agreement with previous work, large particles undergo liquid-liquid phase separation while small particles remain homogeneous. Polyethylene glycol with dextran was used as well as polystyrene sulfonate with polyvinyl alcohol. Both of these systems inhibited phase separation at small sizes. To understand the size dependent morphology of polymer/polymer systems, different molecular weight mixtures of the polymers were studied. As the molecular weight of the polymers increased, smaller and smaller aerosol particles were able to undergo phase separation. This was further confirmed with a simple model based on the equations of phase separation and Flory-Huggins theory of a binary system which also showed the decrease in the size of the smallest phase separated particle as the molecular weight of the polymers increase in the size regime studied. The project created novel polymer materials and investigated the phase separation of polymer/polymer systems in confinement. The phase separation of submicron aerosol particles with different salts was investigated to determine the influence of different anions on the size dependent morphology of aerosol particles. The ammonium, sodium, chloride and sulfate ions were used. TEM was used to determine that sodium salts transition to homogenous particles at smaller sizes than their comparable ammonium salt. This difference is likely due to the softness of the ammonium ion when compared to the hardness of the sodium ion. This study provides insights into the size dependent morphology of sea spray aerosol may differ from that of continental aerosol in addition to increasing our understanding of how cations and anions impact phase transitions under confinement. These studies combined increase knowledge of confined phase transitions. While the O:C ratio has been studied before, the importance of the actual composition over the average O:C ratio has now been shown which is useful in understanding atmospheric aerosol particles. The presence of a size dependent morphology for polymer-polymer systems has been shown and modeled in addition to the development of novel polymeric materials. The phase separation differences between ammonium containing aerosols and sodium containing aerosols provides key insights into the differences between continental aerosol and sea spray aerosol in addition to contributing new information about the importance of cations in liquid-liquid phase separation of confined systems. Through these studies both atmospheric aerosol and synthetic aerosol are now better understood.
Download or read book A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change written by Panel on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-05-01 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book recommends the initiation of an "integrated" research program to study the role of aerosols in the predicted global climate change. Current understanding suggest that, even now, aerosols, primarily from anthropogenic sources, may be reducing the rate of warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to specific research recommendations, this book forcefully argues for two kinds of research program integration: integration of the individual laboratory, field, and theoretical research activities and an integrated management structure that involves all of the concerned federal agencies.
Download or read book Scavenging of Atmospheric Particles by Water Drops written by Ming-Shian Wu and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols written by Hayder Abdul-Razzak and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-09-12 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is divided into two sections. The first section presents characterization of atmospheric aerosols and their impact on regional climate from East Asia to the Pacific. Ground-based, air-born, and satellite data were collected and analyzed. Detailed information about measurement techniques and atmospheric conditions were provided as well. In the second section, authors provide detailed information about the organic and inorganic constituents of atmospheric aerosols. They discuss the chemical and physical processes, temporal and spatial distribution, emissions, formation, and transportation of aerosol particles. In addition, new measurement techniques are introduced. This book hopes to serve as a useful resource to resolve some of the issues associated with the complex nature of the interaction between atmospheric aerosols and climatology.
