Download or read book The Hama Massacre Reasons Supporters of the Rebellion Consequences written by Kathrin Nina Wiedl and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2007-08 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This paper analyses the backgrounds and consequences of the Hama massacre, an uprising of mainly Muslim rebels in Syria in 1982, which was brutally crashed down by Syrian government forces. It examines the interests of the different national, regional and international groups supporting the revolt, such as Islamic fundamentalists, other Arab states and anti-Soviet interests of the West in the Middle East. A special emphasis is put on the role of West Germany and the Syrian Brotherhood in Germany."--Amazon.com.
Download or read book The Hama Massacre reasons supporters of the rebellion consequences written by Kathrin Nina Wiedl and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2006-11-10 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Politics - Region: Near East, Near Orient, grade: 1, Ben Gurion University (Middle East Sciences), course: Israel and Arabs - between war and peace, language: English, abstract: In February 1982, the Syrian city of Hama became well-known worldwide as the place of the “Hama massacre”. After a large and long-planned uprising of Muslim rebels against Asad and the Ba’th party, mainly organised by the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, Syrian government forces crushed the rebellion with brutal force. An estimated number of 20.000 to 40.000 citizens were killed by Syrian army units under the control of General Ali Haydar, 15.000 missing persons have not been found until today. This incident evoked heavy condemnation of the so-called 'pro-Moscow military regime' of Asad in the German press. It was accused of “beeing one of the bloodiest regimes in the Middle East, shaken from fear of espionage and with pro-soviet declarations and refusal of any peace policy overbidding itself every day anew.” (Ranke, P.M., „Nur noch mit Gewalt“, Die Welt, 12.2.1982). The Asad regime was portrayed in West German newspapers in exactly the same way as in the writings of the Muslim Brotherhood, as a sectarian minority regime, and little distinction was made between the goals of the Brotherhood and the goals of the Syrian people in general. This paper analyses the reasons, supporters and consequences of the Hama massacre, focussing on the triangle between Asad, the Muslim Brotherhood and West Germany. I will analyse, why the Muslim Brotherhood in exile acted mainly from West Germany in its fight against Asad, and why West Germany supported or tolerated those actions. I will furthermore analyse the interests of different groups and countries, internal, regional and international, involved in the Hama incident – and elaborate why they were interested in a destabilisation of Syria. On a global level, I will consider the Hama incident in terms of cold war and the involvement of the Superpowers USA and USSR in the Middle East in the early 1980s.
Download or read book The Scourge of Genocide written by Adam Jones and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-06-26 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Scourge of Genocide collects essays, reviews, and reportage on the subjects of genocide and crimes against humanity by Adam Jones, recently selected as one of "Fifty Key Thinkers on the Holocaust and Genocide." The volume includes a number of previously-unpublished essays, and explores a range of debates and approaches in comparative genocide studies, such as: Genocide, pedagogy, and visual representation. Gender and "gendercide." The role of media and communications in genocide. The historiography of genocide studies. "Subaltern genocide," or genocides by the oppressed. Strategies of genocide prevention and intervention. Covering a broad spectrum of theoretical perspectives, as well as case studies from the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Guatemala, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Israel/Palestine, this book is essential reading for all scholars and students of genocide studies, political violence, and international relations.
Download or read book The Ashgate Research Companion to Political Violence written by Marie Breen-Smyth and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-23 with total page 623 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aimed at scholars, students and lay persons interested in peace and conflict studies, The Ashgate Research Companion to Political Violence is a comprehensive resource to understand the principal debates on political violence, a field which is becoming an increasingly important part of courses on peace and conflict. Organized into seven main sections, this volume deals with a wide range of issues covering the following important research areas: · Issues of definition and nomenclature and how contests over these relate to political violence. · Theoretical frameworks and methods for understanding and researching political violence. · Motivations and goals of those who use political violence. · The various forms of political violence. · Perspectives on countering political violence, by state and non-state actors. · Why and how political violence ends. · The aftermath of political violence. Contributions by leading scholars in the field provide an authoritative guide and source book on political violence for the scholar, the researcher and the informed general reader.
