Download or read book The Influence of N butanol Blending on the Ignition Delay Times of Gasoline and Its Surrogate at High Pressures written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Autoignition Response of N butanol and Its Blend with Primary Reference Fuel Constituents of Gasoline written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the influence of blending n-butanol on the ignition delay times of n-heptane and iso-octane, the primary reference fuels for gasoline. The ignition delay times are measured using a rapid compression machine, with an emphasis on the low-to-intermediate temperature conditions. The experiments are conducted at equivalence ratios of 0.4 and 1.0, for a compressed pressure of 20 bar, with the temperatures at the end of compression ranging from 613 K to 979 K. The effect of n-butanol addition on the development of the two-stage ignition characteristics for the two primary reference fuels is also examined. The experimental results are compared to predictions obtained using a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism, which has been obtained by a systematic merger of previously reported base models for the combustion of the individual fuel constituents. In conclusion, a sensitivity analysis on the base, and the merged models, is also performed to understand the dependence of autoignition delay times on the model parameters.

Download or read book Ignition Behavior of Gasolines and Surrogate Fuels in Low Temperature Combustion Strategies written by Vickey Kalaskar and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation discusses the results from three different studies aimed at understanding the importance of fuel chemical structure during low temperature combustion (LTC) strategies, like homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and partially premixed combustion (PPC) employed in internal combustion (IC) engines wherein the focus is on high octane fuels. Boosted intake air operation combined with exhaust gas recirculation, internal as well as external, has become a standard path for expanding the load limits of IC engines employing LTC strategies mentioned above as well as conventional diesel and spark ignition (SI) engines. However, the effects of fuel compositional variation have not been fully explored. The first study focusses on three different fuels, where each of them were evaluated using a single cylinder boosted HCCI engine using negative valve overlap. The three fuels investigated were: a regular grade gasoline (RON = 90.2), 30% ethanol-gasoline blend (E30, RON = 100.3), and 24% iso-butanol-gasoline blend (IB24, RON = 96.6). Detailed sweeps of intake manifold pressure (atmospheric to 250 kPaa), EGR (0 -- 25% EGR), and injection timing were conducted to identify fuel-specific effects. While significant fuel compositional differences existed, the results showed that all these fuels achieved comparable operation with minor changes in operational conditions. Further, it was shown that the available enthalpy from the exhaust would not be sufficient to satisfy the boost requirements at higher load operation by doing an analysis of the required turbocharger efficiency. While the first study concentrated on load expansion of HCCI, it is important to mention that controlling LTC strategies is difficult under low load or idle operating conditions. To ensure stable operation, fuel injection in the negative valve overlap (NVO) is used as one of method of achieving combustion control. However the combustion chemistry under high temperature and fuel rich conditions that exist during the NVO have not been previously explored. The second study focused on examining the products of fuel rich chemistry as a result of fuel injection in the NVO. In this study, a unique six stroke cycle was used to segregate the exhaust from the NVO and to study the chemistry of the range of fuels injected during NVO under low oxygen conditions. The fuels investigated were methanol, ethanol, iso-butanol, and iso-octane. It was observed that the products of reactions under NVO conditions were highly dependent on the injected fuel's structure with iso-octane producing less than 1.5% hydrogen and methanol producing more than 8%. However a weak dependence was observed on NVO duration and initial temperature, indicating that NVO reforming was kinetically limited. Finally, the experimental trends were compared with CHEMKIN (single zone, 0-D model) predictions using multiple kinetic mechanism that were readily available through literature. Due to the simplicity of the model and inadequate information on the fuel injection process, the experimental data was not modeled well with the mechanisms tested. Some of the shortcomings of the 0-D model were probably due to the model ignoring temperature and composition spatial inhomogeneities and evaporative cooling from fuel vaporization.Though the results from the NVO injection and boosted NVO-HCCI studies are enlightening, the fundamentals of the autoignition behavior of gasoline, alcohols, and their mixtures are not entirely understood despite the interest in high octane fuels in compression engines from a point of view of better thermal efficiency. The third study focused on higher octane blends consisting of binary and ternary mixtures of n-heptane and/or iso-octane, and a fuel of interest. These fuels of interest were toluene, ethanol, and iso-butanol. In this study, the autoignition of such blends is studied under lean conditions ([phi] = 0.25) with varying intake pressure (atmospheric to 3 bar, abs) and at a constant intake temperature of 155 °C. The blends consisted of varying percentages of fuels of interest and their research octane number (RON) approximately estimated at 100 and 80. For comparison, neat iso-octane was selected as RON 100 fuel and PRF 80 blend was selected as RON 80 fuel. It was observed that the blends with a higher percentage of n-heptane showed a stronger tendency to autoignite at lower intake pressures. However, as the intake pressure was increased, the non-reactive components, in this case, the higher octane blend components (toluene, ethanol, and iso-butanol), reduced this tendency subsequently delaying the critical compression ratio (CCR) of the blends. The heat release analysis revealed that the higher octane components in the blends reduced the low temperature reactivity of n-heptane and iso-octane. GC-MS and GC-FID analysis of the partially compressed fuel also indicated that the higher octane components did affect the conversion of the more reactive components, n-heptane and iso-octane, into their partially oxidized branched hydrocarbons in the binary/ternary blends, and reduced the overall reactivity which resulted in a delayed CCR at higher intake pressures.

