Download or read book The Relationship Between Parental Employment Stability and Child Outcome Measures written by Thomas Michael Wolfe and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Work Matters written by Maureen Perry-Jenkins and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-08-09 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How new parents in low-wage jobs juggle the demands of work and childcare, and the easy ways employers can help Low-wage workers make up the largest group of employed parents in the United States, yet scant attention has been given to their experiences as new mothers and fathers. Work Matters brings the unique stories of these diverse individuals to light. Drawing on years of research and more than fifteen hundred family interviews, Maureen Perry-Jenkins describes how new parents cope with the demands of infant care while holding down low-wage, full-time jobs, and she considers how managing all of these responsibilities has long-term implications for child development. She examines why some parents and children thrive while others struggle, demonstrates how specific job conditions impact parental engagement and child well-being, and discusses common-sense and affordable ways that employers can provide support. In the United States, federal parental leave policy is unfunded. As a result, many new parents, particularly hourly workers, return to their jobs just weeks after the birth because they cannot afford not to. Not surprisingly, workplace policies that offer parents flexibility and leave time are crucial. But Perry-Jenkins shows that the time parents spend at work also matters. Their day-to-day experiences on the job, such as relationships with supervisors and coworkers, job autonomy, and time pressures, have long-term consequences for parents’ mental health, the quality of their parenting, and, ultimately, the health of their children. An overdue look at an important segment of the parenting population, Work Matters proposes ways to reimagine low-wage work to sustain new families and the development of future generations.

Download or read book Children of Working Parents written by Cheryl D. Hayes and published by Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press. This book was released on 1983 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: A series of papers discusses the effects of parental employment (mother, father or both) on children. The 7 papers discuss peer relationships in children of working parents; work status, television exposure, and educational outcomes; changing patterns of parental employment and the family-school relationship; family work patterns and community resources, the effects of mothers' employment on adolescent and early adult outcomes of young men and women; and conclusions and recommendations; plus an appendix. The editors conclude maternal employment doesn't have a standard or certain effect on children, rather the way that a family adapts to the mother working is the most significant factor. Children's experiences don't appear to be vastly different simply because a mother does or doesn't work. Income, race, family structure, individual children's personalities and family support systems are more influential than the isolated factors of a mother's working or not working. The editors recommend the development of daily living experiences which promote the child's well-being. (kbc).

Download or read book The Impact of Parental Employment written by Linda Cusworth and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-03 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this groundbreaking study, Linda Cusworth explores the impact of parental employment or unemployment on the educational and emotional well-being of their children. Using theoretical apparatus from Bourdieu and data from the youth survey of the British Household Panel Study, the research in this book analyzes the impact of parental employment on those born between 1978 and 1990. This study is unique in going beyond the educational achievement and later patterns of employment of the young people studied to look at the whole of children's lives, including their attitudes and aspirations, relationships and emotional well-being. The changed norms of maternal employment and the substantial increase in lone parenthood over the last few decades make this an especially important study both for academics in social and public policy and sociology, and for policy makers.

Download or read book Is There an Advantage to Working The Relationship Between Maternal Employment and Intergenerational Mobility written by Martha Harrison Stinson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We investigate the question of whether investing in a child's development by having a parent stay at home when the child is young is correlated with the child's adult outcomes. Specifically, do children with stay-at-home mothers have higher adult earnings than children raised in households with a working mother? The major contribution of our study is that, unlike previous studies, we have access to rich longitudinal data that allows us to measure both the parental earnings when the child is very young and the adult earnings of the child. Our findings are consistent with previous studies that show insignificant differences between children raised by stay-at-home mothers during their early years and children with mothers working in the market. We find no impact of maternal employment during the first 5 years of a child's life on earnings, employment, or mobility measures of either sons or daughters. We do find, however, that maternal employment during children's high school years is correlated with a higher probability of employment as adults for daughters and a higher correlation between parent and daughter earnings ranks.

Download or read book The Effect of Parents Employment on Children s Educational Attainment written by John Ermisch and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents the conditions under which a causal interpretation can be given to the association between childhood parental employment and subsequent education of children. In a model in which parental preferences are separable in own consumption and children's wellbeing, estimation is complicated by endowment heterogeneity and by the fact that parents may compensate or reinforce children's endowments relevant to educational attainment. A sibling difference estimation strategy is generally not sufficient to provide a consistent estimate of the parameter of interest. Identification rests on two stronger assumptions about the timing of parents' knowledge of their children's endowments and about the technology used to produce children's human capital. We find a negative and significant effect on the child's educational attainment of the extent of mother's full-time employment when the child was aged 0-5. The effects of mother's part-time employment and father's employment are smaller and less well determined but again negative. In the context of our conditional demand function framework, these results suggest that a higher full family income increases the educational attainment of children, and given full family income, a higher mother's or father's wage reduces their children's educational attainment.

