Download or read book The Impact of Water Deficit and High Temperature on Berry Biophysical Traits and Berry and Wine Chemical and Sensory Traits written by Marcos Bonada and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Warming and drought associated with climate change are major concerns in grape production worldwide. Our current understanding on the effects of temperature on berries and wines has been indirectly gained from comparisons of thermally contrasting seasons or sites, or from experiments in controlled conditions. Indirect methods, however, cannot prove cause and effect relationships, and extrapolation from controlled environments to field is not warranted. A comprehensive comparison of these methods is discussed. Furthermore, interactions are the main cause of complexity in field experiments; nevertheless, predictions about warmer and drier environments are based on studies that separately addressed these factors. Using direct manipulation of temperature on field growing vines with open-top chambers, the current work is the first combining water and temperature regimes in realistic vineyard conditions. The aims of this research were: (i) to critically assess methods to investigate thermal effect in viticulture; (ii) to measure the effects of elevated temperature on berry shrivelling (BS) and berry mesocarp cell death (MCD) in Shiraz and Chardonnay (exp. 1); and to evaluate the single and combined effects of temperature and water deficit on (iii) BS, MCD and on (iv) berry and wine chemical and sensorial composition in Shiraz (exp. 2). An increment in background temperature increased both MCD and BS in Shiraz, and increased MCD but had not impact on BS in Chardonnay; MCD seems necessary but not sufficient to explain BS. Similarly, transient water deficit post-veraison increased MCD and BS at harvest in Shiraz. MCD response to temperature was primarily explained by the advance in onset, while the effect of water deficit was traced back to the increment in the rate of MCD post-onset. An interaction between water deficit and temperature was found whereby the onset of berry net water loss was advanced by high temperature under water deficit but not in the irrigated treatments. MCD during berry senescence has been proposed to enhance berry flavour and aroma. The association between MCD and grape sensory balance was investigated in exp. 2. The balance of berry sensory traits was quantified in terms of offset, which accounts for delay or advance in ripening, and decoupling, which measures the scatter in the response of the different traits. Sensory traits typical of ripened berries were associated with higher MCD; however, warming and water deficit advanced ripening and decoupled berry sensory traits. Thermal effects were larger than water effects; the large decoupling caused by high temperature was mainly associated with differences within berry parts, whereas water-driven decoupling was mostly associated with a differential response between seed and other berry parts. The extraction of the major phenolics classes in fully ripe fruit and their contribution to the final wine chromatic characteristics, phenolic composition and sensory attributes were determined in exp. 2. The effect of temperature on berry composition was larger than the effect of water but no interactions were found between these factors. Significant, previously unrecorded interactions were found for grape and wine phenolics, and wine sensory traits. Wines from control temperature and water deficit treatments had higher total phenolics, tannin concentration, colour density, nonbleachable coloured compounds and a higher proportion of polymeric pigments than the other combinations of temperature and water regimes. These wines were also characterised by attributes such as cooked fruit flavour, berry flavour, tannin structure and higher red tones and colour saturation. Therefore, the effect of water deficit leading to colourful, flavoursome and phenolic-rich wines may not hold under high temperature. Scientifically, this thesis provides unequivocal answers to questions of berry physiology under elevated temperature in contrast to indirect methods and accounts for previously unknown interactions with water deficit in realistic vineyard conditions. From the perspective of the industry, this study represents a novel contribution as it answers the question of how warmer and drier conditions during ripening would affect grape and wine attributes and established the bases for new research aiming at counteracting the effects of climate change.

Download or read book Grapevine Age Impact on Physiology and Berry and Wine Quality written by Khalil Bou Nader and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Roles of Water Deficits and Berry Size in the Phenolic Composition of Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes and Wines written by Gaspar Roby and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Biochemistry of the Grape Berry written by Hernâni Gerós and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically significant fruit species. Many scientific advances have been achieved in understanding physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grape berry maturation. Some of these advances have led to the improvement of"

