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Book The Giant Book of Influential Women

Download or read book The Giant Book of Influential Women written by Deborah Felder and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Giant Book of Influential Women

Download or read book The Giant Book of Influential Women written by Deborah G. Felder and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Giant Book of Dog Names

    Book Details:
  • Author : Laurie Bogart Morrow
  • Publisher : Simon and Schuster
  • Release : 2012-10-09
  • ISBN : 1451666918
  • Pages : 490 pages

Download or read book The Giant Book of Dog Names written by Laurie Bogart Morrow and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-10-09 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive dog-naming guide with more than 5,000 names—sorted by color, breed, theme, and many other categories—including adorable dog photos! THE BOOK THAT TAKES YOU BEYOND REX AND FIDO! Everywhere you turn, you’ll find another baby name book. But do you really want to call your dog Emma or Ethan? If you’re a dog lover, you know that naming your dog should be truly meaningful and memorable. With over 5,000 names to choose from, only this book makes it easy to find a distinctive name for the unique dog who will share your life and home. Just some of the special features of The Giant Book of Dog Names include: Listings from Aaron to Mocha to Zulu Breed-specific names, such as Chic for a Poodle or Tundra for a Husky Suggestions for dogs of every color, from Banana to Crystal to Raven Names for rescue dogs, such as Lava and Freeway The fascinating meanings of names drawn from cultures that range from African to Vietnamese as well as European Also look for stories featuring history’s forgotten dogs, such as: Judy, the English Pointer who was the only canine POW of the Japanese Suening, whose royal owner had him sign official decrees with a paw print YOU’RE PICKING A ONE-OF-A-KIND DOG. CHOOSE A ONE-OF-A-KIND NAME.

Book They Dared to Dream

    Book Details:
  • Author : Doris Weatherford
  • Publisher : University Press of Florida
  • Release : 2015-05-26
  • ISBN : 081305933X
  • Pages : 433 pages

Download or read book They Dared to Dream written by Doris Weatherford and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2015-05-26 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Well-crafted and in-depth, They Dared to Dream has moved women, their experiences, and their contributions to the forefront of Florida's history and heritage. This is a long-overdue and much-needed turning point in understanding our state's past and present."--Canter Brown Jr., coeditor of The Varieties of Women's Experiences "Represents a leap forward in the study of Florida history. Weatherford has done an outstanding job of researching and writing about Florida women, from paupers to queens, elevating their status to a level of equality within the overall story of Florida."--Rodney Kite-Powell, Saunders Foundation Curator of History at the Tampa Bay History Center and editor of Tampa Bay History "Exhaustively researched, well written, and engaging, They Dared to Dream breaks new ground in the study of Florida. Doris Weatherford's ambitious history of women in Florida will be widely read and discussed. From Princess Ulele to Alex Sink, from the role of criollas in Colonial St. Augustine to the struggles of women in the twenty-first century, Weatherford chronicles their lives in the Sunshine State."--Gary Mormino, author of Land of Sunshine, State of Dreams In this extensive portrayal of Florida's guiding matriarchs, Doris Weatherford highlights the myriad contributions women have made throughout Florida's history. From the select few who traveled with Ponce de Leon to the state's first female mayor Marion H. O’Brien, Weatherford sheds light on the roles these pioneering women played in the shaping of the Sunshine State. They Dared to Dream reveals the lifestyles and achievements of women throughout landmark moments in history, including Native civilizations before the arrival of European colonists; early Spanish, British, and French exploration, the Civil War era, Reconstruction, the early twentieth century, and the population explosions post-World War II. Featuring often-celebrated personalities--including Mary Martha Reid, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton--alongside the lesser-known lives of Princess Murat, lighthouse keeper Barbara Mabrity, Florida Memorial College founder Sarah Ann Blocker, and others--this pivotal examination of Florida's female agents of change draws attention to women's instrumental roles in the historical events that defined the Sunshine State. From prehistoric times to the space age, the female half of the population has made giant, but too often unacknowledged, contributions to Florida history. Countless women have overcome great obstacles and yet are often left out of historical accounts. They Dared to Dream aims to fill in some of these gaps by celebrating the many successes women have made. Because without women, there is no history--nor any future. Doris Weatherford is the author of A History of the American Suffragist Movement and other reference guides on American women’s history. The Florida Commission on the Status of Women Foundation, Inc., is dedicated to empowering women and girls in our state by supporting educational, entrepreneurial and self sufficiency programs and initiatives through grants, mentoring, and other opportunities. The FCSW Foundation supports the work and programs of the Florida Commission on the Status of Women, including the Florida Women's Hall of Fame. The Florida Commission on the Status of Women Foundation, Inc. dedicates this book to: the women of the past who struggled to achieve gender equality and showed the path, the women of the present who continue with the same goal, and the women of the future who will carry the baton and make us proud.--Dr. Mona Jain Acknowledgments, by the Florida Commission on the Status of Women Foundation, Inc The Florida women’s history book project could not have been completed without the cooperation and support of many people. To thank all of them who made it possible would be nearly impossible. We would, however, like to express our sincere appreciation to those who have helped take this endeavor "from dream to reality." First and foremost, we are indebted forever to our nine founding members as well as to the generous donors to the History Book Project. Next, our thanks go to the charter members: Nancy Acevedo, Claudia Kirk Barto, Susanne Hebert, Laura McLeod, Dr. Jeanne O’Kon, Laurie Pizzo, Blanca Bichara, Dr. Mona Jain, Carrie Lee, and Kathleen Passidomo, Esq., who freely gave their time and talents. Our heartfelt thanks to Kelly Sciba and Michele Manning, who spent many, many hours of their own time to see that the project was moving forward smoothly. Special mention is also made here for the assistance given by Kimberly Mehr and Veronica Vasquez. We gratefully acknowledge Doris Weatherford for writing this comprehensive Florida women’s history book. We are also grateful to the University Press of Florida for publishing the book as well as for valuable editorial help and comments. Our special thanks to each and every one who played a part in discovering the stories behind the women that makes them unique and trailblazers. These notable women have created history. We are also thankful to many women and men for their well wishes and encouragement in order to fill a void in the history of the Sunshine State. Together we empower each other. Last but not least the foundation members offer our deepest sense of appreciation to our families for believing in us as well as for their unwavering moral support. To all others we have omitted inadvertently, please accept our sincere apologies and thanks. According to the old saying, "To err is human and to forgive is divine." Florida Commission on the Status of Women Foundation, Inc. Founding Members, "Visionaries" Blanca C. Bichara, Miami Cheryl Holley, Tampa Dr. Anila Jain, Bradenton-Sarasota Dr. Mona Jain, Bradenton-Sarasota Carrie E. Lee, Gainesville Marie Flore Lindor-Latortue, Miami Janet Mabry, Gulf Breeze Representative Kathleen Passidomo, Esq., Naples Debbie Sembler, Pinellas Park Donors, from "Vision" to "Reality" This Florida Women’s History Book Project has been made possible due to the generosity of the following: Hawa Allarakhia, Bradenton Blanca C. and Ricardo Bichara, Miami Eugenia Price Joyce Blackburn Foundation Brighthouse Networks of Manatee County for Rose Carlson, Bradenton Leah Brown, Bradenton Betty Chambliss, Bradenton LaDonna Cloud, Sarasota Community Foundation of Tampa Bay for Alex Sink, CFO Representative Faye Culp, Tampa Lynn and Dr. Arthur Guilford, Sarasota Gini Hyman, Sarasota Dr. Mona and Kailash Jain, Bradenton-Sarasota Kappa Delta Foundation, Inc. for Dr. Anila Jain, Chair, Bradenton-Sarasota Carrie E. and Dennis Lee, Gainesville Manatee and Sarasota Commissions on the Status of Women Miami-Dade Commission for Women Dorothy Middleton, Bradenton JoAnn Morgan, Melbourne Representative Kathleen Passidomo, Esq., Naples Mary Runnells, Bradenton Linda Simmons, Tampa St. Petersburg Times Fund (Lynda Keever) Mariamma and Dr. George Thomas, Bradenton University of South Florida for Dr. Judy Genshaft, President Amy VanDell, Bradenton Anne Voss, Tampa Renee Warmak, Tampa Senator Marlene Woodson-Howard, Bradenton

Book The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time

Download or read book The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time written by Kathleen Kuiper Manager, Arts and Culture and published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. This book was released on 2009-12-20 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents short biographies of the one hundred most influential women throughout history, including Cleopatra, Joan of Arc, Elizabeth I, Indira Ghandi, and Hillary Clinton.

Book The Greatest Women in History

Download or read book The Greatest Women in History written by Catherine Curran and published by . This book was released on 2019-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science, engineering, activism, poetry, politics and physics. Women of all ages, and from all over the world, have excelled in these fields, and so many more, despite the barriers they've had to overcome. This book is a celebration of just some of the inspirational women who put their mark on the world we live in, and reveals the stories, accomplishments and adventures of many brilliant women from throughout history. Get to know the political trailblazers who achieved greatness through underground resistance or sheer determination. Understand the amount of talent and hard work it takes to excel in mathematics and the sciences. Meet the women who exploded into the world of art and redefined it, and discover the stories of the queens who defied expectations and ushered in golden ages. From Cleopatra, Mary Wollstonecraft and Florence Nightingale to Harriet Tubman, Frida Kahlo and Malala Yousafzai, learn of their achievements, backgrounds, characters and the little-known details that make them even more remarkable.

Book Leading Women

Download or read book Leading Women written by Nancy D O'Reilly and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2014-11-07 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now is the time... Stop waiting around for the career--and life--that you deserve and start taking the reins! Leading Women shows you how to claim power and respect, conquer your internal barriers, and change the world by helping other women do the same. Featuring stories from twenty nationally acclaimed female leaders, this empowering guide offers real-life advice for breaking free of the predetermined roles in the business world and life. Powerful women such as New York Times bestselling author Marci Shimoff, advocacy leader Gloria Feldt, and Emmy-winning television host Aurea McGarry describe what it's like to go beyond their comfort zones, hold their own in a male-dominated environment, and take control of the situations that keep many women from achieving their goals. From corporate coach Lois Frankel's key ways to becoming a natural and necessary leader to bestselling author M. Bridget Cook-Burch's struggles after years of abuse, their insight will help you embrace your purpose, seize important opportunities, and overcome any obstacle that comes your way. With the guidance of these influential, resourceful leaders, you'll maximize your personal power, exceed your business goals, and establish a network designed to support and celebrate your fellow women. Contributors include: Kristin Andress, Cheryl Benton, Claire Damken Brown, PhD, M. Bridget Cook-Burch, Vivian Diller, PhD, Gloria Feldt, Lois P. Frankel, PhD, Joanna L. Krotz, Aurea McGarry, Lisa Mininni, Shirley Osbourne, Lois Phillips, PhD, Birute Regine, PhD, Linda Rendleman, Marcia Reynolds, PhD, Marci Shimoff, Rebecca Tinsley, Sandra Ford Walston, Michele Willens, and Janet Rose Wojtalik, EdD

Book Hey Sky  I m on My Way

    Book Details:
  • Author : Dan Calhoun
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 2017-03-27
  • ISBN : 9780997694390
  • Pages : 132 pages

Download or read book Hey Sky I m on My Way written by Dan Calhoun and published by . This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hey Sky, I'm On My Way is a book featuring influential women throughout history. In this illustrated book artist Ilu Ros takes readers on a journey spanning several centuries. From human rights activists to artists, and from scientists to some of the world's greatest explorers and risk takers, Ilu Ros shares the great women who inspire her.

Book World famous Women

    Book Details:
  • Author : Frank Boott Goodrich
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 1871
  • ISBN :
  • Pages : 506 pages

Download or read book World famous Women written by Frank Boott Goodrich and published by . This book was released on 1871 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Three Musketeers

    Book Details:
  • Author : Debbie Felder
  • Publisher : Random House Books for Young Readers
  • Release : 1994-08-16
  • ISBN : 0679860177
  • Pages : 113 pages

Download or read book The Three Musketeers written by Debbie Felder and published by Random House Books for Young Readers. This book was released on 1994-08-16 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It's "one for all and all for one!" as D'Artagnan and his three pals follow a course of swashbuckling intrigue and adventure in 17th-centry France.

Book Yale Needs Women

    Book Details:
  • Author : Anne Gardiner Perkins
  • Publisher : Sourcebooks, Inc.
  • Release : 2019-09-10
  • ISBN : 1492687758
  • Pages : 384 pages

Download or read book Yale Needs Women written by Anne Gardiner Perkins and published by Sourcebooks, Inc.. This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WINNER OF THE 2020 CONNECTICUT BOOK AWARD FOR NONFICTION AND NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS FOR BOOK CLUBS IN 2021 BY BOOKBROWSE "Perkins makes the story of these early and unwitting feminist pioneers come alive against the backdrop of the contemporaneous civil rights and anti-war movements of the 1970s, and offers observations that remain eerily relevant on U.S. campuses today."—Edward B. Fiske, bestselling author of Fiske Guide to Colleges "If Yale was going to keep its standing as one of the top two or three colleges in the nation, the availability of women was an amenity it could no longer do without." In the winter of 1969, from big cities to small towns, young women across the country sent in applications to Yale University for the first time. The Ivy League institution dedicated to graduating "one thousand male leaders" each year had finally decided to open its doors to the nation's top female students. The landmark decision was a huge step forward for women's equality in education. Or was it? The experience the first undergraduate women found when they stepped onto Yale's imposing campus was not the same one their male peers enjoyed. Isolated from one another, singled out as oddities and sexual objects, and barred from many of the privileges an elite education was supposed to offer, many of the first girls found themselves immersed in an overwhelmingly male culture they were unprepared to face. Yale Needs Women is the story of how these young women fought against the backward-leaning traditions of a centuries-old institution and created the opportunities that would carry them into the future. Anne Gardiner Perkins's unflinching account of a group of young women striving for change is an inspiring story of strength, resilience, and courage that continues to resonate today.

Book The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time

Download or read book The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time written by Deborah G. Felder and published by Citadel Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, revised and updated, presents a selection of one hundred women who have made a profound contribution to society, culture, and selfhood.

Book Breaking the Glass Ceiling   Influential Women in Business

Download or read book Breaking the Glass Ceiling Influential Women in Business written by Marife Mendez D.B.A. and published by . This book was released on 2015-11-05 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is filled with inspiring examples of women who rose up, in spite of overwhelming odds, to take their chosen careers by storm. Throughout history, women have been shut out of the world of business. The women you meet in Breaking The Glass Ceiling overcame that inequity. As you will see, the women in this book have many talents but the one thing they share in common is having the guts, the grit, and the willingness to gamble their limited financial resources for a chance to bet against the odds and in favor of their own capabilities. The inspirational stories, lessons, and advice in this book can help you maximize your resources - your attitude, your time, your money, your skills, and your unique talents. Through their stories, you will be inspired to overcome your own odds and turn whatever cards you have been dealt into a winning hand. Purchasing and reading Breaking The Glass Ceiling is an investment in your own potential. Use this book to begin or enrich your library of inspirational stories about amazing women who refused to "fold" but decided to go "all in" and take the business world by storm.

Book The Giant and How He Humbugged America

Download or read book The Giant and How He Humbugged America written by Jim Murphy and published by Scholastic Inc.. This book was released on 2013-02-01 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When a 10-foot tall purported "petrified man" is unearthed from a backyard in upstate New York in 1869, the discovery immediately turns into a spectacle of epic proportions. News of the giant spreads like wildfire, and well over a thousand people come to view him in the first five days alone!Everyone has their own idea of his true origin: Is he an ancient member of the local Onandaga Indian tribe? Is he a biblical giant like Goliath? Soon the interests of world-renowned scientists and people from around the globe are piqued as arguments flare over who he is, where he came from, and if he is real--or just a hoax. In a riveting account of how the Cardiff Giant mystery snowballed into one of America’s biggest money-making spectacles--and scams--Jim Murphy masterfully explores the power of 19th-century media and the unexpected ripple effect that a single corrupt mastermind can produce when given a stage.

Book How to Be Like Women of Influence

Download or read book How to Be Like Women of Influence written by Pat Williams and published by Health Communications Incorporated. This book was released on 2003-09-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What do Oprah Winfrey, Sandra Day O'Connor, Margaret Thatcher, Marie Curie and Sojourner Truth have in common? Not only are they some of the world's most influential women, their life lessons are now revealed in the latest book by Pat Williams. Williams blends the personal accounts of each influential woman with the contemporary and historical insights of others, what emerges is an intimate portrait of each great person—her motivations, her aspirations, her personal challenges and the qualities that made her so successful at her calling. An added bonus is life lessons at the end of each chapter, which provide remarkable motivation for women who are blazing a new career trail, building a strong family or struggling to "have it all". This exceptional book highlights a diverse group of women, from activists, businesswomen and humanitarians to athletes, explorers and scientists—it will appeal to any reader regardless of age, occupation or creative pursuits. Profiles of women of influence include: Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, Mary Kay Ash, Helen Keller, Anne Frank, Amelia Earhart and others. This is not a history book—it is a perfect blueprint for creating a successful life.

Book The Most Influential Women in History  Over 100 Memoirs   Biographies

Download or read book The Most Influential Women in History Over 100 Memoirs Biographies written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and published by e-artnow. This book was released on 2020-10-14 with total page 4407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: e-artnow presents to you this meticulously edited collection of memoirs, biographies and stories about the most incredible women in history, their lives and their legacies:_x000D_ Eighty Years and More by Elizabeth Cady Stanton_x000D_ Helen Keller: The Story of My Life_x000D_ Harriet Tubman, the Moses of Her People_x000D_ Reminiscences by Julia Ward Howe_x000D_ My Own Story by Emmeline Pankhurst_x000D_ The Autobiography of Mother Jones _x000D_ Sweeper in the Sky: The Life of Maria Mitchell_x000D_ Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography_x000D_ The Life of Florence Nightingale _x000D_ The Grimké Sisters_x000D_ Roswitha the Nun_x000D_ Marie de France_x000D_ Mechthild of Magdeburg_x000D_ Countess of Artois_x000D_ Christine de Pisan_x000D_ Agnes Sorel_x000D_ Alcestis_x000D_ Antigone_x000D_ Iphigenia_x000D_ Paula_x000D_ Catherine Douglas_x000D_ Lady Jane Grey_x000D_ Flora Macdonald_x000D_ Madame Roland_x000D_ Grace Darling_x000D_ Sister Dora_x000D_ Florence Nightingale_x000D_ Lucretia_x000D_ Sappho_x000D_ Aspasia of Pericles_x000D_ Xantippe_x000D_ Aspasia of Cyrus_x000D_ Cornelia, the Mother of the Gracchi_x000D_ Portia_x000D_ Octavia_x000D_ Cleopatra_x000D_ Mariamne_x000D_ Julia Domna_x000D_ Zenobia_x000D_ Valeria_x000D_ Eudocia_x000D_ Hypatia_x000D_ The Wife of Maximus_x000D_ The Lady Rowena_x000D_ Olga_x000D_ The Lady Elfrida_x000D_ The Countess of Tripoli_x000D_ Jane, Countess of Mountfort_x000D_ Laura de Sade_x000D_ The Countess of Richmond_x000D_ Elizabeth Woodville_x000D_ Jane Shore_x000D_ Catharine of Arragon_x000D_ Augustina Saragoza_x000D_ Charlotte Brontë…_x000D_ Marie Antoinette_x000D_ Sarah Siddons_x000D_ Mrs Grant_x000D_ Elizabeth Inchbald_x000D_ Elizabeth Hamilton_x000D_ Countess de Vemieiro_x000D_ Joanna Baillie_x000D_ Josephine_x000D_ Anne Radcliffe_x000D_ Miss Edgeworth_x000D_ Charlotte Corday_x000D_ Madame de Stael_x000D_ Madame de la Rochejaquelein_x000D_ Madame Recamier_x000D_ Mary Brunton_x000D_ Felicia Hemans_x000D_ Augustina Saragoza_x000D_ Charlotte Bronte_x000D_ Queen Anne_x000D_ Esther Johnson_x000D_ Esther Vanhomrigh_x000D_ Mary Astell_x000D_ Madame des Ursins_x000D_ Lady Grizel Jerviswoode_x000D_ Madame de Pontchartrain_x000D_ Elizabeth Halkett_x000D_ Lady Mary Wortley Montagu_x000D_ Madame du Deffand_x000D_ Phœbe Bentley_x000D_ Marquise du Chatelet_x000D_ Lady Huntingdon_x000D_ Flora Macdonald_x000D_ Madame Roland_x000D_ Grace Darling_x000D_ Sister Dora_x000D_ Maria Theresa_x000D_ Meta Moller_x000D_ Elizabeth Blackwell_x000D_ Lætitia Barbauld_x000D_ Hannah More_x000D_ Anna Seward_x000D_ Catherine Cockburn_x000D_ Elizabeth Berkeleigh...

Book Women of the Last Millennium

Download or read book Women of the Last Millennium written by Arther Trace and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to call attention to the most famous women who lived---and died---during the last millennium. There are actually thousands and thousands of women during this long period who have a serious claim to being famous, and as a result there may seem to be a certain arbitrariness in the choices of the 234 women whose biographies appear here. It is to be hoped, however, that there will be a general agreement that least upwards of 80 percent of those chosen in this study deserve to be regarded as the most famous. This book makes no claim to "discover" women whose achievements hav not hitherto been properly recognized, for the women's movement has already done much to assure that they have; rather it is just the opposite: to call attention to the contributions of the most famous women who have already established a wide reputation through their achievement, in virtually all of the major fields of endeavor. The book is therefore not intended to be either politically correct or politically incorrect. Rather it presents short biographies of truly famous women of Western civilization in chronological order beginning with the 11th century. A biographical study of this sort tells a great deal about the progress that women have made---and not made---over the past millennium in most of the major areas of achievement. It shows particularly the impact that the gradually expanding education of women has had on the history of Western culture. Even based upon the biographies of so few famous women as appear in this study, it is possible to make some valid observations about the history of their achievements. One may note, for example, that in the early centuries of the millennium most of the famous women were either religious or political figures, or occasionally both, though the same may likewise be said of famous men, because cultural contributions were necessarily limited by the very nature of the times, for both men and women. Many women became saints, just as many men did, though only a few of the influential women saints are represented here. Some influential women religious figures who did not become saints were sometimes charged with being frauds or even witches, as this study shows. One may observe too that among women political figures some wielded enormous power, even during the Middle Ages, at a time when there were no democracies but a plethora of monarchies. Famous women who came to achieve great political power sometimes inherited it, but they were also often queen-consorts of kings who were themselves weak or absent, or occasionally even insane. Women sometimes made their political power felt also through their sons, who often became kings or other men of power but remained under their mothers' influence. Women during these early centuries sometimes achieved power through multiple marriages, which were usually politically arranged. Some had the power of acquiring or giving away large sections of land, of hiring and firing ministers, of declaring war, of achieving peace, of reforming governments, and some, beginning in the 15th and 16th centuries, made many cultural contributions by building buildings and encouraging the arts. Some of them, however, in the end, as this study will show, bec ame so caught up in political intrigue that they suffered as a result of their power by being banished or sent to a nunnery or becoming impoverished, and some were even executed. Some of the women who held power in the early centuries of the millennium ruled over large sections of Italy and France. When they were not the power behind the throne, they were sometimes on the throne. Almost half of 16th century England, for example, was ruled by two women, Mary I and Elizabeth I. Four empresses were rulers in 18th century Rusia, one of them