Download or read book Dermatologica written by and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Inorganic Chromium VI Compounds written by World Health Organization and published by Concise International Chemical. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Concise International Chemical Assessment Document (CICAD) provides summaries of the relevant scientific information concerning the potential effects of these chemicals upon human health and the environment. Chromium (VI) compounds, also known as hexavalent chromium compounds, are widely produced by industrial processes. Humans can be exposed to these compounds via occupation exposure or via drinking water, and releases into the environment can also occur via waste water. This document complements CICAD Number 76 on Inorganic Chromium (III) compounds.
Download or read book Chromium VI Handbook written by Jacques Guertin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-12-28 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Put together by a team of scientists, engineers, regulators, and lawyers, the Chromium(VI) Handbook consolidates the latest literature on this topic. The broad scope of this book fills the need for a comprehensive resource on chromium(VI), improving the knowledge of this contaminant at a time when the extent and degree of the problem is still being
Download or read book Chromium VI Reagents Synthetic Applications written by S. Sundaram and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-08-12 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chromic acid and chromium oxide are the two versatile Cr(VI) oxidants known to organic chemists for decades. The introduction of the Core's reagent , viz: pyridinium chlorochromate, in 1975 followed by the publications on several Cr(VI) oxidizing agents containing the -onium chromates and halochromates in the last three decades have very much changed the chemistry of oxidations with Chromium VI. Several of these new reagents have been shown to be mild so that they can be handled easily and the reacton products may also be controlled. Some of them are highly selective oxidants for positions like allylic hydroxylic group, etc., and some other are highly regioselective. The information on more than 36 such reagents reported in various internationally reputed journals spanning about 280 references have been collected and provided in this book in such a manner that it will be very useful for professionals, researchers, teachers and graduate students working in organic synthesis.
Download or read book Low Level Hexavalent Chromium Treatment Options written by Philip Brandhuber and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2005-07-31 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In February 1999, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment issued a Public Health Goal (PHG) for total chromium of 2.5 μg/L. The PHG, based on a 10^6 risk level for 0.2 μg/L hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], was 40 times less than the USEPA's contaminant MCL of 100 μg/L for total chromium [Cr(III) ] Cr(VI)]. The success of the movie Erin Brockovich, which popularized a groundwater chromium pollution lawsuit in Hinkley, California, sensitized the public to the health hazards of chromium in drinking water. In 2001, the California state legislature passed a bill requiring the California Department of Health Services to adopt an MCL for Cr(VI). All of these actions must be viewed from the perspective that, at the time, no technology had been demonstrated to be effective at treating chromium to concentrations consistent with the total chromium PHG or the Cr(VI) 10^6 risk level of 0.2 μg/L. The purpose of this report was to present the results of this partnership study, which included an analysis of chromium occurrence and co-occurrence, an evaluation of Cr(VI) removal technologies, and an examination of chromium oxidation and reduction chemistry. This study investigated nearly all of the potential methods of controlling Cr(VI) either through the use of technologies that remove Cr(VI) directly (adsorption, anion exchange, membrane filtration) or those that remove the reduced form of chromium, Cr(III) (precipitation with membranes or coagulation and precipitation with conventional or membrane filters). These technologies were investigated using laboratory-scale testing methods, including batch isotherm tests, bench membrane systems, flow-through mini-columns, and jar testing techniques. For most technologies, controlled water matrices were used to screen performance. Selected technologies were further assessed using natural groundwater matrices from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and the Glendale Water and Power groundwater facilities.
Download or read book Inorganic Chromium III Compounds written by Tiina Santonen and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2009 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document on inorganic chromium (III) compounds provides summaries of the relevant scientific information concerning the potential effects of these chemicals upon human health and/or the environment. Chemical safety cards on the most common inorganic trivalent chromium compounds are reproduced in this document.
Download or read book The Toxicity of Chromium and Inorganic Chromium Compounds written by S. Fairhurst and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chromium written by National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1974 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As civilization has progressed, man has used ever greater quantities of chemicals, has learned to prepare new compounds not found in nature, and has devised many different chemical processes. These developments have led to great concern over the public-health consequences of accidental release or waste disposal of these possibly harmful chemicals into the environment. The problem has been intensified by the development of more sensitive methods of detection and analysis. Because some chromium compounds have been found to produce harmful effects in man through industrial exposures, it has become important to determine the concentrations, forms, and health effects of chromium in the ambient air. This document is the result of a critical evaluation of the literature available to the Panel on Chromium up to July 1, 1972, on the biologic and health effects of chromium. As will become apparent in the following pages, the literature does not provide conclusive answers to many of the important questions on the biologic effects of chromium. The final chapter lists categories of future research that the Panel feels warrant high priority.
