Download or read book The Genetics of Thermal Plasticity in Plantago Lanceolata written by Matthew Michael Marshall and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Phenotypic plasticity, an individual's phenotypic response to environmental change, is a fundamental characteristic of all life on earth. Phenotypic plasticity plays a central role in adaptation, phenotypic differentiation, and speciation. Temperature-sensitive phenotypic plasticity, i.e. thermal plasticity, often increases with latitude, suggesting an increasingly adaptive role of thermal plasticity in predominantly cool, thermally variable environments. Whereas the hypothesis is reasonable, it has not been thoroughly tested. Demonstrating local adaptation of thermal plasticity requires showing that: 1) thermal plasticity increases fitness in high latitude environments, 2) clinal variation arises from natural selection, and not by chance alone, 3) differences in thermal plasticity persist in the presence of gene flow, 4) thermal plasticity is inherited from parents to offspring, 5) thermal plasticity varies genetically along a latitudinal gradient, and 6) thermal plasticity is a derived phylogenetic character. Today, little is known about the genetic properties of thermal plasticity. I took advantage of natural geographic variation in a widespread perennial herb, Plantago lanceolata to improve our understanding of adaptation along latitudinal clines by examining the genetic features of thermal plasticity. With genetic data I address the questions: 1) Is clinal variation in thermal plasticity best explained by natural selection driven by environmental differences among populations, neutral genetic evolution, or both? 2) What is the genetic architecture of thermal plasticity and single-environment trait variation, and how are they related? 3) Do genetic properties of thermal plasticity mirror phenotypic patterns along a latitudinal gradient? Among 14 European populations of Plantago lanceolata, I estimated differentiation in temperature-sensitive floral reflectance plasticity (QST/PST), neutral genetic differentiation (FST & Jost's D) of AFLP markers, and between-population differences in aspects of the reproductive environment. I used phenotypic QST (PST) vs. FST comparisons to investigate the evolutionary forces responsible for geographic patterns of thermal plasticity, and to determine if differences brought about by neutral evolutionary forces are sufficient to explain these patterns. My data supported the hypothesis that natural selection, driven by environmental properties of the reproductive season, particularly the duration and proportion of time at cool temperatures, has contributed to geographic patterns of thermal plasticity. As between-population differences in these environmental variables increased, differences in thermal plasticity increased more quickly than did neutral genetic differences. To determine the genetic architecture of thermal plasticity I produced an F2 mapping family from parents derived from distant northern and southern European populations that exhibited high (northern parents) and low (southern parents) thermal plasticities of floral reflectance. I then grew parents and offspring in two environments (cool and warm) mimicking what plants would encounter in nature. I attained genetic markers via genotype-by-sequencing (ddRADseq), produced a recombination map and performed QTL mapping of thermal plasticity and single-environment trait values for six traits: floral reflectance, flowering time, rosette diameter, leaf length, leaf fresh mass, and leaf area. My data provide critical genetic support for the hypothesis that temperature-sensitive floral reflectance plasticity in P. lanceolata is adaptive in high latitude environments where growing seasons are cool and short. My data confirm that thermal plasticity in P. lanceolata has a genetic basis as I found one single QTL underlying the thermal plasticities of three traits, floral reflectance, flowering time and leaf length. Floral reflectance plasticity and flowering time plasticity QTLs colocalized with, and shared phenotypic effects with corresponding single environment QTLs. The leaf length plasticity QTL did not colocalize with any single-environment QTLs, and was influenced by cytoplasm. I did not find evidence that plasticity QTLs of different traits were pleiotropic. Additionally, genotypic differences at plasticity QTLs paralleled patterns of plasticity along latitudinal clines. At plasticity QTLs, northern genotypes (Danish and Swedish) increased the magnitude of thermal plasticity, while southern genotypes (French and Italian) decreased plasticity."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.
Download or read book On phenotypic plasticity in Plantago lanceolata written by Arjen van Hinsberg and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Phenotypic Plasticity written by Thomas J. DeWitt and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2004 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic, evolution, adaptation, environment, genotype.
Download or read book Thermal Adaptation written by Michael James Angilletta and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-01-29 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Temperature impacts the behaviour, physiology and ecology of all organisms more than any other abiotic variable. In this book, the author draws on theory from the more general discipline of evolutionary ecology to foster a fresh approach toward a theory of thermal adaptation.
Download or read book Phenotypic Plasticity written by Massimo Pigliucci and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2001-08-17 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The author begins by defining phenotypic plasticity and detailing its history, including important experiments and methods of statistical and graphical analysis. He then provides extended examples and discussion of the molecular basis of plasticity, the plasticity of development, the ecology of plastic responses, and the role of costs and constraints in the evolution of plasticity. A brief epilogue looks at how plasticity studies shed light on the nature/nurture debate in the popular media.".