Download or read book Effects of UV B Radiation on Grapevine Vitis Vinifera Cv Tempranillo Leaf Physiology and Berry Composition Framed Within the Climate Change Scenario water Deficit Elevated CO2 and Elevated Temperature written by Johann Martinez Lüscher and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the thesis was to assess the effect of UV-B radiation on grapevine Vitis viniferacv. Tempranillo leaf physiology and grape berry composition, framed within the climatechange scenario. Experiments were conducted under glasshouse controlled conditions withfruit-bearing cuttings. Plants were exposed to three UV-B biologically effective doses (0,5.98, 9.66 kJ m-2 d-1) either from fruit set or veraison to maturity. The combined effects of UVand water deficit, as well as, UV-B and elevated CO2-temperature (700ppm, +4oC), appliedfrom fruit set to maturity were also tested. Gas exchange, Chlorophyll a fluorescence, lipidperoxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity, UV-B absorbing compound levels and chlorophylland carotenoid concentration were determined in leaves. Berry development was assessedquantitatively (e.g. elapsed time to reach phenological stages). Amino acid, anthocyanin andflavonol concentrations and profiles were analyzed in berries, as well as, transcript profilingof regulatory and structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis.The results show that initial down-regulation of photosynthesis was followed by anacclimation, mediated by the accumulation of UV-B absorbing compounds and antioxidantresponse elicitation (flavonoids and antioxidant enzymes). Water deficit and elevated CO2-temperature did not alter UV-B acclimation process, however, UV-B did led to certain degreeof cross-tolerance to elevated CO2-temperature, avoiding the senescence-induced oxidativedamage. Berry technological maturity (ca. 22oBrix) was delayed by UV-B exposure and waterdeficit, especially when combined, whereas it was hastened by elevated CO2-temperature. Inthe last case, UV-B attenuated the effect of elevated CO2 and temperature. Changes in berryripening rates were associated with changes in photosynthetic performance.UV-B radiation and water deficit induced lower grape must acidity, mediated by increases inrelative skin mass or potassium levels rather than a decrease in organic acid concentration.In addition this increase in relative skin mass may have contributed to higher anthocyaninconcentration in the must. Grape berry skin flavonol and anthocyanin concentration wasincreased by UV-B, mainly due to the up-regulation of the structural (CHS, F3'H, FLS, UFGTand GST) and regulatory genes (MYBF1 and MYBA1) committed to their synthesis.Quantitative changes in flavonol concentration induced by UV-B were always associated withqualitative changes in flavonol profile (i.e. increased relative abundance of mono- anddisubstituted flavonols), as a result of the competition of FLS with flavonoid hydroxylases(F3'H and F3'5'H) for the same substrates. The independent up-regulation of FLS and F3'5'Hby UV-B radiation and water deficit, respectively, resulted in an intaractive effect on theflavonol B ring hydroxylation pattern. Under elevated CO2-temperature anthocyanin-sugaraccumulation was decoupled. However, UV-B partially alleviated this uncoupling by upregulatinganthocyanin biosynthesis and modulating berry ripening rates.UV-B radiation greatly influenced grapevine leaf physiology and berry composition. Theseresponses to UV-B were modulated, to a greater or lesser extent, by other factors linked toclimate change (water availability, atmospheric CO2 levels and temperature).

Download or read book Comparisons of 17 Red Wine Grape Vitis Vinifera L Cultivars Under Deficit Irrigation Over Four Years in the San Joaquin Valley of California written by Alexander David Levin and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, deliveries of water for agricultural use in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California have been reduced, or in some instances cut all together. Since 1980, the acreage of annual crops has decreased by 40%, while the acreage of perennial crops has increased by 77%. Recent research has shown that perennial crops have a higher potential for water conservation. Also, it has been shown that yields do not decrease significantly under some moderate levels of water stress. As trends in California agriculture shift away from traditional field crops, more detailed information is needed on the amount of water required to grow tree and vine crops. Vineyards now account for nearly half of the total acreage of woody perennial crops in California. Worldwide, approximately 10,000 grapevine cultivars are grown on over 8 million hectares of land covering a wide range of climates, from hot and dry to cold and wet. This apparent genetic diversity has led researchers to group different cultivars according to the drought responses of numerous vegetative and reproductive parameters. However, no studies have utilized an established cultivar trial to directly compare multiple cultivars grown at the same site and subjected to the same water stress. Growers in the SJV would have the most potential to conserve water if the more was known about how individual cultivars response to drought at different times of the growing season. Seventeen different red wine grape V. vinifera L. cultivars grafted on to the same rootstock (1103P) were grown in a replicated cultivar trial, and subjected to three different deficit irrigation regimes over four years in order to manipulate [psi][subscript l] at various times throughout the growing season. An early deficit treatment (ED) received no applied water from berry set until veraison, and then was irrigated at 50% of ET[subscript c] from veraison until harvest. A late deficit treatment (LD) was irrigated at 100% ET[subscript c] from berry set until veraison, and then received no applied water until harvest. The sustained deficit treatment (SD) was irrigated at 50% of ET[subscript c] from berry set until harvest. Previous work has categorized wine grape cultivars into ‘isohydric’ or ‘anisohydric’ groups based on the response of stomatal conductance (g[subscript s]) to plant water status (leaf water potential ([psi][subscript l])). Significant differences in l among cultivars were observed during both time periods, but the effects of the water deficits were consistent across growing seasons. There were no significant differences in maximum stomatal conductance (g[subscript max]) among cultivars. Cultivar-specific responses of g[subscript s] to [psi][subscript l] did not separate into two distinct groups, but were broadly distributed based on a negative relationship between the [psi][subscript l] threshold for the beginning of stomatal closure at 95% of g[subscript max] and the rate of stomatal closure. Cultivar mean [psi][subscript l] values were positively related to the [psi][subscript l] threshold for the end of stomatal closure at 25% of g[subscript max]. Potential mechanisms of stomatal closure related to vascular anatomy are discussed. The quantitative models of g[subscript s] response to [psi][subscript l] presented in this study provide baseline threshold [psi][subscript l] values from which to compare cultivars in future research. With increasing competition for water resources, accurate information regarding crop water requirements is needed for informed irrigation management decisions. Early (preveraison) water deficits (ED-treatment) consistently and significantly reduced yields compared to the control across all years and cultivars, but the late (post-veraison) deficit (LD) treatment vines were not different from the control. The reduction in yield with ED was primarily due to a significant reduction in berry fresh weight (FW), and clusters per vine, with little change in berries per cluster. The LD treatment had a limited effect on berry FW and did not affect other yield components. Variation in yield was mostly due to berries per vine rather than berry FW, although this depended on cultivar. There were also cultivar differences in the proportion of variation in berries per vine explained by either clusters per vine or berries per cluster. Irrigation treatment or applied water amounts did not have a consistent effect on the water footprint but it was strongly dependent on yield. Implications of the timing of water deficits on the productivity of wine grapes in the SJV are discussed with respect to cultivar differences in yield formation. Previous research has shown that berry size is the most important component in grapevine yield, and that the sensitivity of grape berry growth to water deficits depends on the timing of those deficits. Berry growth was significantly reduced in ED for every cultivar, and berry absolute and relative growth rates (AGR and RGR, respectively) were significantly lower at the first measurement date after imposition of irrigation treatments. RGR was consistently higher in ED compared to SD and LD postveraison, but lost growth was not made up for in ED berries at harvest. AGR and RGR were significantly more sensitive to vine water status preveraison compared to postveraison for all cultivars. Ripening rate was highly conserved across cultivars and years, and was only slightly (but significantly) reduced in ED compared to SD and LD. In comparison, sugar translocation rate varied widely among cultivars and years, and was significantly different among all irrigation treatments. Sugar translocation rate depended strongly on berry size at veraison, but ripening rate did not. Irrigation treatments and cultivars affected the timing of ripening events independently with no interaction, and the timing of events was more dependent on berry sugar concentration (TSS) than days after anthesis (DAA). The results of this study may provide growers with cultivar-specific pre- and postveraison vine water status targets for irrigation scheduling, as well as assist with the timing of vineyard operations through better understanding of the timing of ripening events near the end of the season.

Download or read book Effects of Vine Water Status on Yield Components Vegetative Response and Must and Wine Composition written by Pilar Baeza and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite Vitis vinifera L. is a drought-tolerant species,Äîrainfed traditionally grown in a very diversity of climates,Äîirrigation has more and more become a usual practice aimed to obtain regular yields along seasons and to control must composition. Results on vineyard irrigation are dependent on the timing, length and intensity of the water deficit. From budbreak to flowering, shoot growth is very sensitive to water stress, while reproductive growth is almost unaffected. Severe water deficit during fruit set can reduce yield by affecting ovary cell multiplication and expansion. During maturation water stress induces yield reduction by limiting berry growth; along this phase must composition is also affected. There is a positive, linear relationship between must sugar content and available water; however, no relationship has been found to either total acidity or pH.¬†Biosynthesis of anthocyanins and fruity aromas is enhanced by water deficit. Usually, wines from moderate irrigation treatments scored the highest. There is a general agreement that severe, long water deficits diminish must quality, leaf area, fertility and yield, and it has a negative carryover effect on the next seasons by limiting wood reserves to be used the following seasons.