Download or read book Handbook of Clean Energy Systems 6 Volume Set written by Jinyue Yan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 4038 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Clean Energy Systems brings together an international team of experts to present a comprehensive overview of the latest research, developments and practical applications throughout all areas of clean energy systems. Consolidating information which is currently scattered across a wide variety of literature sources, the handbook covers a broad range of topics in this interdisciplinary research field including both fossil and renewable energy systems. The development of intelligent energy systems for efficient energy processes and mitigation technologies for the reduction of environmental pollutants is explored in depth, and environmental, social and economic impacts are also addressed. Topics covered include: Volume 1 - Renewable Energy: Biomass resources and biofuel production; Bioenergy Utilization; Solar Energy; Wind Energy; Geothermal Energy; Tidal Energy. Volume 2 - Clean Energy Conversion Technologies: Steam/Vapor Power Generation; Gas Turbines Power Generation; Reciprocating Engines; Fuel Cells; Cogeneration and Polygeneration. Volume 3 - Mitigation Technologies: Carbon Capture; Negative Emissions System; Carbon Transportation; Carbon Storage; Emission Mitigation Technologies; Efficiency Improvements and Waste Management; Waste to Energy. Volume 4 - Intelligent Energy Systems: Future Electricity Markets; Diagnostic and Control of Energy Systems; New Electric Transmission Systems; Smart Grid and Modern Electrical Systems; Energy Efficiency of Municipal Energy Systems; Energy Efficiency of Industrial Energy Systems; Consumer Behaviors; Load Control and Management; Electric Car and Hybrid Car; Energy Efficiency Improvement. Volume 5 - Energy Storage: Thermal Energy Storage; Chemical Storage; Mechanical Storage; Electrochemical Storage; Integrated Storage Systems. Volume 6 - Sustainability of Energy Systems: Sustainability Indicators, Evaluation Criteria, and Reporting; Regulation and Policy; Finance and Investment; Emission Trading; Modeling and Analysis of Energy Systems; Energy vs. Development; Low Carbon Economy; Energy Efficiencies and Emission Reduction. Key features: Comprising over 3,500 pages in 6 volumes, HCES presents a comprehensive overview of the latest research, developments and practical applications throughout all areas of clean energy systems, consolidating a wealth of information which is currently scattered across a wide variety of literature sources. In addition to renewable energy systems, HCES also covers processes for the efficient and clean conversion of traditional fuels such as coal, oil and gas, energy storage systems, mitigation technologies for the reduction of environmental pollutants, and the development of intelligent energy systems. Environmental, social and economic impacts of energy systems are also addressed in depth. Published in full colour throughout. Fully indexed with cross referencing within and between all six volumes. Edited by leading researchers from academia and industry who are internationally renowned and active in their respective fields. Published in print and online. The online version is a single publication (i.e. no updates), available for one-time purchase or through annual subscription.

Download or read book Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Blends n Butanol Diesel D2 and Dual Alcohols N Butanol Methanol with Gasoline in Internal Combustion Engines written by Lennox Siwale and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the effects of oxygenated alcohol/gasoline/diesel fuel blends on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics in conventional reciprocating engines is reported. On the one hand, in alcohol-gasoline blends, dual alcohols-gasoline blends have not yet been sufficiently proven as suitable alternatives to single alcohol-gasoline blends in engines as far as performance is concerned. On the other hand, n-butanol-diesel, although it has a better miscibility factor in diesel than methanol or ethanol, is limited with regard to extensive application in the diesel engines due to its low cetane number. Engine performance was compared using single alcohol-gasoline and dual alcohol-gasoline blends, where the dual blends were constrained to meet the vapor issues regarding fuels and regulations. The blends were selected in terms of a combination by volume of one being higher alcohol (n-butanol) and the other, lower alcohol (methanol). The engines used for this study included a single-cylinder and a four-cylinder, naturally aspirated, four-stroke spark ignition engines and a four-cylinder, four-stroke compression ignition turbocharged diesel engine. In the n-butanol-diesel studies, a comparison was made with other studies in order to determine how suitable n-butanol-diesel blends were across the biofuel family such as the biodiesel-ethanol-diesel blends. The findings were as follows: The dual alcohols-gasoline blends performed better than the single alcohol-gasoline blends depending on certain compositional ratios of the alcohols in gasoline regardless of vapor pressure consideration. The n-butanol/diesel alcohol blend (B5, B10, and B20, where B5 represents 5% n-butanol and 95% diesel) significantly reduced the regulated emissions in a turbocharged engine compared to other studies using biodiesel-diesel blends. The significant decrease in NOx, CO emissions, and reduction of unburned hydrocarbons content using n-butanol/diesel fuel (DF) blends were found experimentally. The use of dual alcohol /gasoline blends was beneficial due to their shorter combustion duration in crank angles and their higher-energy content compared with single alcohol-gasoline blends. The n-butanol/diesel blend fired in the diesel engine showed a higher brake thermal efficiency and improved brake specific fuel consumption compared to the study by others where ethanol\diesel and methanol\diesel blends were used.

Download or read book Ignition Delay Times of Natural Gas hydrogen Blends at Elevated Pressures written by Marissa Brower and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applications of natural gases that contain high levels of hydrogen have become a primary interest in the gas turbine market. For reheat gas turbines, understanding of the ignition delay times of high-hydrogen natural gases is important for two reasons. First, if the ignition delay time is too short, autoignition can occur in the mixer before the primary combustor. Second, the flame in the secondary burner is stabilized by the ignition delay time of the fuel. While the ignition delay times of hydrogen and of the individual hydrocarbons in natural gases can be considered well known, there have been few previous experimental studies into the effects of different levels of hydrogen on the ignition delay times of natural gases at gas turbine conditions. In order to examine the effects of hydrogen content at gas turbine conditions, shock-tube experiments were performed on nine combinations of an L9 matrix. The L9 matrix was developed by varying four factors: natural gas higher-order hydrocarbon content of 0, 18.75, or 37.5%; hydrogen content of the total fuel mixture of 30, 60, or 80%; equivalence ratios of 0.3, 0.5, or 1; and pressures of 1, 10, or 30 atm. Temperatures ranged from 1092 K to 1722 K, and all mixtures were diluted in 90% Ar. Correlations for each combination were developed from the ignition delay times and, using these correlations, a factor sensitivity analysis was performed. It was found that hydrogen played the most significant role in ignition delay time. Pressure was almost as important as hydrogen content, especially as temperature increased. Equivalence ratio was slightly more important than hydrocarbon content of the natural gas, but both were less important than pressure or hydrogen content. Further analysis was performed using ignition delay time calculations for the full matrix of combinations (27 combinations for each natural gas) using a detailed chemical kinetics mechanism. Using these calculations, separate L9 matrices were developed for each natural gas. Correlations from the full matrix and the L9 matrix for each natural gas were found to be almost identical in each case, verifying that a thoughtfully prepared L9 matrix can indeed capture the major effects of an extended matrix.

Download or read book Vaporization and Combustion Processes of Alcohols and Acetone Butanol Ethanol ABE Blended in N Dodecane for High Pressure High Temperature Conditions written by Ob Nilaphai and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growing concern in recent decades, linked to the depletion of oil resources and global warming by greenhouse gases has increased the interest of butanol as an alternative fuel in the transport sector. However, the low yield of production and separation processes still prevents its commercialization as a fuel. Therefore, the intermediate fermentation mixture of butanol production, Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE), is increasingly considered as a potential alternative fuel because of its similar properties to butanol and its advantages in terms of the energy and cost in the separation process.The context of this work aims to study the impact of fuel properties on the spray and combustion processes of ABE mixture and alcohol fuels, blended with the diesel surrogate fuel, n-dodecane, in different volume ratio from 20% to 50%. A new combustion chamber called "New One Shot Engine," was designed and developed to reach the high-pressure and high temperatureconditions of "Spray-A" (60 bar, 800-900 K and 22.8 kg/m3) defined by the Engine Combustion Network (ECN).The macroscopic spray and combustion parameters were characterized by using the several optical techniques (extinction,Schlieren, chemiluminescence of OH*) under non-reactive (pure Nitrogen) and reactive (15% of oxygen) conditions. These experimental results not only made it possible to study the molecular oxygen impact and provide a new accurate database,but also to affirm the possibility of using ABE up to 20% by volume in compression-ignition engines, as its spray and combustion characteristics similar to conventional diesel fuel.

Download or read book Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions written by M. R. Riazi and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2005 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last three chapters of this book deal with application of methods presented in previous chapters to estimate various thermodynamic, physical, and transport properties of petroleum fractions. In this chapter, various methods for prediction of physical and thermodynamic properties of pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures, petroleum fractions, crude oils, natural gases, and reservoir fluids are presented. As it was discussed in Chapters 5 and 6, properties of gases may be estimated more accurately than properties of liquids. Theoretical methods of Chapters 5 and 6 for estimation of thermophysical properties generally can be applied to both liquids and gases; however, more accurate properties can be predicted through empirical correlations particularly developed for liquids. When these correlations are developed with some theoretical basis, they are more accurate and have wider range of applications. In this chapter some of these semitheoretical correlations are presented. Methods presented in Chapters 5 and 6 can be used to estimate properties such as density, enthalpy, heat capacity, heat of vaporization, and vapor pressure. Characterization methods of Chapters 2-4 are used to determine the input parameters needed for various predictive methods. One important part of this chapter is prediction of vapor pressure that is needed for vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations of Chapter 9.

Download or read book Gasoline Compression Ignition Technology written by Gautam Kalghatgi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-17 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on gasoline compression ignition (GCI) which offers the prospect of engines with high efficiency and low exhaust emissions at a lower cost. A GCI engine is a compression ignition (CI) engine which is run on gasoline-like fuels (even on low-octane gasoline), making it significantly easier to control particulates and NOx but with high efficiency. The state of the art development to make GCI combustion feasible on practical vehicles is highlighted, e.g., on overcoming problems on cold start, high-pressure rise rates at high loads, transients, and HC and CO emissions. This book will be a useful guide to those in academia and industry.

Download or read book Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition HCCI Engines written by Fuquan Zhao and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The homogeneous charge, compression-ignition (HCCI) combustion process has the potential to significantly reduce NOx and particulate emissions, while achieving high thermal efficiency and the capability of operating with a wide variety of fuels. This makes the HCCI engine an attractive technology that can ostensibly provide diesel-like fuel efficiency and very low emissions, which may allow emissions compliance to occur without relying on lean aftertreatment systems. A profound increase in the level of research and development of this technology has occurred in the last decade. This book gathers contributions from experts in both industry and academia, providing a basic introduction to the state-of-the-art of HCCI technology, a critical review of current HCCI research and development efforts, and perspective for the future. Chapters cover: Gasoline-Fueled HCCI Engines; Diesel-Fueled HCCI Engines; Alternative Fuels and Fuel Additives for HCCI Engines; HCCI Control and Operating Range Extension; Kinetics of HCCI Combustion; HCCI Engine Modeling Approaches.In addition to the extensive overview of terminology, physical processes, and future needs, each chapter also features select SAE papers (a total of 41 are included in the book), as well as a comprehensive list of references related to the subjects. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines: Key Research and Development Issues provides a valuable base of information for those interested in learning about this rapidly-progressing technology which has the potential to enhance fuel economy and reduce emissions.

Download or read book Handbook of Diesel Engines written by Klaus Mollenhauer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This machine is destined to completely revolutionize cylinder diesel engine up through large low speed t- engine engineering and replace everything that exists. stroke diesel engines. An appendix lists the most (From Rudolf Diesel’s letter of October 2, 1892 to the important standards and regulations for diesel engines. publisher Julius Springer. ) Further development of diesel engines as economiz- Although Diesel’s stated goal has never been fully ing, clean, powerful and convenient drives for road and achievable of course, the diesel engine indeed revolu- nonroad use has proceeded quite dynamically in the tionized drive systems. This handbook documents the last twenty years in particular. In light of limited oil current state of diesel engine engineering and technol- reserves and the discussion of predicted climate ogy. The impetus to publish a Handbook of Diesel change, development work continues to concentrate Engines grew out of ruminations on Rudolf Diesel’s on reducing fuel consumption and utilizing alternative transformation of his idea for a rational heat engine fuels while keeping exhaust as clean as possible as well into reality more than 100 years ago. Once the patent as further increasing diesel engine power density and was filed in 1892 and work on his engine commenced enhancing operating performance.

Download or read book Experimental Evaluation of Water containing Isopropanol n butanol ethanol and Gasoline Blend as a Fuel Candidate in Spark ignition Engine written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Diesel Fuel Oils written by and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Automotive Fuels Reference Book written by Paul Richards and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2014-03-05 with total page 870 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first two editions of this title, published by SAE International in 1990 and 1995, have been best-selling definitive references for those needing technical information about automotive fuels. This long-awaited new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, yet retains the original fundamental fuels information that readers find so useful. This book is written for those with an interest in or a need to understand automotive fuels. Because automotive fuels can no longer be developed in isolation from the engines that will convert the fuel into the power necessary to drive our automobiles, knowledge of automotive fuels will also be essential to those working with automotive engines. Small quantities of fuel additives increasingly play an important role in bridging the gap that often exists between fuel that can easily be produced and fuel that is needed by the ever-more sophisticated automotive engine. This book pulls together in a single, extensively referenced volume, the three different but related topics of automotive fuels, fuel additives, and engines, and shows how all three areas work together. It includes a brief history of automotive fuels development, followed by chapters on automotive fuels manufacture from crude oil and other fossil sources. One chapter is dedicated to the manufacture of automotive fuels and fuel blending components from renewable sources. The safe handling, transport, and storage of fuels, from all sources, are covered. New combustion systems to achieve reduced emissions and increased efficiency are discussed, and the way in which the fuels’ physical and chemical characteristics affect these combustion processes and the emissions produced are included. There is also discussion on engine fuel system development and how these different systems affect the corresponding fuel requirements. Because the book is for a global market, fuel system technologies that only exist in the legacy fleet in some markets are included. The way in which fuel requirements are developed and specified is discussed. This covers test methods from simple laboratory bench tests, through engine testing, and long-term test procedures.

Download or read book Alcohol as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines written by Pravesh Chandra Shukla and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-15 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: div="" This book covers different aspects related to utilization of alcohol fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines with a focus on combustion, performance and emission investigations. The focal point of this book is to present engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics of IC engines fueled by alcohol blended fuels such as methanol, ethanol and butanol. The contents also highlight the importance of alcohol fuel for reducing emission levels. Possibility of alcohol fuels for marine applications has also been discussed. This book is a useful guide for researchers, academics and scientists. ^

Download or read book N Butanol Diesel D2 Blend Fired in a Turbo Charged Compression Ignition Engine Performance and Combustion Characteristics written by Lennox Siwale and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of biofuels that include n-butanol in diesel fuel (DF) is attracting attention in the search for the reduction of emissions into the environment due to the burning of fossil fuel. The performance and combustion characteristics were evaluated in this study using blends B5, B10, and B20 (B5: 5% n-butanol and 95% DF) in a turbo-charged direct injection compression ignition engine. In the n-butanol diesel studies, a comparison was made with other studies that also included biodiesel in order to determine how suitable n-butanol-diesel blends were to use in internal combustion engines. Combustion characteristics of B20 (n-butanol 20% and 80% DF) improved when the study was compared with a similar study that included 40% biodiesel added to B20. A higher value of the standard deviation for DF than the blends was observed from the standard deviation diagram, indicating a more stable combustion process for the blends than DF. Soot reduction relative to DF at 1500 rpm at 75% load for B05, B10, and B20 mixtures was 55.5, 77.8, and 85.1%, respectively. This reduction is a significant advantage of blending DF with smaller shared volumes of bioalcohol.

Download or read book Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass written by Michael Boot and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-07-05 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by experts in combustion technology, this is a unique and refreshing perspective on the current biofuel discussion, presenting the latest research in this important field. The emphasis throughout this reference is on applications, industrial perspectives and economics, focusing on new classes of biofuels such as butanols, levulinates, benzenoids and others. Clearly structured, each chapter presents a new class of biofuel and discusses such topics as production pathways, fuel properties and its impact on engines. The result is a fascinating, user-oriented overview of new classes of biofuels beyond bioethanol.