Download or read book Ecological Genetics written by Leslie Real and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-14 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume represents work by five distinguished ecological geneticists, offering an up-to-date source for theoretical concepts and experiments in an exciting field. Combining ecological fieldwork and laboratory genetics, ecological genetics examines the adjustments and adaptations of wild populations to their environments. Articles focus on important interactions between genetics and population ecology, delving into issues like gene flow and migration, population differentiation, the maintenance of genetic variation, and the demographic and spatial structure of populations. The contributors--Janis Antonovics, Michael Lynch, Montgomery Slatkin, Joseph Travis, and Sara Via--emphasize the importance of population size and structure, interaction between local selection and genetic drift, and an expanded phenotype including quantitative as well as qualitative characters. This new form of ecological genetics focuses on large-scale geographic variation in demographic and genetic dynamics among small, partially isolated populations and will prove extremely valuable in natural resource management and in rare or endangered species conservation. Originally published in 1994. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Download or read book Variation written by Benedikt Hallgrímsson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-05-04 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was based on the observation that there is variation between individuals within the same species. This fundamental observation is a central concept in evolutionary biology. However, variation is only rarely treated directly. It has remained peripheral to the study of mechanisms of evolutionary change. The explosion of knowledge in genetics, developmental biology, and the ongoing synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology has made it possible for us to study the factors that limit, enhance, or structure variation at the level of an animals' physical appearance and behavior. Knowledge of the significance of variability is crucial to this emerging synthesis. Variation situates the role of variability within this broad framework, bringing variation back to the center of the evolutionary stage. - Provides an overview of current thinking on variation in evolutionary biology, functional morphology, and evolutionary developmental biology - Written by a team of leading scholars specializing on the study of variation - Reviews of statistical analysis of variation by leading authorities - Key chapters focus on the role of the study of phenotypic variation for evolutionary, developmental, and post-genomic biology
Download or read book Structural and Functional Aspects of Transport in Roots written by B.C. Loughman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Third International Symposium on `Structure and Function of Roots', NITRA, Czechoslovakia, August 3-7, 1987
Download or read book Breeding for robustness in cattle written by Marija Klopcic and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The past decade has revealed unfavourable trends in e.g. fertility, udder health and locomotion in some major dairy cattle breeds due to a large increase in production and insufficient consideration of functional traits in the breeding goals. Such unfavourable trends in some functional traits increase costs. Additionally, the enlargement of herds leads to less available labour time per individual cow. This asks for cows that are easy to handle. At the same time, society is demanding a higher welfare standard of animals. These contradicting developments have increased the desire for so called more robust animals. Robustness can be defined as 'the ability to maintain homeostasis in commonly accepted and sustainable herds of the near future'; or 'the ability of the cow to function well in the environment she lives in as well as in a wide range of climates and production systems'. This book contains a series of articles (26) dealing with the concept of robustness, including aspects like evolution, genetics, environment, animal health and welfare, and integrity. Besides the major functional traits also the links to energy balance, hot climatic conditions, and the attitude and input of stakeholders towards robustness as part of the breeding program are discussed. This book is the first attempt to summarise the available knowledge concerning this topic in cattle, making this book unique. The contributions are from authors of 16 countries from all over the world. However, the focus is presently on farm animal level, while in future robustness of the whole production system may also require additional attention.
Download or read book Ecoepigenetics in Clonal and Inbreeding Plants Transgenerational Adaptation and Environmental Variation written by Bi-Cheng Dong and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-10-15 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clonality is widespread in plant species, and clonal plants often have a broad geographic range and long lifespan. Clonality can maintain high fitness in the short term, but vegetative reproduction is commonly considered to preclude adaptation to changing conditions. However, an increasing body of empirical and theoretical evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation can provide an alternative to gene-driven evolution through natural selection and allow clonal plants to maintain fitness in the long term. To deepen our understanding of clonal ecology, this collection of research papers and reviews focuses on how epigenetic regulation can encode phenotypic plasticity and contribute to the rapid adaptation of clonal plants to accelerating global and regional environmental changes.
