Download or read book The Optical Properties of Young Sea Ice written by Donald Kole Perovich and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laboratory experiments.
Download or read book The Optical Properties of Sea Ice written by Donald K. Perovich and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sea ice is a translucent material with an intricate structure and complex optical properties. Understanding the reflection, absorption, and transmission of shortwave radiation by sea ice is important to a diverse array of scientific problems, including those in ice thermodynamics and polar climatology. Radiative transfer in sea ice is a combination of absorption and scattering. Differences in the magnitude of sea ice optical properties are due primarily to differences in scattering. Spectral variations are mainly a result of absorption. Changes in such optical properties as the albedo, reflectance, transmittance, and extinction coefficient are directly related to changes in the state and structure of the ice. Physical changes that enhance scattering, such as the formation of air bubbles due to brine drainage, result in larger albedos and extinction coefficients. The albedo is quite sensitive to the surface state. If the ice has a snow cover, albedos are large. In contrast, the presence of liquid water on a bare ice surface causes a decrease in albedo, which is more pronounced at longer wavelengths. Sea-ice optical properties depend on the volume of brine and air and on how the brine and air are distributed.
Download or read book The Optical Properties of Sea Ice written by David D. Erickson and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Optical Properties of Snow and Sea ice written by Holly J. Reay and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sea Ice written by David N. Thomas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-06 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past 20 years the study of the frozen Arctic and Southern Oceans and sub-arctic seas has progressed at a remarkable pace. This third edition of Sea Ice gives insight into the very latest understanding of the how sea ice is formed, how we measure (and model) its extent, the biology that lives within and associated with sea ice and the effect of climate change on its distribution. How sea ice influences the oceanography of underlying waters and the influences that sea ice has on humans living in Arctic regions are also discussed. Featuring twelve new chapters, this edition follows two previous editions (2001 and 2010), and the need for this latest update exhibits just how rapidly the science of sea ice is developing. The 27 chapters are written by a team of more than 50 of the worlds’ leading experts in their fields. These combine to make the book the most comprehensive introduction to the physics, chemistry, biology and geology of sea ice that there is. This third edition of Sea Ice will be a key resource for all policy makers, researchers and students who work with the frozen oceans and seas.
Download or read book Optical Properties of Melting First year Arctic Sea Ice written by Donald K. Perovich and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The albedo and transmittance of melting, first‐year Arctic sea ice were measured during two cruises of the Impacts of Climate on the Eco‐Systems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) project during the summers of 2010 and 2011. Spectral measurements were made for both bare and ponded ice types at a total of 19 ice stations in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. These data, along with irradiance profiles taken within boreholes, laboratory measurements of the optical properties of core samples, ice physical property observations, and radiative transfer model simulations are employed to describe representative optical properties for melting first‐year Arctic sea ice. Ponded ice was found to transmit roughly 4.4 times more total energy into the ocean, relative to nearby bare ice. The ubiquitous surface‐scattering layer and drained layer present on bare, melting sea ice are responsible for its relatively high albedo and relatively low transmittance. Light transmittance through ponded ice depends on the physical thickness of the ice and the magnitude of the scattering coefficient in the ice interior. Bare ice reflects nearly three‐quarters of the incident sunlight, enhancing its resiliency to absorption by solar insolation. In contrast, ponded ice absorbs or transmits to the ocean more than three‐quarters of the incident sunlight. Characterization of the heat balance of a summertime ice cover is largely dictated by its pond coverage, and light transmittance through ponded ice shows strong contrast between first‐year and multiyear Arctic ice covers.
Download or read book The Geophysics of Sea Ice written by Norbert Untersteiner and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-19 with total page 1197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Air-Sea-Ice Interaction held September 28-October 10, 1981 in Acquafredda di maratea, Italy. Intent is to present the topic of sea ice in the broad and interdisciplinary context of atmospheric and oceanographic science.
Download or read book Optical Measurements of Sea Ice written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sea ice in its many stages of growth from frazil to multi-year ice affects the optics of the polar regions. To understand how the optical characteristics are affected by the physical and biological characteristics of the ice we have developed and utilized several optical measurement techniques. Technical objectives of this effort included the development of an in-ice spectral radiometer for measurement of the diffuse attenuation coefficient. We also developed and calibrated an optical instrument for the measurement of frazil ice concentrations. The scientific objectives were to make in-ice measurements of the beam spread function (BSF) using an instrument developed under this grant, the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient, and the diffuse attenuation coefficient of a beam source. These measurements are to study the effects of the anisotropic nature of sea ice on the directional optical properties and to be used in determining the asymptotic diffuse attenuation coefficient.