Download or read book Biological and Environmental Aspects of Chromium written by S. Langård and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological and Environmental Aspects of Chromium focuses on the biological and environmental aspects of chromium and its compounds, with emphasis on the most important aspects of their toxicology and physiology. Topics covered range from the production and occupational exposure of chromium compounds to the presence of chromium in air, soil, and natural waters. The applications of chromium in cell biology and medicine are also discussed. Comprised of 11 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the toxic and carcinogenic effects of chromium and chromium compounds, followed by a discussion on the production and occupational exposure of chromium compounds. The reader is then introduced to the more common analytical methods used in the determination of chromium in environmental and biological samples. Subsequent chapters explore the nutritional role of chromium; absorption, transport, and excretion of chromium in humans and animals; mutagenic and cytogenetic effects of chromium compounds; and organ toxicity of chromium in animals. The carcinogenic effects of chromium, including its effects on the skin, are also considered. This monograph will be of interest to students, practitioners, and researchers in the fields of biology, physiology, and chemistry, as well as those with an objective interest in the ways in which chromium and its compounds act in biological materials and in the human environment.
Download or read book Water Exchange on Aqueous Chromium III microform a Variable Pressure and Temperature Kinetic Study written by Fan-Chou Xu and published by National Library of Canada. This book was released on 1984 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Chromium written by John Vincent and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-12-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chromium exists in nature as complexes of two stable oxidation states – trivalent chromium(III) and hexavalent chromium(VI). Although trivalent chromium is required in trace amounts for sugar and lipid metabolism in humans and its deficiency may cause a disease called chromium deficiency; hexavalent chromium is toxic and carcinogenic. As chromium compounds were used in dyes and paints and the tanning of leather, these compounds are often found in soil and groundwater at abandoned industrial sites, now needing environmental cleanup and remediation. The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Chromium: From Biochemistry to Environmental Toxicology takes a critical look at what the biochemical data indicate about chromium's role in the body and the biological mechanisms of its toxicology. Topics covered include: What do we know about the biochemical roles and mechanisms of chromium? Is chromium an essential element in the mammalian diet? Is chromium(III) effective as a nutraceutical, a therapeutic agent, and as a supplement in animal feed? What is the biochemistry behind the toxicology of chromium(III) and chromium(VI):the mechanisms of metabolism, genetic and epigenetic effects, and disruption of cell signalling? What are the current chromium(VI) policies and positions from regulatory agencies? The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Chromium: From Biochemistry to Environmental Toxicology is an important contribution to the bioinorganic and trace element biochemical fields which will find a place on the bookshelves of bioinorganic chemists, biochemists, inorganic chemists, toxicologists, nutritionists and regulatory affairs professionals.
Download or read book Heallth Effects of Chromium VI Contamination of Drinking Water written by Deborah V. Ortiz and published by . This book was released on 2000-11-01 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chromium VI (C6) is a source metal that is widely used for industrial purposes & has the potential to contaminate drinking water sources. Agenda includes: (1) C6 & its human health implications: research findings & unanswered questions; (2) Chromium & CA's drinking water: CA's drinking water standards, their adequacy & enforcement; extent & dist. of Chromium/C6 contamination in CA; (3) San Fernando Valley's water supply & C6: the extent & nature of C6 contamination; current efforts to manage or mitigate contamination; & potential costs & options for providing uncontaminated valley water; & (4) public policy options & recommendations for C6: related contamination sites.
Download or read book Occupational Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium written by Department of Health and Human Services and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the U.S. Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-596), it established the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Through the Act, Congress charged NIOSH with recommending occupational safety and health standards and describing exposure levels that are safe for various periods of employment, including but not limited to the exposures at which no worker will suffer diminished health, functional capacity, or life expectancy because of his or her work experience. Criteria documents contain a critical review of the scientific and technical information about the prevalence of hazards, the existence of safety and health risks, and the adequacy of control methods. By means of criteria documents, NIOSH communicates these recommended standards to regulatory agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), health professionals in academic institutions, industry, organized labor, public interest groups, and others in the occupational safety and health community. This criteria document is derived from the NIOSH evaluation of critical health effects studies of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) compounds. It provides recommendations for controlling workplace exposures including a revised recommended exposure limit (REL) derived using current quantitative risk assessment methodology on human health effects data. Cr(VI) compounds include a large group of chemicals with varying chemical properties, uses, and workplace exposures. Their properties include corrosion-resistance, durability, and hardness. Sodium dichromate is the most common chromium chemical from which other Cr(VI) compounds may be produced. Materials containing Cr(VI) include various paint and primer pigments, graphic art supplies, fungicides, corrosion inhibitors, and wood preservatives. Some of the industries in which the largest numbers of workers are exposed to high concentrations of Cr(VI) compounds include electroplating, welding, and painting. An estimated 558,000 U.S. workers are exposed to airborne Cr(VI) compounds in the workplace.
