Download or read book The Isotope Geochemistry of Abyssal Peridotites and Related Rocks written by Jonathan E. Snow and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation studies several aspects of the formation of the Earth's oceanic mantle and crust, using a variety of geologic techniques, principally major elements, radiogenic isotopes and trace elements, but including petrography, mineral chemistry, x-ray diffraction, seafloor geomorphology, and analysis of the tectonics of fracture zones. The first chapter is an introduction to the problems to be addressed in this work. The second chapter examines the composition of basalts erupted near the Atlantis II Fracture Zone on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Trends in major element compositions of those basalts can be related directly to the nearby presence of the fracture zone. The effects of mantle composition and crustal level lateral transport of magma in the rift system can be ruled out by the analysis of isotopes and the geomorphology of the fracture zone floor. This is the best demonstration to date of a transform fault effect on basalt compositions. In trying to quantify putative transform fault effects documented at other fracture zones, no systematic correlation of transform offset age with mantle temperature change can be found, suggesting that mantle composition and lateral transport phenomena play a larger than expected role in the evolution of those areas. The third chapter relates to oceanic mantle rocks as they are altered at or near the Earth's surface. The major elements which make up abyssal peridotites are extensively redistributed by the alteration they have undergone. Mg is shown to be extracted from the peridotites, and a variety of trace elements added. This elemental redistribution is taken as evidence for extensive Mg transport by circulating waters. Since the solubility of Mg-bearing minerals in hydrothermal solutions is quite limited, much lower temperatures and much higher water /rock ratios are required to explain the major element compositions of the peridotites than had previously been assumed. The behavior of the Nd, Sr and Os isotopic systems during seafloor alteration was also studied. The isotope systematics of these rocks strongly support the hypothesis of high water /rock ratios in the formation of serpentinized abyssal peridotites. Nonetheless, Nd and Sr reside in a phase which is resistant to alteration (clinopyroxene) and the concentration of Os is high relative to that of seawater, so that it too appears resistant to alteration. Primary mantle isotopic signatures may be obtained from abyssal peridotites by careful analysis, even of extremely weathered rocks. Radiogenic strontium in excess of what could be introduced by seawater contamination or in situ radiogenic growth in a reasonable period of time was also found. These observations confirm earlier work which had been discredited for many years. The only plausible mechanism for the formation of this "orphan" S7Sr is that it is introduced as part of a sedimentary component which infiltrates the rock during metamorphism and/ or weathering. The 87Sr may be contained by or sorbed onto extremely fine clay particulates, or colloidal suspensions, as opposed to the dissolved ionic Sr which is normally thought of as characterizing the Sr isotopic composition of seawater. The high water/rock ratios required by the bulk isotopic analysis, as well as the pervasive elemental redistribution arguing for extensive near-surface weathering at high water /rock ra.tios strongly support this hypothesis. Given pervasive percolation of water throughout the samples, sufficient radiogenic, sediment-derived strontium may be drawn deep into the crust in the course of its weathering to cause such high B7SrfB6Sr ratios. The fourth chapter deals exclusively with primary mantle isotopic information from abyssal peridotites. This is the first study which has attempted to relate the Os isotopic system in the oceanic mantle to other isotopic systems and to trace elements. It is possible, with some extreme assumptions, to model the range of Os isotopes in the oceanic mantle alone in a standard model of formation of the depleted mantle by extraction of the crust. The additional constraints provided by the study of Nd isotopes in depleted mantle rocks from the oceans show that partial melt extraction and the formation of a depleted reservoir alone are not sufficient to account for the range of both N d and Os isotopes in the Earth's mantle. Possible mechanisms for the decoupling of the Os and Nd isotopic systems include elemental fractionation via the porous flow of basalt through the mantle, mantle metasomatism, recycling of a subducted component in the mantle and core formation. The core extraction model is pursued in some detail. Such core extraction models can account for the distributions and isotopic compositions of compatible and incompatible trace elements in the Earth's mantle, but they are highly non-unique, and thus difficult to test