Download or read book An Optical Model for the Microwave Properties of Sea Ice written by Per Gloersen and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Photobiology and Optical Properties of Planktonic and Sea Ice Microalgae in the High Arctic written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time series studies of the spectral irradiance fields beneath multiyear pack ice were conducted in the Eastern Arctic Basin at 82-83 deg N as part of the Coordinated Eastern Arctic Research Experiment (CEAREX). Particulate matter was collected from the multiyear pack ice as well as first year ice in a refrozen lead. The vertical distribution within the ice and the spectral absorbtion properties of the particulates were determined in order to estimate their contribution to the optical properties of the sea ice. Among the particulates contained in sea ice detritus was common throughout all portions of the pack ice and was the major light absorbing particulate matter in the ice at the time of the observation. Algal cells and mineral-like particulates also were present, yet they contributed to the light-absorbing properties to a lesser extent than the detritus. During early spring, particulate matter contributed little to the bulk attenuation coefficients of the multiyear ice, however, it was estimated to have a more substantial contribution to the attenuation coefficients of first year ice in a refrozen lead. Results of a single stream multilayer radiative transfer model that simulates concentrations of biogenic particulate matter observed in Arctic sea ice indicates that particulate matter within sea ice plays a substantial role in radiative energy transfer and has the potential to seasonally alter spectral irradiance regimes within the ice covered Arctic ocean.
Download or read book The Alaskan Beaufort Sea written by Peter W. Barnes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-17 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environments provides an interdisciplinary view into almost all aspects of the environment, with a detailed survey of the background literature. This book focuses on the Alaskan Beaufort Shelf environment. Organized into four parts encompassing 20 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the characteristics and history of the region in which the research took place and defines the objectives of the studies program. This text then examines the subsynoptic meteorological networks along the Beaufort Sea coast and shelf. Other chapters consider the thermally generated mesoscale effects on surface winds and the orographic mesoscale effects on surface winds. This book discusses as well the phytoplankton associations and relative phytoplankton production in the area between the 20-m depth contour and the edge of the ice in summer. The final chapter deals with the characteristics of the ice cover and oil-ice interactions that will affect cleanup activities after blowout. This book is a valuable resource for scientists and conservationists.
Download or read book Modeling of Optical Beam Spread in Sea Ice written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two year theoretical investigation of the optical properties of first year sea ice yielded several important results: (1) beam spread function measurements provide an important constraint on inversion of optical data to obtain ice scattering properties; (2) several hundred optical path lengths can be required to approach the asymptotic radiance distribution for point light sources, even though the ice is highly scattering; (3) photon diffusion theory gives a reasonably good description of light propagation deep within sea ice and, more importantly, shows that sea ice scattering phase functions are highly peaked near the forward scattering direction; (4) classical radiative transfer theory is adequate for prediction of light propagation within sea ice, and (5) it is possible to begin with sea ice physical properties and proceed in a rigorous fashion to predict sea ice inherent and apparent optical properties.
Download or read book Understanding the Variations of the Physical Properties of Sea Ice written by W. F. Weeks and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information and test results are presented concerning the mechanism of growth, brine content, strength, structure, and dielectric properties of sea ice. Suggestions are given for improving methods of calculating growth conditions and a schematic drawing is given of the solid-liquid interface for sea ice together with photomicrographs of sea ice at low temperatures. (Author).
Download or read book CRREL Monograph written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immediate Report to the Ross Dependency Research Committee on Event K132 85 86 written by Robert George Buckley and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Observing and Modeling the Surface Scattering Layer of First Year Arctic Sea Ice written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this work is to increase our quantitative understanding of the partitioning of incident solar (shortwave) radiation by sea ice. The partitioning of shortwave radiation into components backscattered to the atmosphere, absorbed by the ice, and transmitted to the ocean is central to the ice-albedo feedback mechanism, the mean annual cycle of ice thickness, mechanical properties of the ice, and the quality and quantity of light available to under-ice biological communities. This partitioning is known to depend on the presence of surface scattering layers (SSLs). We conducted field observations and model simulations of radiative transfer within the surface layer and interior layers of sea ice. Results have been used to improve characterization of the properties of bare and ponded ice for the purpose of understanding the surface energy and mass balances of sea ice during summer. Three broad concepts have emerged from this work: (i) a 3-layer structure for specifying the vertical variation of optical properties of both bare and ponded sea ice, (ii) the optical properties found in the ice interior are independent of time, and (iii) a picture of the evolution of scattering near the surface of bare and ponded ice as the melt season progresses.
Download or read book Sea Ice written by Mohammed Shokr and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-04-20 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SEA ICE The latest edition of the gold standard in sea ice references In the newly revised second edition of Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an in-depth review of the features and structural properties of ice, as well as the latest advances in geophysical sensors, ice parameter retrieval techniques, and remote sensing data. The book has been updated to reflect the latest scientific developments in macro- and micro-scale sea ice research. For this edition, the authors have included high-quality photographs of thin sections from cores of various ice types, as well as a comprehensive account of all major field expeditions that have systematically surveyed sea ice and its properties. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to ice physics and physical processes, including ice morphology and age-based structural features Practical discussions of radiometric and radar-scattering observations from sea ice, including radar backscatter and microwave emission The latest techniques for the retrieval of sea ice parameters from space-borne and airborne sensor data New chapters on sea ice thermal microwave emissions and on the impact of climate change on polar sea ice Perfect for academic researchers working on sea ice, the cryosphere, and climatology, Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing will also benefit meteorologists, marine operators, and high-latitude construction engineers.