Download or read book Mothers Work and Children s Lives written by Rucker C. Johnson and published by W. E. Upjohn Institute. This book was released on 2010 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Basing their findings on the Women's Employment Study (WES), the authors provide evidence of the links between maternal work experiences and longer-run trajectories of child well-being. When a working mother is not on a regular work schedule, has hours that fluctuate from week to week, or works at a full-time job that presents limited wage growth and menial tasks, her children's behavior is more likely to deteriorate. Similar results are seen for those who bounce from job to job or are laid off or fired, since this churning often leads to frequent residential moves. The aspects of child well-being that the unique data from the WES allow the authors to examine include externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems, disruptive behavior at school, school absenteeism, grade repetition, and placement in special education. Johnson, Kalil, and Dunifon conclude that more employment opportunities offering the flexibility required by working parents to balance their work and family lives, along with affordable and safe housing, health insurance, and reliable child care, are needed to bolster the economic security and child well-being of low-income working families. Overall, this book sheds light on whether one of TANF's original goals--putting low-income mothers on a path to economic growth--is being met."--From publisher description.

Download or read book Examing the Effects of Early Maternal Employment on Child Outcomes at School Age written by Brittany English and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the effects of maternal employment during the first year of a child's life on their cognitive and non-cognitive development at age nine using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. The relationship is estimated using multiple regression in which the outcomes are a child's percentile rank on four nationally-normed assessments and their score on a delinquency scale, and the independent variable of interest is a variable indicating if a mother worked at all during the first year of her child's life. The models used in this study control for child, maternal, and family characteristics. Results suggest no relationship between maternal employment and children's development. This is robust across outcomes and subgroups and suggests that any relationship between maternal employment and child outcomes might fade out by age nine. Secondary analyses using full-time employment as the key independent variable do show a potential relationship between full-time work and children's development at age nine. While these results cannot be interpreted causally, they support the hypothesis that increased financial resources gained through maternal employment support children's cognitive development through age nine.

Download or read book The Effects of Parents Employment on Children s Lives written by John Ermisch and published by Associated University Presse. This book was released on 2001 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report examines links between parents' employment patterns while raising children and what happens when those children become young adults. Some of its findings carry important implications for public policy and for further research. A number are likely to prove controversial, arousing public debate concerning their meaning and relevance.

Download or read book Bad Jobs for Families written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation examines how changing labor market conditions in the post 1970s era, characterized by the deterioration and polarization of job opportunities and quality, have impacted key family outcomes in the United States. For this purpose, I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults to examine the relationships between various indicators of job quality and three key family outcomes: namely, marital formation, marital dissolution, and children's health. Built upon the growing body of literature on "bad jobs" and labor market changes, I incorporate various indicators of job quality, including the provision of health and pension benefits, nonstandard work schedules, and nonstandard employment. Study findings suggest that job quality may be an important economic indicator for family outcomes (either practical or symbolic). I find that having employment with "bad job" characteristics, especially the lack of health insurance and pension benefits, significantly delays men's transition to first marriage. In addition, women's job quality is important for marital stability in that working in jobs without health insurance decreases the risk of divorce among women. I also find that a mother's low-quality nonstandard employment (e.g., part-time, contract work) is detrimental to her children's health, particularly so in single-mother families. The absence of health insurance from mother's nonstandard employment is associated with worse health outcomes for children in single-mother families than those in two-parent families. As the first study to incorporate various measures of "bad job" quality in key family outcomes, my dissertation contributes to the theoretical discussions of the causes of family inequality since deteriorating job quality and increasing labor market inequality have been hypothesized as leading influences on family changes but have not yet been empirically tested. Beyond theory, my research can also inform policy debates surrounding the linkages between work, family, and the well-being of both adults and children, as well as the implications of these relationships for the increasing inequality in the U.S. in the context of labor market changes.