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Treatise on Geochemistry written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-10-19 with total page 14787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively updated new edition of the widely acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry has increased its coverage beyond the wide range of geochemical subject areas in the first edition, with five new volumes which include: the history of the atmosphere, geochemistry of mineral deposits, archaeology and anthropology, organic geochemistry and analytical geochemistry. In addition, the original Volume 1 on "Meteorites, Comets, and Planets" was expanded into two separate volumes dealing with meteorites and planets, respectively. These additions increased the number of volumes in the Treatise from 9 to 15 with the index/appendices volume remaining as the last volume (Volume 16). Each of the original volumes was scrutinized by the appropriate volume editors, with respect to necessary revisions as well as additions and deletions. As a result, 27% were republished without major changes, 66% were revised and 126 new chapters were added. In a many-faceted field such as Geochemistry, explaining and understanding how one sub-field relates to another is key. Instructors will find the complete overviews with extensive cross-referencing useful additions to their course packs and students will benefit from the contextual organization of the subject matter Six new volumes added and 66% updated from 1st edition. The Editors of this work have taken every measure to include the many suggestions received from readers and ensure comprehensiveness of coverage and added value in this 2nd edition The esteemed Board of Volume Editors and Editors-in-Chief worked cohesively to ensure a uniform and consistent approach to the content, which is an amazing accomplishment for a 15-volume work (16 volumes including index volume)!

Download or read book The Geochemistry and Geophysics of the Antarctic Mantle written by A.P. Martin and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2023-02-14 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Memoir is the first dedicated to the Antarctic mantle. It is a cross-disciplinary reference work combining geochemistry and geophysics to characterize Antarctic mantle properties. Through observations and modelling the mantle structures, compositions and dynamics are characterized at regional and continental scales by subject experts. The Memoir reviews all known occurrences of sub-continental mantle xenoliths in igneous rocks. These studies are presented by region as southern or northern Victoria Land, Marie Byrd Land, the Antarctic Peninsula, East Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic Islands. Sub-oceanic mantle in tectonically emplaced and abyssal settings is also considered where known. This is complemented by a continental-scale mantle xenolith overview, mantle characteristics from igneous rocks and a quantitative mantle fabric study. State-of-the-art, continental-scale geophysical overviews of the Antarctic mantle are presented by discipline as seismology, gravity and magnetics, magnetotellurics, rheology, glacial isostatic adjustment, mantle convection and palaeotopography. This Memoir will be the reference for all researchers interested in the Antarctic mantle and its role in dynamics that shape the Antarctic surface and ice sheets.

Download or read book Isotope Geochemistry written by William M. White and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-02-13 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY Provides a thorough and up-to-date overview of radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry Now in its second edition, Isotope Geochemistry presents a comprehensive introduction to radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry. The first five chapters cover fundamentals including the physics of nuclei, radioactive decay, nucleosynthesis, geochronology, and the theory of stable isotope fractionation. The next chapter focuses on the isotope geochemistry of meteorites and their constraints on the formation of the solar system and the Earth. The subsequent three chapters cover radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry evolution of the Earth’s mantle and crust. Three more chapters are devoted to the Earth’s surface, the exogene, including the hydrologic system, the biosphere, and climate. A new chapter in this edition focuses on the use of isotopes in paleontology and archeology. The final chapter is devoted to the isotope geochemistry of the noble gases. Illustrated in full color throughout, Isotope Geochemistry is intended primarily as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. It is also intended as a reference for earth science professionals, reflecting the impact that isotope geochemistry has on virtually every aspect of the earth sciences, from climate change and geomorphology to geodynamics.