Download or read book The Routledge History of Terrorism written by Randall D. Law and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-03-27 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though the history of terrorism stretches back to the ancient world, today it is often understood as a recent development. Comprehensive enough to serve as a survey for students or newcomers to the field, yet with enough depth to engage the specialist, The Routledge History of Terrorism is the first single-volume authoritative reference text to place terrorism firmly into its historical context. Terrorism is a transnational phenomenon with a convoluted history that defies easy periodization and narrative treatment. Over the course of 32 chapters, experts in the field analyze its historical significance and explore how and why terrorism emerged as a set of distinct strategies, tactics, and mindsets across time and space. Chapters address not only familiar topics such as the Northern Irish Troubles, the Palestine Liberation Organization, international terrorism, and the rise of al-Qaeda, but also lesser-explored issues such as: American racial terrorism state terror and terrorism in the Middle Ages tyrannicide from Ancient Greece and Rome to the seventeenth century the roots of Islamist violence the urban guerrilla, terrorism, and state terror in Latin America literary treatments of terrorism. With an introduction by the editor explaining the book’s rationale and organization, as well as a guide to the definition of terrorism, an historiographical chapter analysing the historical approach to terrorism studies, and an eight-chapter section that explores critical themes in the history of terrorism, this book is essential reading for all those interested in the past, present, and future of terrorism.
Download or read book Sa udi Policies towards Migrants and Refugees written by Joseph A. Kéchichian and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-22 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Sacred Duty sets out the Kingdom's policy toward the global issue of migrants and refugees, with special emphasis directed toward Muslim societies. Discussion focuses on refugee communities currently living in Saudi Arabia, some of which migrated due to war, forced displacement, environmental catastrophe, and economic hardship. Some migrants have come from bordering countries such as Iraq and Yemen; others reached the Arabian Peninsula from Africa and Asia. All have been welcomed and cared for, though settlement conditions, repatriation and deportation circumstances were not always ideal. Inevitably, and mirroring experience elsewhere in the world, there are undeniable gulfs between policies and practices. Policy shortcomings are measured against the substantive assistance planks that Riyadh espouses, including providing financial aid to refugees in third countries, over and above United Nations appeals. These acts are done without prejudice and mostly without publicity. Aid to the needy is justified by religious obligations, as well as on humanitarian grounds. Saudi Arabia's aid contributions have generally been either overlooked or dismissed, and the religious foundations of their commitment to displaced populations has been negatively contrasted against human-rights based commitments espoused by Western states and institutions. Sa'udi Policies Towards Migrants and Refugees addresses these concerns, filling a key gap in the literature on a vital policy topic. The book refutes notions that the country discourages open research on sensitive topics and further dispels the prejudiced idea of a society closed to any kind of external influence. Saudi Arabia's granting of hospitality to refugees reinforces historic, tribal and universal norms in contrast to misplaced notions of hostility toward Western standards, which in the case of migrants and refugees has seen the application of confused and alarming standards of behaviour by a plethora of Western states. Published in conjunction with the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies (KFCRIS).
Download or read book Culture Diaspora and Modernity in Muslim Writing written by Rehana Ahmed and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-08-21 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fiction by writers of Muslim background forms one of the most diverse, vibrant and high-profile corpora of work being produced today - from the trail-blazing writing of Salman Rushdie and Hanif Kureishi, which challenged political and racial orthodoxies in the 1980s, to that of a new generation including Mohsin Hamid, Nadeem Aslam and Kamila Shamsie. This collection reflects the variety of those fictions. Experts in English, South Asian, and postcolonial literatures address the nature of Muslim identity: its response to political realignments since the 1980s, its tensions between religious and secular models of citizenship, and its manifestation of these tensions as conflict between generations. In considering the perceptions of Muslims, contributors also explore the roles of immigration, class, gender, and national identity, as well as the impact of 9/11. This volume includes essays on contemporary fiction by writers of Muslim origin and non-Muslims writing about Muslims. It aims to push beyond the habitual populist 'framing' of Muslims as strangers or interlopers whose ways and beliefs are at odds with those of modernity, exposing the hide-bound, conservative assumptions that underpin such perspectives. While returning to themes that are of particular significance to diasporic Muslim cultures, such as secularism, modernity, multiculturalism and citizenship, the essays reveal that 'Muslim writing' grapples with the same big questions as serve to exercise all writers and intellectuals at the present time: How does one reconcile the impulses of the individual with the requirements of community? How can one 'belong' in the modern world? What is the role of art in making sense of chaotic contemporary experience?