Download or read book Making It Work written by Hirokazu Yoshikawa and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2006-12-07 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low-skilled women in the 1990s took widely different paths in trying to support their children. Some held good jobs with growth potential, some cycled in and out of low-paying jobs, some worked part time, and others stayed out of the labor force entirely. Scholars have closely analyzed the economic consequences of these varied trajectories, but little research has focused on the consequences of a mother's career path on her children's development. Making It Work, edited by Hirokazu Yoshikawa, Thomas Weisner, and Edward Lowe, looks past the economic statistics to illustrate how different employment trajectories affect the social and emotional lives of poor women and their children. Making It Work examines Milwaukee's New Hope program, an experiment testing the effectiveness of an anti-poverty initiative that provided health and child care subsidies, wage supplements, and other services to full-time low-wage workers. Employing parent surveys, teacher reports, child assessment measures, ethnographic studies, and state administrative records, Making It Work provides a detailed picture of how a mother's work trajectory affects her, her family, and her children's school performance, social behavior, and expectations for the future. Rashmita Mistry and Edward D. Lowe find that increases in a mother's income were linked to higher school performance in her children. Without large financial worries, mothers gained extra confidence in their ability to parent, which translated into better test scores and higher teacher appraisals for their children. JoAnn Hsueh finds that the children of women with erratic work schedules and non-standard hours—conditions endemic to the low-skilled labor market—exhibited higher levels of anxiety and depression. Conversely, Noemi Enchautegui-de-Jesus, Hirokazu Yoshikawa, and Vonnie McLoyd discover that better job quality predicted lower levels of acting-out and withdrawal among children. Perhaps most surprisingly, Anna Gassman-Pines, Hirokazu Yoshikawa, and Sandra Nay note that as wages for these workers rose, so did their marriage rates, suggesting that those worried about family values should also be concerned with alleviating poverty in America. It is too simplistic to say that parental work is either "good" or "bad" for children. Making It Work gives a nuanced view of how job quality, flexibility, and wages are of the utmost importance for the well-being of low-income parents and children.

Download or read book A Two Generational Child Focused Program Enhanced with Employment Services written by JoAnn Hsueh and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children living in poverty face considerable developmental risks. This report presents interim results from an evaluation of parental employment and educational services delivered within a two-generational, early childhood program targeting low-income families who are expecting a child or who have a child under age 3. This study is part of the Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Evaluation project, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, with additional funding from the U.S. Department of Labor. The program model tested here aims to dually address both the employment and educational needs of parents who are at risk of unemployment and the developmental needs of their young children. The program's effects are being studied by examining 610 families who were randomly assigned to a program group, which received the enhanced two-generational program, or to a control group, which could only access alternative services in the community. Key findings of this study include: (1) The programs increased their focus on parental employment and educational needs, but the implementation of the enhancements was weak; (2) Take-up of the enhanced parental employment and educational services was lower than expected; (3) The program increased families' receipt of child-focused developmental services, but the control group also reporting receiving high levels of such assistance; and (4) The short-term impacts of the program 18 months after families entered the study are mixed. This evaluation is in an early stage and will eventually include three and a half years of follow-up. Future investigation will be valuable in determining the extent to which the patterns of impacts presented here are enduring and robust over time. A final report is planned to be released in 2011. Appended are: (1) Response Bias Analysis: 18-Month Survey of Parents and Direct Child Assessments; (2) Characteristics of Sample Members at Baseline, by Child's Age; (3) Cost Analysis of the Programs in the Study Sites; (4) Impacts on Service Receipt; (5) Impacts on Child Care; (6) Impacts on Employment; and (7) Impacts on Parent and Child Outcomes. Individual chapters contain footnotes. (Contains 62 tables, 3 figures and 7 boxes.) [For Executive Summary, see ED518872.].

Download or read book A Decompositional Analysis of the Relationship Between Parental Income and Multiple Child Outcomes written by Elizabeth Washbrook and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Intergenerational Impact of Precarious Work written by Julia Joann Lund and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Employment norms in the U.S. are trending toward increasingly less standard and more precarious arrangements. The quality of one’s job is predictive of their health, material wealth, and capacity for positive emotional and physical parental involvement – each of which are associated with child development and health outcomes. In this study, we explored whether parents’ employment quality (EQ) conferred intergenerational risk to their children’s behavioral health. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we constructed a multidimensional EQ scale from measures of employment stability, material rewards, working time arrangements, and collective organization. Then, using the 2014 PSID Child Development Supplement (N=3150), we ran multilevel linear regression models to estimate the risk of child behavioral problems as measured by the Behavior Problem Index (BPI), as a function of parental EQ. We explored separately the association between father’s EQ, mother’s EQ, and the higher of either parent’s EQ on child BPI scores. We found that children of parents with the worst EQ had higher scores on the BPI (Beta=3.87, 95% CI: (1.13, 6.62) for fathers; Beta=0.60, 95% CI: (-0.21, 1.41) for mothers; Beta=0.84, 95% CI: (0.09, 1.59) for the parent with better EQ) than children of parents with the best EQ. Paternal EQ revealed a stronger association with child behavior problems than maternal EQ. Parents with precarious/poor EQ are more likely to have children with behavioral health problems.

Download or read book The Relationship Between Maternal Employment in Childhood and Health related Outcomes in Adolescence written by Jitka Pikhartova and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Maternal Employment Migration and Child Development written by Haiyong Liu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper we analyze the roles and interrelationships between school inputs and parental inputs in affecting child outcomes in the U.S. We investigate the interactions among and endogeneity of these inputs in the production of child outcomes by specifying and estimating a behavioral model of parent's decisions that can affect these outcomes. We focus on two important dimensions of school and parental input decisions: the parents' choice of which school attendance area to live in, and the mother's decision to work as a proxy for maternal time directly devoted to child education. Parents receive utility from consumption, leisure, and the child's achievement and they maximize expected utility. In making location and employment decisions, parents take into account the distribution of impacts of these decisions on their child's educational development, modeled through a production function for child outcomes. The environment in which these decisions are made is characterized by uncertain future wages and job prospects for both parents, and uncertainty in the child's future educational outcomes. Besides school quality, residential location decisions are influenced by local labor market conditions, housing and moving costs and geographic preferences. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we integrate information on household migration, maternal employment decisions, and parental wage rates with observations on child outcomes over a 13-year period. Our statistical model follows directly from the theoretical framework. We relax many functional form assumptions that have been imposed by previous researchers who have studied how parents and schools can affect a child's development. Estimating the educational production function as part of a structural model provides significantly different estimates of the production process. The impacts of the school district characteristics diminish by factors of 2 to 4 after controlling for the fact that families may be choosing where to live because of the school district characteristics and labor market opportunities. We also find that the impacts on child outcomes of having moved and working full-time (as opposed to not working) to change signs and remain statistically significant after controlling for the possible endogeneity of these decisions. When we turn to the estimates of the overall effects of changes in characteristics on child outcomes, a somewhat different story emerges. Since parents can re-optimize by choosing different school districts and hours of work, many of the benefits to students from changing school district characteristics end up having only minor impacts on the child test scores.

Download or read book Employment Instability and Child Wellbeing in the United States written by Julie Yixia Cai and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation includes three studies that examine intra-year employment and work hours instability as it relates to children's economic wellbeing and risk of child maltreatment, with particular attention to the responsiveness of government programs to precarious parental work. In the first paper, I use data from the monthly Current Population Survey to provide the first demographic analysis of month-to-month parental work-hours volatility. I find that higher instability in work hours overall is concentrated in the top and bottom tails of the wage distribution, with parents at the bottom end of the wage distribution experiencing the most volatile hours worked. Young parents and parents who did not graduate high school were consistently estimated to have more variability in their hours worked than older and more highly educated parents. Consistent patterns of racial disparities in work-hours instability did not emerge among the whole sample, but among unmarried parents, Black parents experienced greater work-hours instability than their white counterparts. In my second paper, I use data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to investigate how intra-year caregiver work-hours volatility is related to child poverty, measured through both the official and supplemental poverty measures. I further examine varying degrees of buffering effects of government programs on income declines resulting from work-hours volatility. The results suggest that greater work-hours volatility is related to a higher risk of childhood poverty. In-kind benefits are more effective in buffering household income declines resulting from unstable caregiver work hours. This is followed by tax systems and cash programs. I find that the effectiveness of the near-cash programs is particularly protective for the children of unpartnered single mothers and Black children. Hispanic children also benefit from the transfers' compensating effects on instability in work hours and, thereby, earnings, but to a lesser degree. The third paper draws on administrative data from a sample of families at-risk for child protective services (CPS) involvement in Wisconsin to investigate the link between earnings instability and CPS involvement. Specifically, it examines whether adequate access to safety-net programs mitigates the likelihood of child welfare involvement when families encounter negative earnings shocks. I find evidence of a link between negative earnings shocks (losses of earnings) and a family's subsequent CPS involvement. Findings suggest that unfavorable earnings instability is linked to greater CPS-involvement risk, particularly for child abuse (compared to child neglect). In addition, I find that accessing sufficient social benefits as supplemental income when negative earnings shocks occur serves to effectively buffer against the risk of child maltreatment, particularly among families with young children (ages 0-4).