Download or read book Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems written by Jun-ichiro Ishibashi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-10 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the comprehensive volume of the TAIGA (“a great river ” in Japanese) project. Supported by the Japanese government, the project examined the hypothesis that the subseafloor fluid advection system (subseafloor TAIGA) can be categorized into four types, TAIGAs of sulfur, hydrogen, carbon (methane), and iron, according to the most dominant reducing substance, and the chemolithoautotrophic bacteria/archaea that are inextricably associated with respective types of TAIGAs which are strongly affected by their geological background such as surrounding host rocks and tectonic settings. Sub-seafloor ecosystems are sustained by hydrothermal circulation or TAIGA that carry chemical energy to the chemosynthetic microbes living in an extreme environment. The results of the project have been summarized comprehensively in 50 chapters, and this book provides an overall introduction and relevant topics on the mid-ocean ridge system of the Indian Ocean and on the arc-backarc systems of the Southern Mariana Trough and Okinawa Trough.

Download or read book Magma Redox Geochemistry written by Roberto Moretti and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-26 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the many facets of redox exchanges that drive magma's behavior and evolution, from the origin of the Earth until today The redox state is one of the master variables behind the Earth's forming processes, which at depth concern magma as the major transport agent. Understanding redox exchanges in magmas is pivotal for reconstructing the history and compositional make-up of our planet, for exploring its mineral resources, and for monitoring and forecasting volcanic activity. Magma Redox Geochemistry describes the multiple facets of redox reactions in the magmatic realm and presents experimental results, theoretical approaches, and unconventional and novel techniques. Volume highlights include: Redox state and oxygen fugacity: so close, so far Redox processes from Earth’s accretion to global geodynamics Redox evolution from the magma source to volcanic emissions Redox characterization of elements and their isotopes The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Download or read book Highly Siderophile and Strongly Chalcophile Elements in High Temperature Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry written by Jason Harvey and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-03-07 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Highly Siderophile and Strongly Chalcophile Elements in High Temperature Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Volume 81 This RiMG (Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry) volume investigates the application of highly siderophile (HSE) and strongly chalcophile elements. This volume has its origin in a short course sponsored by the Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society held in San Diego, California on the 11th and 12th December 2015, ahead of the American Geophysical Union’s Fall Meeting, which featured a session with the same title. Topics in this volume include: analytical methods and data quality experimental constraints applied to understanding HSE partitioning nucleosynthetic variations of siderophile and chalcophile elements HSE in the Earth, Moon, Mars and asteroidal bodies HSE and chalcophile elements in both cratonic and non-cratonic mantle, encompassing both sub-continental and sub-oceanic lithosphere the importance of the HSE for studying volcanic and magmatic processes, and an appraisal of the importance of magmatic HSE ore formation in Earth’s crust. Highly siderophile and strongly chalcophile elements comprise Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, Pd, Au, Te, Se and S and are defined by their strong partitioning into the metallic phase, but will also strongly partition into sulfide phases, in the absence of metal. The chemical properties of the HSE mean that they are excellent tracers of key processes in high temperature geochemistry and cosmochemistry, having applications in virtually all areas of earth science. A key aspect of the HSE is that three long-lived, geologically useful decay systems exist with the HSE as parent (107Pd-107Ag), or parent-daughter isotopes (187Re-187Os and 190Pt-186Os). The material in this book is accessible for graduate students, researchers, and professionals with interests in the geochemistry and cosmochemistry of these elements, geochronology, magmatic ore bodies and the petrogenesis of platinum-group minerals.

Download or read book Readings from the Treatise on Geochemistry written by Heinrich D Holland and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-05-25 with total page 681 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Readings from the Treatise on Geochemistry offers an interdisciplinary reference for scientists, researchers and upper undergraduate and graduate level geochemistry students that is more affordable than the full Treatise. For professionals, this volume will provide an overview of the field as a whole. For students, it will provide more in-depth introductory content than is found in broad-based geochemistry textbooks. Articles were selected from chapters across all volumes of the full Treatise, and include: The Origin and Earliest History of the Earth, Compositional Evolution of the Mantle, Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks, Soil Formation, Geochemistry of Groundwater, Geologic History of Seawater, Hydrothermal Processes, and Biogeochemistry of Primary Production in the Sea. Comprehensive, interdisciplinary and authoritative content selected by leading subject experts Robust illustrations, figures and tables Affordably priced sampling of content from the full Treatise on Geochemistry