Download or read book Thermal Adaptation written by Michael J. Angilletta Jr. and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-01-29 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Temperature profoundly impacts both the phenotypes and distributions of organisms. These thermal effects exert strong selective pressures on behaviour, physiology and life history when environmental temperatures vary over space and time. Despite temperature's significance, progress toward a quantitative theory of thermal adaptation has lagged behind empirical descriptions of patterns and processes. In this book, the author draws on theory from the more general discipline of evolutionary ecology to establish a framework for interpreting empirical studies of thermal biology. This novel synthesis of theoretical and empirical work generates new insights about the process of thermal adaptation and points the way towards a more general theory. The threat of rapid climatic change on a global scale provides a stark reminder of the challenges that remain for thermal biologists and adds a sense of urgency to this book's mission. Thermal Adaptation will benefit anyone who seeks to understand the relationship between environmental variation and phenotypic evolution. The book focuses on quantitative evolutionary models at the individual, population and community levels, and successfully integrates this theory with modern empirical approaches. By providing a synthetic overview of evolutionary thermal biology, this accessible text will appeal to both graduate students and established researchers in the fields of comparative, ecological, and evolutionary physiology. It will also interest the broader audience of professional ecologists and evolutionary biologists who require a comprehensive review of this topic, as well as those researchers working on the applied problems of regional and global climate change.
Download or read book Genetics Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ecology Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coverage: 1982- current; updated: monthly. This database covers current ecology research across a wide range of disciplines, reflecting recent advances in light of growing evidence regarding global environmental change and destruction. Major ares of subject coverage include: Algae/lichens, Animals, Annelids, Aquatic ecosystems, Arachnids, Arid zones, Birds, Brackish water, Bryophytes/pteridophytes, Coastal ecosystems, Conifers, Conservation, Control, Crustaceans, Ecosyst em studies, Fungi, Grasses, Grasslands, High altitude environments, Human ecology, Insects, Legumes, Mammals, Management, Microorganisms, Molluscs, Nematodes, Paleo-ecology, Plants, Pollution studies, Reptiles, River basins, Soil, TAiga/tundra, Terrestrial ecosystems, Vertebrates, Wetlands, Woodlands.
Download or read book American Journal of Botany written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Seedling Ecology and Evolution written by Mary Allessio Leck and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-09-18 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seedlings are highly sensitive to their environment. After seeds, they typically suffer the highest mortality of any life history stage. This book provides a comprehensive exploration of the seedling stage of the plant life cycle. It considers the importance of seedlings in plant communities; environmental factors with special impact on seedlings; the morphological and physiological diversity of seedlings including mycorrhizae; the relationship of the seedling with other life stages; seedling evolution; and seedlings in human altered ecosystems, including deserts, tropical rainforests, and habitat restoration projects. The diversity of seedlings is portrayed by including specialised groups like orchids, bromeliads, and parasitic and carnivorous plants. Discussions of physiology, morphology, evolution and ecology are brought together to focus on how and why seedlings are successful. This important text sets the stage for future research and is valuable to graduate students and researchers in plant ecology, botany, agriculture and conservation.
Download or read book Adaptation in Plant Breeding written by P.M.A Tigerstedt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant adaptation is a fundamental process in plant breeding. It was the first criterion in the initial domestication of plants thousands of years ago. Adaptedness is generally a quantitative complex feature of the plant, involving many traits, many of which are quantitative. Adaptation to stresses like cold, drought or diseases are among the most central problems in a world grappling with global food security. Modern plant breeding, based on mendelian genetics, has made plant improvement more effective and more precise and selective. Molecular genetics and genetic engineering has considerably increased this selectivity down to single genes affecting single traits. The time has come when plant breeding efficiency may cause loss of genetic resources and adaptation. In these proceedings an effort is made to merge modern plant breeding efficiency with ecological aspects of plant breeding, reflected in adaptation. It is hoped that this merger results in more sustainable use of genetic resources and physical environments. The book is based on 10 keynotes addressing a wide spectrum of themes related to adaptation. In addition each subject is further elaborated in up to three case studies on particular plant species or groups of plants. The keynotes do in fact overlap to some degree and there are articles in this volume that seemingly contradict each other, a common aspect in advanced fields of research. The keen reader may conclude that, in a world where climates and environments are under continuous change and where human society is more and more polarized into a developed and a developing part, adaptation of our cultivated plants has different constraints on yields depending on ecology, and indeed economy.
Download or read book Evolutionary Genetics and Environmental Stress written by Ary A. Hoffmann and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1991 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although unpredictable and of short duration, periods of extreme environmental stress have been found to occur throughout the entire course of evolution. This book concentrates on the evolutionary changes that take place during these critical periods, when populations are driven to the extreme limits of resistance. Accumulating evidence suggests that it is precisely during such moments that fundamental changes in the natural order of systems are likely, both in terms of species extinctions and bursts of evolutionary activity. This study thus offers much potential for understanding the basic forces underlying the development of life on our planet. The book is necessarily multidisciplinary in approach, with an emphasis on the interaction between ecology, genetics, physiology, and the study of behavior and development. The book concludes with a discussion of the range expansion of species, and insightful observations regarding conservation strategies under rapidly changing conditions, including those created by environmental pollution.