Download or read book Information Technology for Peace and Security written by Christian Reuter and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Syria written by Munzer Eid Alzamalkani and published by Grosvenor House Publishing. This book was released on 2024-02-08 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to provide missing details of the Syrian revolution in 2011, and to clear up the prevailing misconception about the war in Syria. I offer in this book a different approach to observing the Syrian revolution by dividing it into phases, and using more precise terms. Thus I have divided the Syrian revolution into three phases:1) Revolution from below, where popular and peaceful uprising was the mainstream character of the Syrian revolution; 2) Internal war, where mutual violence was spread formally and nationally after the formation of the Free Syrian Army (FSA); 3) Holy war (Jihad), where most revolutionaries have turned into national Jihadists accompanied with the arrival of global Jihadists to Syria to fight the Assad regime, and to establish the Islamic State (Caliphate). Furthermore, the rising and elapse of ISIS is investigated comprehensively in this book. I use the term internal war rather than civil war in order to be more specific in analyzing the war in Syria. Also, the international relations of the Syrian revolution occupies considerable part of this book. The behavior of states and sub-state actors regionally and internationally, and the stance of the international organizations towards the Syrian revolution are critically examined. In addition, the massacres and war crimes which have been committed by Bashar Assad, Iran, and their militias against the people in Syria are well documented in this book.
Download or read book The Rule of Violence written by Salwa Ismail and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-23 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an original analysis of the routine and spectacular forms of violence deployed by the Asad regime in Syria over the last four decades.
Download or read book The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria written by Dara Conduit and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-08 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A look at the history of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria, examining why the group failed to capitalise on its political advantage during the Syrian uprising and civil war.
Download or read book Ashes of Hama written by Raphael Lefevre and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the convulsions of the Arab Spring first became manifest in Syria in March 2011, the Ba'athist regime was quick to blame the protests on the "Syrian Muslim Brotherhood" and its "al-Qaeda affiliates." But who are these Islamists so determined to rule a post-Assad Syria? Little has been published on militant Islam in Syria since Hafez Assad's regime destroyed the Islamist movement in its stronghold of Hama in February 1982. This book bridges that gap by providing readers with the first comprehensive account of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood's history to date. In this ground-breaking account of Syria's most prominent, yet highly secretive, Islamist organisation, the author draws on previously untapped sources: the memoirs of former Syrian jihadists; British and American archives; and also a series of wide-ranging interviews with the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood's historical leaders as well as those who battled against them--many speaking on the record for the first time. Ashes of Hama uncovers the major aspects of the Islamist struggle: from the Brotherhood's radicalisation and its "jihad" against the Ba'athist regime and subsequent exile, to a spectacular comeback at the forefront of the Syrian revolution in 2011--a remarkable turnaround for an Islamist movement which all analysts had pronounced dead amid the ruins of Hama in 1982.
Download or read book The History of Terrorism written by Gérard Chaliand and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in English in 2007 under title: The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda.
Download or read book Syrian Requiem written by Itamar Rabinovich and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-20 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Syrian crisis is not over yet but the period of full-fledged civil war in that country appears to be drawing to a close, and it is now possible to view this calamity with some perspective. This short book will address the following questions about the conflict: How and why did quiet demonstrations in Southern Syria develop into a brutal civil war? Why did the political opposition to the regime of Bashar al-Assad remain weak and divided? How did radical Jihadi Islamists take over the main military opposition to the Syrian regime? How did the Syrian conflict become a main arena of the Saudi-Iranian regional rivalry? What explains the ambivalent Western attitude towards the Syrian rebellion? How did US policy under the Obama administration evolve and why did both Obama and Trump decide not to make a major investment in it? How stable is the status quo? And how could the conflict re-erupt in a different form? According to Rabinovitch, the Syrian regime and its supporters (including the Russians and the Iranians) have indeed emerged as victors, but it's a limited victory at best. The Syrian state under Assad controls only about 60 percent of the national territory and the potential for renewed violence is considerable. Assad's continued survival has come at the cost of deep dependency on Iran and Russia; his is now, arguably, a vassal state. This means that the country will remain in crisis for the foreseeable future, even if the full-scale civil war phase has come to an end. In his last chapter, Rabinovich will recommend policy options for the U.S"--
Download or read book Understanding Political Islam written by François Burgat and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2019-12-20 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding Political Islam retraces the human and intellectual development that led François Burgat to a very firm conviction: that the roots of the tensions that afflict the Western world’s relationship with the Muslim world are political rather than ideological. In his compelling account of the interactions between personal life-history and professional research trajectories, Burgat examines how the rise of political Islam has been expressed: first in the Arab world, then in its interactions with European and Western societies. An essential continuation of his work on Islamism, Burgat’s unique field research and ‘political trespassing’ marks an overdue challenge to the academic mainstream.
Download or read book The Syrian War written by Hili Mudriḳ-Even Ḥen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-09 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique collaboration providing an analysis of the conflict in Syria, focusing on the integration between legal and political studies.
Download or read book Weapon of Peace written by Nilay Saiya and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-23 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows that attempts to repress religion produce the very violent religious extremism that states seek to avoid.