Download or read book Developmental Changes in the Diurnal Water Budget of the Grape Berry Exposed to Water Deficits written by Mark David Greenspan and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Hierarchy of Factors Impacting Grape Berry Mass at Different Scales and Its Direct and Indirect Effects on Grape and Wine Composition written by Roberta Triolo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Final berry mass is the result of the integrated effect of several factors. They also influence berry composition. The present work was designed to study the simultaneous effect of major factors influencing berry mass and composition, to hierarchize their impact at different scales, to distinguish their direct and indirect effect on berry composition and to compare the profile of wines made from large and small berries. The study was carried out simultaneously on two vineyards located in the Saint Emil ion (France) and Alcamo (Sicily) areas, during 2014 and 2015. On the first site, vines were planted on two soil types, while on the second site two different irrigation treatments were applied. Depending on the scale, some factors homogeneously impacted the berry mass and composition. At the intra-parcel scale, vine water status represented the most impacting factor, while berry seed number did not have significant effect. Opposite results were obtained when the investigation was carried out at the intra-bunch and intra-plant scales. At large scale, factors impacted directly and indirectly berry compounds and grape juices and wines produced from smaller berries were more concentrated. Neither at intra-bunch, nor at intra-plant scales, berry size effect on juice composition was significant. Only anthocyanin concentration was related to berry size at all scales. This fact was particularly obvious in berries produced under limited water conditions. Water deficit increased the skin to flesh ratio, independently of berry size. This means that small and large berries, produced from a single parcel with homogenous water uptake conditions, tend to have similar enological profiles.

Download or read book Grape Berry Cellular Turgor written by Tyler Thomas and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effect of Climate Change on Polyphenols Accumulation in Grapevine written by Rizwan Rafique and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phenolics compounds in grapes contribute to berry and must color, organoleptic properties, nutritional value, antioxidant properties and provide protection against environmental challenges. Climate change has place mammoth challenges for the viticulture industry in different viticulture regions. Environmental variables determine to the greater extent, suitable grapes varieties for fresh as well as premium quality wine production. Grape berry composition is particularly affected by heat, drought, and intensity of solar irradiation. It is expected that climatic extremes will have an adverse effect on berry quality traits such as phenolic compounds in different grape cultivars. Polyphenols particularly anthocyanins decrease at elevated temperature, similarly flavanols levels increase with better exposure to solar radiation. Water availability is crucial for better vine growth and good production, however modest water stress particularly near veraison, upregulates the activity of key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways. Therefore, it is important to know that how and when phenolic substance accumulate in berries and how various cultivars respond. This review elaborates the effect of weather conditions on biosynthesis of different phenolic compounds in grapes. Berry phenolic substances e.g., total phenolic compounds (TPC), total anthocyanins (TAC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) synthesis is strongly regulated under the influence of environmental conditions during growing season. In this chapter we, shall focus on accumulation of phenolic compounds in grapevine in relation to climatic variations.

Download or read book Assessing the Impact of Temperature on Grape Phenolic Metabolism written by Seth D. Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many climatic factors influence grape berry composition including nutrient status, water availability, biotic stress, sun exposure and temperature. Previous research examined the effects of many factors listed above and much progress has been made. It is often difficult, however, to separate effects that typically confound each other, such as sun exposure and temperature. Increasing exposure of a berry to the sun will lead to some degree of heating unless the temperature is otherwise maintained. In this study berry temperatures where manipulated independent of sun exposure, necessarily separating the two effects. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of fruit temperature on the phenolic metabolism of grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot) grown under field conditions with controlled exposure to sunlight. While similar studies have focused on production and accumulation of anthocyanins our primary focus was on proanthocyanidins or 'tannins'. Here we report the effects of modulating daytime and nighttime temperatures as well as damping the diurnal temperature range. Furthermore, research was broken into two phases: berry set to véraison (phase I) and véraison to commercial harvest (phase II). This was to assess the effects of treatments during two discrete phases of berry development characterized by accumulation of distinct phenolic metabolites. Samples collected at véraison indicated that damping the diurnal temperature fluctuation advanced the onset of ripening. Those berries were larger (doubledamped: 0.753±0.015 vs control: 0.512±0.034 g/berry) and more colored than all others. Phenolic material from grape seed and skin was quantified and characterized using three chromatography methods. Proanthocyanidin accumulation at véraison was linearly related to heat summation over the developmental period with nighttime heating yielding the highest concentration and daytime cooling yielding the lowest (night-heat: 1.46±0.13 vs day-cool: 0.97±0.09 mg/berry). Damping the diurnal temperature fluctuation reduced proanthocyanidin mDP (double-damped: 21.8±1.0 vs control: 28.0±1.7). Day-Cooling resulted in an increase in the concentration of flavonols at the end of phase I yet a decrease at the end of phase II. The goal of this work is to provide researchers with additional information regarding climatic factors influencing phenolic biosynthesis and to provide grape growers with tools to better manage their crop.

Download or read book The Impact of Six Deficit Irrigation Regimes on Yield Grape Wine and Sensory Components of Cabernet Sauvignon in 2012 and 2013 written by Constantin Heitkamp and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Six different deficit irrigation regimes with four subsamples each were established in a commercial Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard (Dunnigan Hills AVA) in 2011. This study details the second and third vintage of the experiment (2012/13). Three treatments were maintained at constant leaf water potential targets, notably: a well-watered Control (CTL, -10 bars), the grower control (RHP, -13 bars) and a minimal irrigation (ED-, -14.5 bars). Two more "early deficit" treatments were switched at veraison, namely ED (-14.5/-11 bars) and ED+ (-14.5/>-10 bars). A "late" deficit featured stress exclusively post-veraison (-11/-14.5 bars). Differences in canopy development resulting from water availability were especially apparent in 2012, but the planned remote-sensing/canopy modeling by an academic cooperator did not deliver tangible results. Grapes were harvested when treatments reached a 24 Brix target and analyzed by our industry cooperator. Triplicate fermentations of each treatment were performed at the UC Davis Pilot Winery and resulting wines analyzed again as well as submitted to a full descriptive analysis sensory study. Seasonality presented an overriding effect, with 2012 expressing more extreme examples than 2013. Yields were reduced by up to 60% by deficit treatments in relation to their severity, but partially recovered with late season irrigation (ED+). As previously reported, the number of berries per cluster was a main contributing factor. Grape composition was affected primarily in its polyphenolic content, with increases in total tannin and non-tannin phenols of up to 20% with more extreme and more consistent deficits. ED+ effectively recovered overall yield, but did not significantly differ from the well-watered control with regards to composition. Moreover, ED+ exhibited slow late-season sugar accumulation paired with increasing pH-values. Pyrazines were only registered during the 2012 season and followed the well-documented pattern of number of buds/vine and early season canopy light environment, resulting in LD having the highest (49ppt) and ED+ having the absolute lowest values (18ppt). Wine compositions followed the composition observed in grape, with no apparent indications of extractability differences. Wine color presented the most apparent difference, with RHP, LD and ED- exhibiting greater intensity, but only LD showing a noticeably purple hue. Pyrazines were undetectable in wines. Descriptive Analysis training of 15 judges of diverse demographics produced 13 aroma- and 6 taste/mouthfeel attributes. When assessed by year, wines only differed significantly in astringency and "hot" mouthfeel (2012) or astringency and sour taste (2013), all of which clearly followed the concentrations established by the grape and wine analyses. When analyzing both vintages, a total of 9 attributes returned significant differences mostly driven by seasonality, thus insufficiently characterizing treatment effects other than astringency and alcohol. Future work, as currently already partially underway, should examine deficit irrigation effects across different cultivars while recording specific plant metabolomics measurements or whole-canopy modeling. The quantification of individual anthocyanin- and polyphenol-species may prove helpful in determining extraction and color stabilization patterns. Given the recurrently negligible effect of yield and berry size, viticultural decisions should increasingly be driven by economical considerations supplemented by judgmental winemaking decisions to achieve the desired product.

Download or read book Wine Chemistry and Biochemistry written by M. Victoria Moreno-Arribas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-11-06 with total page 729 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to describe chemical and biochemical aspects of winemaking that are currently being researched. The authors have selected the very best experts for each of the areas. The first part of the book summarizes the most important aspects of winemaking technology and microbiology. The second most extensive part deals with the different groups of compounds, how these are modified during the various steps of the production process, and how they affect the wine quality, sensorial aspects, and physiological activity, etc. The third section describes undesirable alterations of wines, including those affecting quality and food safety. Finally, the treatment of data will be considered, an aspect which has not yet been tackled in any other book on enology. In this chapter, the authors not only explain the tools available for analytical data processing, but also indicate the most appropriate treatment to apply, depending on the information required, illustrating with examples throughout the chapter from enological literature.

Download or read book Sweet Reinforced and Fortified Wines written by Fabio Mencarelli and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-16 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wines from Grape Dehydration is the first of its kind in the field of grape dehydration - the controlled drying process which produces a special group of wines. These types of wine are the most ancient, made in the Mediterranean basin, and are even described in Herodotus. Until few years ago, it was thought that these wines – such as Pedro Ximenez, Tokai, Passito, and Vin Santo – were the result of simple grape drying, because the grapes were left in the sun, or inside greenhouses that had no controls over temperature, relative humidity or ventilation. But Amarone wine, one of the most prized wines in the world, is the first wine in which the drying is a controlled process. This controlled process – grape dehydration – changes the grape at the biochemical level, and involves specialist vine management, postharvest technology and production processes, which are different from the typical wine-making procedure. After a history of grape dehydration, the book is then divided into two sections; scientific and technical. The scientific section approaches the subjects of vineyard management and dehydration technology and how they affect the biochemistry and the quality compounds of grape; as well as vinification practices to preserve primary volatiles compounds and colour of grape. The technical section is devoted to four main classes of wine: Amarone, Passito, Pedro Ximenez, and Tokai. The book then covers sweet wines not made by grape dehydration, and the analytical/sensorial characteristics of the wines. A concluding final chapter addresses the market for these special wines. This book is intended for wineries and wine makers, wine operators, postharvest specialists, vineyard managers/growers, enology/wine students, agriculture/viticulture faculties and course leaders and food processing scientists

Download or read book Water Stress and Crop Plants written by Parvaiz Ahmad and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-06-08 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants are subjected to a variety of abiotic stresses such as drought, temperature, salinity, air pollution, heavy metals, UV radiations, etc. To survive under these harsh conditions plants are equipped with different resistance mechanisms which vary from species to species. Due to the environmental fluctuations agricultural and horticultural crops are often exposed to different environmental stresses leading to decreased yield and problems in the growth and development of the crops. Drought stress has been found to decrease the yield to an alarming rate of some important crops throughout the globe. During last few decades, lots of physiological and molecular works have been conducted under water stress in crop plants. Water Stress and Crop Plants: A Sustainable Approach presents an up-to-date in-depth coverage of drought and flooding stress in plants, including the types, causes and consequences on plant growth and development. It discusses the physiobiochemical, molecular and omic approaches, and responses of crop plants towards water stress. Topics include nutritional stress, oxidative stress, hormonal regulation, transgenic approaches, mitigation of water stress, approaches to sustainability, and modern tools and techniques to alleviate the water stress on crop yields. This practical book offers pragmatic guidance for scientists and researchers in plant biology, and agribusinesses and biotechnology companies dealing with agronomy and environment, to mitigate the negative effects of stress and improve yield under stress. The broad coverage also makes this a valuable guide enabling students to understand the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress in plants.

Download or read book Handbook of Enology Volume 2 written by Pascal Ribéreau-Gayon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-05-01 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Enology Volume 2: The Chemistry of Wine Stabilization and Treatments uniquely combines chemical theory with the descriptions of day-to-day work in the latter stages of winemaking from clarification and stabilization treatments to ageing processes in vats and barrels. The expert authors discuss: Compounds in wine, such as organic acids, carbohydrates, and alcohol. Stabilization and treatments The chemical processes taking effect in bottled wine The information provided helps to achieve better results in winemaking, providing an authoritative and complete reference manual for both the winemaker and the student.