Download or read book The Mantle and Core written by R.W. Carlson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-11-22 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though largely inaccessible, the geochemistry of Earth's mantle and core can be examined through a wide variety of approaches. Volume 2 focuses first on "remote" sensing using evidence from cosmochemical, seismic, petrologic and geochemical approaches. Mantle composition is then examined in detail through descriptions of mantle samples brought to Earth's surface through tectonic, volcanic, and volatile-outgassing processes. The volume concludes with examination of processes that modify the composition of the mantle and core including an early magma ocean, partial melting, element partitioning between minerals and melts, and physical mixing caused by plate subduction, mantle convection and mass exchange between mantle and core. Reprinted individual volume from the acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry, (10 Volume Set, ISBN 0-08-043751-6, published in 2003) - Comprehensive and authoritative scope and focus - Reviews from renowned scientists across a range of subjects, providing both overviews and new data, supplemented by extensive bibliographies - Extensive illustrations and examples from the field

Download or read book CROP Project written by I.R. Finetti and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-12-12 with total page 872 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CROP Project: Deep Seismic Exploration of the Central Mediterranean and Italy presents and discusses new data ranging from Alps to Africa, obtained by the CROP PROJECT (transcrustal seismic exploration of the Mediterranean and Italy). New lithospheric imagings of relevant importance for understanding disputed topics are provided. Alps, Apennines, Calabrian Arc, Sicilian Apennine, Maghrebian Chain, Corso-Sardinian Block, paleo-basins (Ionian, Alpine Tethys), neo-basins (Balearic and Tyrrhenian) are innovatively reconstructed. - Provides new data from the Alps to Africa - Presents interpretation of the CROP seismic network data - Offers a stepwise increase in information with new data for further studies

Download or read book Annual Report written by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Radiogenic Isotope Geology written by Alan P. Dickin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of Radiogenic Isotope Geology examines revolutionary changes in geochemical thinking that have occurred over the past fifteen years. Extinct-nuclide studies on meteorites have called into question fundamental geochemical models of the Earth, while new dating methods have challenged conventional views of Earth history. At the same time, the problem of global warming has raised new questions about the causes of past and present climate change. In the new edition, these and other recent issues are evaluated in their scholarly and historical context, so readers can understand the development of current ideas. Controversial theories, new analytical techniques, classic papers, and illustrative case studies all come under scrutiny in this book, providing an accessible introduction for students and critical commentary for researchers.

Download or read book Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program written by Ocean Drilling Program and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Geology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-12-16 with total page 5634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Geology, Second Edition presents in six volumes state-of-the-art reviews on the various aspects of geologic research, all of which have moved on considerably since the writing of the first edition. New areas of discussion include extinctions, origins of life, plate tectonics and its influence on faunal provinces, new types of mineral and hydrocarbon deposits, new methods of dating rocks, and geological processes. Users will find this to be a fundamental resource for teachers and students of geology, as well as researchers and non-geology professionals seeking up-to-date reviews of geologic research. Provides a comprehensive and accessible one-stop shop for information on the subject of geology, explaining methodologies and technical jargon used in the field Highlights connections between geology and other physical and biological sciences, tackling research problems that span multiple fields Fills a critical gap of information in a field that has seen significant progress in past years Presents an ideal reference for a wide range of scientists in earth and environmental areas of study

Download or read book Stable Isotope Geochemistry written by Jochen Hoefs and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-05 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This classic textbook is an introduction to the systematics and the use of stable isotopes in geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts: i) theoretical and experimental principles, ii) fractionation processes of light and heavy elements, iii) the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. Since the publication of the previous edition advances in multicollector-ICP-mass-spectrometry allow precise measurements of new isotope systems. In this new edition therefore, 42 elements with resolvable natural variations in isotope composition are discussed. New findings from non-traditional isotope systems have been incorporated. Many new references have been added, which enable quick access to recent literature.

Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: